Overview

of
Climate Change
Climate Change Division
Environmental Management Bureau
Key Messages
• Learn the basic concepts of climate change

• Understand the relationship between climate change

and the environment/ecosystems
Environment/Ecosystems Climate Change

• Understand the linkages between climate change and

development

• Know the global and national climate change policies

and programs
Contents
I. Difference Between Climate and Weather
II. The Concept of Greenhouse Effect
1. The Greenhouse Gases
2. Natural vs Human-Enhanced Greenhouse Effect
III. Definitions of Climate Change
IV. Causes, Effects and Impacts of Climate Change
V. Findings of the IPCC 5th Assessment Report
VI. Documented Evidences of Global Climate Change
VII. Manifestations of Climate Change in the Philippines
VIII. Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation
IX. Linkages of Climate Change and Development
X. Climate Change Policies in the Philippines
Climate and Weather

Is there any difference?

Climate Weather
Long-term average Conditions at one
weather pattern in one particular time and place,
place. including temperature and
rainfall
Influenced by slow
changes in the ocean, the Can change very rapidly
land, the orbit of the from day to day, and from
Earth about the sun, and year to year.
the energy output of the
sun.
Changes involve shifts in
temperatures,
Fundamentally controlled precipitation, winds, and
by the balance of energy clouds.
of the Earth and its
atmosphere.
 What is the climate system?

IPCC-AR4

The Earth’s climate system is created by complex interactions between the Sun, our atmosphere,
oceans, land, ice and biosphere which in turn are affected by an area’s latitude, elevation, terrain, and
distance from coasts, mountains and lakes.
Four Climate Types of the Philippines
based on Modified Coronas Classification System

Source: PAGASA
To be able to understand
climate change is to
understand first the
concept of
greenhouse effect.
 www.eere.energy.gov

Greenhouse effect refers to rise in global temperature due to the process by

which the gases in the atmosphere trap the heat coming from the sun that is re-
radiated by the earth’s surface and re-emit it downwards. Because of how they warm
our world, these gases are referred to as greenhouse gases.
How does the greenhouse effect work?

Most greenhouses look like a small glass house. Greenhouses are used to grow plants,
especially in the winter. Greenhouses work by trapping heat from the sun. The glass panels
of the greenhouse let in light but keep heat from escaping. This causes the greenhouse to
heat up, much like the inside of a car parked in sunlight, and keeps the plants warm enough
to live in the cool seasons.
Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming
 So what are the greenhouse gases (GHGs)?

• Water vapor
• Carbon dioxide (CO2)
• Methane (CH4)
• Nitrous oxide (N2O)
• Ozone (O3)
The GHGs are produced by natural processes such as:
• water cycle
• growth and death of plants and animals
• decaying of wood and other biodegradable materials
• volcanic activities
 Importance of greenhouse gases

These are the naturally occurring gases that keep the Earth
comfortably warm enough for plants and animals to live in at an average
temperature of 15oC. They act as a natural blanket around the earth,
trapping heat much like a glass roof of a greenhouse.
 Without the greenhouse effect, the Earth’s average surface
temperature would be some 30°C colder or approximately -15°C
and possibly not warm enough to sustain life.
 Unfortunately, humans are affecting atmospheric
greenhouse gas concentrations by introducing new sources or
by interfering with natural processes that destroy or remove
GHGs.
 How do greenhouse gases influence climate change?

By burning fossil fuels due to industrialization and to sustain

our modern lifestyle, the level of GHGs increase rapidly. The higher
the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, the
stronger the greenhouse effect making it into enhanced
greenhouse effect.
Enhanced Greenhouse Effect
 This is what is causing climate change. Climate change,
therefore, is caused by both natural events and human
(anthropogenic) activities. Scientists now agree that most of the
global warming today have been caused by human activities.
 Human (Anthropogenic) Sources of GHGs
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) – Most prevalent GHG
Methane (CH4) – Second most common, 21x the potency of CO2
Nitrous Oxide (N2O) – 310x the potency of CO2
Other Gases – HFCs, PFCs, and SF6 = range 600 – 23900x potency of CO2

Transportation
Land Use:
Energy Generation
Agriculture & Forestry
Industrial Processes

