Avanade Capability - NET - CSharp - Module 4 - Arrays, Statements and Exceptions

Module 4:
Arrays, Statements and Exceptions
First Name Last Name 20pt

Job Title 20pt
Today’s Date 18pt
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© Copyright 2011 Avanade Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Module Overview
• Creating and Using Arrays

• Introduction to Statements
• Using Selection Statements
• Using Iteration Statements
• Using Jump Statements
• Handling Basic Exceptions
• Raising Exceptions

Lesson 1:
Creating and Using Arrays

Creating and Using Arrays
• What Is an Array?
• Creating and Initializing Arrays
• Common Properties and Methods Exposed by Arrays
• Accessing Data in an Array

What Is an Array?
• An array is a sequence of elements that are grouped

together
Array features include:
Every element in the array contains a value
Arrays are zero-indexed
The length of an array is the total number of elements it can contain
The lower bound of an array is the index of its first element
Arrays can be single-dimensional, multidimensional, or jagged
The rank of an array is the number of dimensions in the array

Creating and Initializing Arrays
• An array can have more than one dimension

Single [4.1.1 Creating Array]
Type[] arrayName = new Type[ Size ];
Multiple [4.1.2 Creating Array / 4.1.3 Creating Array]
Type[ , ] arrayName = new Type[ Size1, Size2];
Jagged [4.1.4 Creating Array / 4.1.5 Creating Array]]
Type [][] JaggedArray = new Type[size][];

Common Properties and Methods Exposed by
Arrays
Length [4.1.6 Common Properties]
int[] oldNumbers = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };
int numberCount = oldNumbers.Length;
Rank [4.1.7 Common Properties]
int[] oldNumbers = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };
int rank = oldNumbers.Rank;

Common Properties and Methods Exposed by
Arrays
[4.1.8 Common Methods]
CopyTo()
int[] oldNumbers = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };
int[] newNumbers = new
int[oldNumbers.Length];
oldNumbers.CopyTo(newNumbers, 0);
Clone() [4.1.9 Common Methods]
int[] numbers = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };
int[] numbersClone = (int[])numbers.Clone();
Sort() [4.1.10 Common Methods]
int[] oldNumbers = { 5, 2, 1, 3, 4 };
Array.Sort(oldNumbers);

Accessing Data in an Array
• Elements are accessing from 0 to N-1

Accessing specific elements [4.1.11 Accessing Data]
int[] oldNumbers = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };
int number = oldNumbers[2];
// OR
object number = oldNumbers.GetValue(2);
Iterating through all elements [4.1.12 Accessing Data / 4.1.13 Accessing Data]
int[] oldNumbers = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };
...
for (int i = 0; i < oldNumbers.Length; i++)
{
int number= oldNumbers[i];
}
// OR
foreach (int number in oldNumbers) { ... }
Lesson 2:
Introduction to Statements

Introduction to Statements
• Statement Blocks
• Types of Statements

Statement Blocks
[4.2.1 Blocks / 4.2.2 Blocks]
• Use braces As • A block and its • Sibling blocks can

block delimiters parent block cannot have variables with
{ have a variable with the same name
// code the same name {
} { int i;
int i; ...
... }
{ ...
int i; {
... int i;
} ...
} }
Source: Add slide source information here, 9pt Arial (copy & paste onto other slides for correct position)

Types of Statements
Selection Statements
• The if and switch statements
Iteration Statements
• The while, do, for and foreach statements
Jump Statements
• The goto, break and continue statements

Lesson 3:
Using Selection Statements

Using Decision Statements
• Using One-Way If Statements

• Using Either-Or If Statements
• Using Multiple-Outcome If Statements
• Using the Switch Statement
• Guidelines for Choosing a Decision Construct

Using One-Way If Statements
Syntax [4.3.1 One-Way If]
if ([condition]) [code to execute]
// OR
if ([condition])
{
[code to execute if condition is true]
}
Conditional operators:
OR represented by || AND represented by &&
Example [4.3.2 One-Way If]
if ((percent >= 0) && (percent <= 100))

{
// Add code to execute if a is greater than 50 here.
} Avanade Confidential – Do Not Copy, Forward or Circulate 16
Using Either-Or If Statements
• Provide an additional code block to execute if [condition]

evaluates to a Boolean false value
[4.3.3 Either-Or If / 4.3.4 Either-Or If / 4.3.5 Either-Or If]
Example
if (a > 50)
{
// Greater than 50 here
}
else
{
// less than or equal to 50 here
}
// OR
string carColor = "green";
string response = (carColor == "red") ?

