BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE PILANI

Hyderabad Campus
FIRST SEMESTER 2022 - 2023

MATH F312: Ordinary Differential Equations

Assignment
Max. Marks: 10

INSTRUCTIONS
(i) Answer all the questions.
(ii) Write your name and ID number on the first page.
(iii) Assignment should be neatly handwritten on A4 size white sheets.
(iv) Start answering each question on a new page.
(v) Submit your assignment to me in H 031 on 14.11.2022 at 5:00 PM in person by showing your ID card.
(vi) Late submission will not be considered for evaluation.
Consider the linear homogeneous systems

x0 = Ax, t0 ≤ t < ∞. (1)

and
x0 = A(t)x, t0 ≤ t < ∞. (2)

Consider the linear non-homogeneous systems

x0 = Ax + B(t), t0 ≤ t < ∞. (3)

and
x0 = A(t)x + B(t),t0 ≤ t < ∞. (4)

Here x : [t0 , ∞) → Rn is an unknown , n . In (1) and (3), A is an n × n


  vector function and B ∈ C [t 0 ∞), R
constant matrix. In (2) and (4), A = ai j ∈ C[I, Mn (R)]. We make the following assumptions.

(A1)
kB(t)k → 0 as t → ∞.

(A2) Z ∞
kB(s)kds < ∞.

(A5) Z t
T r A(s) ds > −∞ or T r(A) = 0.


lim inf
t→∞

1. Assume B grows no faster than an exponential function, that is, there exist constants L1 > 0, T ≥ 0 and
β such that
kB(t)k ≤ L1 eβt , t ≥ T.

Then, show that every solution x of (3) grows no faster than an exponential function, that is, there exist
constants L2 > 0 and γ such that
kx(t)k ≤ L2 eγt , t ≥ T.

Also, show that the derivative x0 also grows no faster than an exponential function.
 2. Assume all the eigenvalues of A have negative real parts. Then, show that all the solutions of (3) approach
zero as t → ∞ provided (A1) holds.

3. Assume all the eigenvalues of A with multiplicity greater than one have negative real parts and all the
eigenvalues of A with multiplicity one have non-positive real parts. Further, assume that (A2) holds.
Then, show that every solution of (3) is bounded in [0, ∞).

4. Assume every solution of (2) is bounded in [0, ∞), and the conditions (A2) and (A5) are satisfied. Then,
show that every solution of (4) is bounded in [0, ∞).

5. Solve Exercise 16, Page 107, from the prescribed text book.

6. Solve Exercise 21, Page 108, from the prescribed text book.

7. Solve Exercise 22, Page 108, from the prescribed text book.

8. Solve Exercise 28, Page 108, from the prescribed text book.

9. Discuss the behavior of all solutions of the following non-homogeneous system as t → ∞.

 0     
 x1   0 1  x1   1 2 
  = 
 x  −1 0  x  +  0  ,
    1+t  t ≥ 0.
2 2

10. Discuss the behavior of all solutions of the following non-homogeneous system as t → ∞.
 0     
 x1  −e−t 0   x1   0 
  =     + 
  x   1  , t ≥ 0.

x   0 e −t 
2 2 1+t2