Digital modulation schemes

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 Digital modulation schemes
• The goal of communication system is to
reliably transmit digital data to the destination
by using the given communication channel.
• To transmit digital data, we need to generate a
signal
• This signal represent the binary data and
matches the characteristics of the channel
• Its bandwidth should match the bandwidth of
the channel.
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• The process of mapping a digital sequence to
signals for transmission over a communication
channel is called digital modulation or digital
signalling
• The transmitted signals are usually bandpass
signals

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 Memoryless modulation scheme
• The binary bits are divided into blocks of
length k and each sequence is mapped into
one of the sm(t)

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 Modulation scheme with memory
• The mapping is from the set of the current k
bits and the last L -1 blocks to the set of M
possible message signals
• The transmitted signal depends on the current
k bits as well as the most recent L-1 blocks of k
bits
• State machine concepts can be used here for
mapping

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• Each equiprobable symbol or signal carriers k
bits of information
• Set of corresponding signal waveforms are
represented as sm(t)
• Signals are transmitted at every Ts seconds
• Ts is called the signalling interval
• The symbol rate or signalling rate is given by

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• The bit interval is represented by Tb

• Bit rate R is given by

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• The average signal energy is given by

• Pm is the probability of the mth signal

• for equiprobable messages, the average signal
energy is

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• The average energy for transmission of 1 bit of
information is

• The average power sent by the transmitter is

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 Memoryless modulation methods
• The waveforms sm(t) used to transmit
information over the communication channel
are bandpass signals
• The information is present in the variation of
Amplitude
Phase
Frequency or
Some combinations of these signal parameters

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 Pulse amplitude modulation
• PAM
• The signal waveforms may be represented as

• Where p(t) is a pulse of duration T

• Am denotes the set of M possible amplitudes
corresponding to M symbols
• For optimum design Am takes the values

=
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• The shape of p(t) influences the spectrum of
transmitted signal.
• PAM signals are carrier modulated BP signals
with LP equivalent is Am g(t)

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 Energy of PAM signal
• .

• The average energy is

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• The average bit energy is

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• Energy in terms of baseband signal pulse g(t):

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 Geometric representation
• PAM signals are one dimensional, only one
basis function required to represent this signal
set

• The basis function is given by

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 Signal representation
• .

• The vector representation

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 Signal space diagram
• .

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 Signal space diagram
• .

• The bandpass digital PAM is also called ASK

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 Euclidean distance between any pair
of signal points
• .

• For adjacent signal points

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• Minimum distance of an M ary PAM system in
terms of its average bit energy is given by

• Example
• 4 ary PAM system
• 11 10 00 01 11 00

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• .

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Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
• Simultaneously impressing two separate k-bit
symbols from the information sequence on two
quadrature carriers cos2πfct and sin2πfct .

where Ami and Amq are the information-bearing signal amplitudes of the
quadrature carriers

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Multidimensional signaling

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Multidimensional signaling

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Orthogonal Siganling

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Frequency-Shift Keying (FSK)

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Hadamard signals

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Biorthogonal Signaling

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