"You have a red car" :
"You do not have a red car";
Using Multiple-Outcome If Statements
• You can combine several if statements to create a

multiple-outcome statement
Example [4.3.6 Multiple If]
if (a > 50)
{
// Add code to execute if a is greater than 50 here.
}
else if (a > 10)
{
// Add code to execute if a is greater than 10 and less than
// or equal to 50 here.
}
else
{
// Add code to execute if a is less than or equal to 50 here.
}

Using the Switch Statement
• The switch statement enables you to execute one of

several blocks of code depending on the value of a
variable or expression
Example [4.3.7 Switch / 4.3.8 Switch]
switch (a)
{
case 0:
// Executed if a is 0.
break;
case 1:
case 2:
case 3:
// Executed if a is 1, 2, or 3.
break;
default:
// Executed if a is any other value.
break;
Guidelines for Choosing a Decision Construct
Use an if structure when you have a single condition that controls the execution of
a single block of code
Use an if/else structure when you have a single condition that controls the
execution of one of two blocks of code
Use an if/elseif/else structure to run one of several blocks of code based on

conditions that involve several variables
Use a nested if structure to perform more complicated analysis of conditions that

involve several variables
Use a switch statement to perform an action based on the possible values of a

single variable

Lesson 4:
Using Iteration Statements

Using Iteration Statements
• The while Statement

• The do Statement
• The for Statement
• The foreach Statement
• Quiz: Spot the Bugs

Types of Iteration Statements
• Iteration statements include:

while
A while loop enables you to execute a block of code zero or
more times
do
A do loop enables you to execute a block of code one or
more times
for
A for loop enables you to execute code repeatedly a set number
of times Avanade Confidential – Do Not Copy, Forward or Circulate 23
Using the While Statement
The syntax of a while loop contains:
The while keyword to define the while loop
A condition that is tested at the start of each iteration
A block of code to execute for each iteration
Example [4.4.1 While]
int i = 0;
while (i < 10) {
Console.WriteLine(i);
i++;
}
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0123456789 © Copyright 2011 Avanade Inc. All Rights Reserved.
24
Using the Do Statement
The syntax of a do loop contains:
The do keyword to define the do loop
A condition that is tested at the end of each iteration
Example [4.4.2 Do]
int i = 0;
do {
i++;
} while (i < 10);
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25
Using the For Statement
The syntax of a for loop contains:
The for keyword to define the for loop
The loop specification (counter, starting value, limit, modifier)
[4.4.3 For]
Example
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {

}
0123456789

The for Statement
• Place update information at the start of the loop [4.4.4 For]
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {

}
0123456789
• Variables in a for block are scoped only within the block

for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
Console.WriteLine(i); // Error: i is no longer in scope

The foreach Statement
• Choose the type and name of the iteration variable

• Execute embedded statements for each element of the
collection class
[4.4.5 Foreach]
ArrayList numbers = new ArrayList( );

for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++ ) {
numbers.Add(i);
}
foreach (int number in numbers) {

Console.WriteLine(number);
}
0123456789

Lesson 5:
Using Jump Statements

Using Jump Statements
• The goto Statement

• The break and continue Statements

The goto Statement
• Flow of control transferred to a labeled statement

• Can easily result in obscure “spaghetti” code [4.5.1 Goto]
if (number % 2 == 0) goto Even;

Console.WriteLine("odd");
goto End;
Even:
Console.WriteLine("even");
End:;

Break and Continue Statements
Break statement [4.5.2 Break]
while (oldNumbers.Length > count)

{
if (oldNumbers[count] == 5)
{
break; Enables you to exit the loop and skip
} to the next line of code
count++;
}
Continue statement [4.5.3 Continue]
while (oldNumbers.Length > count)

{
if (oldNumbers[count] == 5)
{ Enables you to skip the remaining
continue; code in the current iteration, test the
} condition, and then start the next
// Code that won't be hit iteration of the loop
count++;
}
Lab 4.1: Using Statements
Time to complete: 30 minutes

• Exercise 1:
– Converting a Day of the Year
into a Month and Day Pair

Lesson 6:
Handling Basic Exceptions

Handling Basic Exceptions
• Why Use Exceptions?

• Exception Objects
• Using try and catch Blocks
• Multiple catch Blocks

What Is an Exception?
An exception is an indication of an error or exceptional condition, such as trying to

open a file that does not exist
When a method throws an exception, the calling code must be prepared to detect
and handle the exception
If the calling code cannot handle the exception, the exception is automatically
propagated to the code that invoked the calling code
The exception is propagated until a section of code handles the exception
If no code handles the exception, the runtime will report an unhandled exception
and the application will crash
Why Use Exceptions?
• Traditional procedural error handling is cumbersome

Core program logic
int errorCode = 0;
FileInfo source = new FileInfo("code.cs");
if (errorCode == -1) goto Failed;
int length = (int)source.Length;
char[] contents = new char[length];
// Succeeded ...
Failed: ... Error handling

Using try and catch Blocks
• Object-oriented solution to error handling

– Put the normal code in a try block
– Handle the exceptions in a separate catch block [4.6.1 Try Catch]
try {
Console.WriteLine("Enter a number"); Program logic
int i = int.Parse(Console.ReadLine());
}
catch (OverflowException caught) Error handling
{
Console.WriteLine(caught);
}

Multiple catch Blocks
• Each catch block catches one class of exception

• A try block can have one general catch block
• A try block is not allowed to catch a class that is derived
from a class caught in an earlier catch block [4.6.2 Try Catch]
•
try
{
Console.WriteLine("Enter first number");
int i = int.Parse(Console.ReadLine());
Console.WriteLine("Enter second number");
int j = int.Parse(Console.ReadLine());
int k = i / j;
}
catch (OverflowException caught) {…}
catch (DivideByZeroException caught) {…}
Using Exception Properties
Common properties include: TargetSite
Message InnerException
Source HelpLink
StackTrace Data
[4.6.3 Try Catch]
try
{
// Try block.
}
catch (DivideByZeroException ex) Get the message
{ associated with the
Console.WriteLine(ex.Message); exception
}
Lesson 7:
Raising Exceptions

Raising Exceptions
• The throw Statement

• The finally Clause
• Checking for Arithmetic Overflow
• Guidelines for Handling Exceptions

Exception Objects
Exception
SystemException
OutOfMemoryException
IOException
NullReferenceException
ApplicationException

Creating an Exception Object
System.Exception
System.SystemException
System.FormatException
System.ArgumentException
System.NotSupportedException
+ many more
[4.7.1 Exception Object / 4.7.2 Exception Object / 4.7.3 Exception Object]
catch (Exception e)
{
FormatException ex =
new FormatException("Argument has the wrong format", e);
Throwing an Exception
throw keyword
throw [exception object];
Exception object declaration

Example [4.7.4 Throw]
public int GetIntegerRoot(int operand)

{
double root = Math.Sqrt(operand);
if (root != (int)root)
{
throw new ArgumentException("No integer root found.");
}
return (int)root;
}
Using a Finally Block
Enables you to release resources and specify code that will always run,
whether an exception occurs or not
[4.7.5 Finally]
try
{
OpenFile("MyFile"); // Open a file
WriteToFile(...); // Write some data to the file
}
catch (IOException ex) Any catch blocks are
{ optional
MessageBox.Show(ex.Message);
}
finally
{
Logic that will always run
CloseFile("MyFile"); // Close the file
}

Using the Checked and Unchecked Keywords
C# applications run with integer numeric overflow checking disabled by

default. You can change this project setting
You can control overflow checking for specific code by using the checked and
unchecked keywords
checked unchecked
{ {
int x = ...; int x = ...;
int y = ...; checked and int y = ...;
int z = ...; unchecked blocks int z = ...;
... ...
} }
... checked and ...

int z = checked(x* y); unchecked int z = unchecked(x* y);
... ... – Do Not Copy, Forward or Circulate
operators Avanade Confidential 47
Checking for Arithmetic Overflow
• By default, arithmetic overflow is not checked

– A checked statement turns overflow checking on
[4.7.6 Arithmetic Overflow / 4.7.7 Arithmetic Overflow]
checked { OverflowException
int number = int.MaxValue;
Console.WriteLine(++number); Exception object is thrown.
} WriteLine is not executed.
unchecked {
int number = int.MaxValue; MaxValue + 1 is negative?
Console.WriteLine(++number);
}
-2147483648

Guidelines for Handling Exceptions
"An error has occurred.

If the problem persists,
please contact an
administrator…"
"A connection to
database AvanadeDB
with password
'AVA12345' failed…"

Guidelines for Handling Exceptions
• Throwing
– Avoid exceptions for normal or expected cases
– Never create and throw objects of class Exception
– Include a description string in an Exception object
– Throw objects of the most specific class possible
• Catching
– Arrange catch blocks from specific to general
– Do not let exceptions drop off Main

Module Review and Takeaways
• Review Questions
• Best Practices


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Module 4:

Arrays, Statements and Exceptions

First Name Last Name 20pt

Today’s Date 18pt

Avanade Confidential – Do Not Copy, Forward or Circulate 1

• Creating and Using Arrays

Avanade Confidential – Do Not Copy, Forward or Circulate 2

Avanade Confidential – Do Not Copy, Forward or Circulate 3

Avanade Confidential – Do Not Copy, Forward or Circulate 4

• An array is a sequence of elements that are grouped

Every element in the array contains a value

Arrays are zero-indexed

The length of an array is the total number of elements it can contain

The lower bound of an array is the index of its first element

Arrays can be single-dimensional, multidimensional, or jagged

The rank of an array is the number of dimensions in the array

• An array can have more than one dimension

Type[] arrayName = new Type[ Size ];

Multiple [4.1.2 Creating Array / 4.1.3 Creating Array]

Type[ , ] arrayName = new Type[ Size1, Size2];

Jagged [4.1.4 Creating Array / 4.1.5 Creating Array]]

Type [][] JaggedArray = new Type[size][];

Avanade Confidential – Do Not Copy, Forward or Circulate 6

Length [4.1.6 Common Properties]

Rank [4.1.7 Common Properties]

Avanade Confidential – Do Not Copy, Forward or Circulate 7

Clone() [4.1.9 Common Methods]

Sort() [4.1.10 Common Methods]

Avanade Confidential – Do Not Copy, Forward or Circulate 8

• Elements are accessing from 0 to N-1

Avanade Confidential – Do Not Copy, Forward or Circulate 10

Avanade Confidential – Do Not Copy, Forward or Circulate 11

• Use braces As • A block and its • Sibling blocks can

Avanade Confidential – Do Not Copy, Forward or Circulate 12

• The if and switch statements

• The while, do, for and foreach statements

• The goto, break and continue statements

Avanade Confidential – Do Not Copy, Forward or Circulate 13

Avanade Confidential – Do Not Copy, Forward or Circulate 14

• Using One-Way If Statements

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if ([condition]) [code to execute]

Example [4.3.2 One-Way If]

if ((percent >= 0) && (percent <= 100))

• Provide an additional code block to execute if [condition]

string carColor = "green";

string response = (carColor == "red") ?

• You can combine several if statements to create a

Avanade Confidential – Do Not Copy, Forward or Circulate 18

• The switch statement enables you to execute one of

Use an if/elseif/else structure to run one of several blocks of code based on

Use a nested if structure to perform more complicated analysis of conditions that

Use a switch statement to perform an action based on the possible values of a

Avanade Confidential – Do Not Copy, Forward or Circulate 20

Avanade Confidential – Do Not Copy, Forward or Circulate 21

• The while Statement

Avanade Confidential – Do Not Copy, Forward or Circulate 22

• Iteration statements include:

The while keyword to define the while loop

A condition that is tested at the start of each iteration

A block of code to execute for each iteration

Example [4.4.1 While]

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