KLIMA
 Sources of Greenhouse Gases
Greenhouse Gas Natural Sources Human-Induced Sources
Carbon Dioxide ▪ Soils (biological processes) ▪ Burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, gas)
▪ Ocean for:
(CO2)
- power/energy generation
- manufacturing
- industrial processes
- fuel for transportation
▪ Land-use changes, deforestation
Methane (CH4) ▪ Wetlands ▪ Flooded rice agriculture
▪ Termites ▪ Livestock production
▪ Ocean ▪ Waste management system (landfills,
etc.)
Nitrous Oxides ▪ Tropical soils (wet forests) ▪ Nitrogen-based fertilizers and
▪ Ocean chemicals
▪ Acid production processes, other
industrial processes
▪ Combustion processes in vehicles
CFCs, HFCs, ▪ None ▪ Coolants
▪ Sealants
PFCs, SF6
▪ Insulations
Fossil fuel combustion
is the largest source of
carbon dioxide
emissions.
Greenhouse Gases (GHGs)

GWP % Total world

GHG Lifetime
(CO2-e) emissions
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) 5-200 years 1 77%
Methane (CH4) 12 years 21 14%
Nitrous Oxide (N2O) 114 years 310 8%
Sulfur Hexafluoride (SF6) 3,200 years 23,900 <1%
Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) 140 to 11,700 <1%

Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) 6,500 to 9,200 <1%

Carbon Tetrafluoride (CF4) 50,000 years
GWP values and lifetimes from 1995 IPCC SAR

Global Warming Potential (GWP)

Heat-trapping ability of a GHG relative to that of carbon dioxide, it describes the degree of harm
to the atmosphere of a unit of a given GHG to an equivalent unit of CO2 over a given period of
time.
Measured in metric tons of CO2 equivalent (CO2-e)
1 metric ton = 1.1 short ton
 What is Climate Change?

• “A change of climate which is attributed directly or

indirectly to human activity that alters the
composition of the global atmosphere which is in
addition to natural climate variability observed over a
comparable period of time.” (United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)

• “Any change in climate over time, whether due to

natural variability or as a result of human activity.”
(Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
Know the difference . . .
GLOBAL WARMING
The gradual increase in the
Earth’s average surface
temperature due to the
increase of greenhouse gas
emissions in the
atmosphere from
anthropogenic sources.
“Climate is what you expect; weather is what you get.”
CLIMATE CHANGE
A significant change in the
state of climate that persists
for an extended period,
identified by changes in the
mean or variability of its
properties including,
average temperature and
precipitation.
– Mark Twain
 Effects of Climate Change
• Increase in minimum
(nighttime) temperatures,
maximum (daytime)
temperatures, and increases
in the global mean
temperature.
• Increase in sea surface
temperatures, sea level and
changes in evaporation, and
thus, changes in rainfall
patterns among others.
• Extreme changes in weather
patterns
“A warmer climate means higher sea level, humidity, and
temperatures in the air, over the ocean and land.

A warmer climate also means less snow cover, melting Source: NOAA, State
of the Climate in 2009
glaciers and shrinking Arctic sea ice.”
The starting point
for WWF’s analysis was

2C
º
the strong scientific consensus that
any human-induced warming
greater than two degrees Celsius
above pre-industrial levels
would have a dangerous
and highly damaging impact
on both human societies
and their economies
and the global environment
as a whole.

Peak 475 ppm

 Key impacts as a function on increased global average
temperature change
(Impacts may vary by extent of adaptation, rate of temperature change and socio-economic pathways)

Changes in temperature, weather patterns and sea level rise
Coastal/Marine
Ecosystem
• Coastal erosion
• Storm surges
• Coastal flooding
• Saltwater intrusion
• Coral bleaching
• Ocean acidification
Water
Resources
• Impact on hydrological cycle,
changing evaporation,
precipitation and runoff patterns
which could affect water resources
(freshwater quantity and quality)
• Impact on power generation
Climate Change Impacts
Agriculture
• Added heat stress, shifting
monsoons, drier soils, water
shortages/ irrigation demands
• Decreased rice/crop production
• Impact on livestock production
• Occurrence of weed infestation &
diseases
Forests/
Biodiversity
• Shift in feeding point and disruption in
flight patterns for migratory birds.
• Extinction of some mountain plants
and animals
• Changes in species distribution,
composition
• Invasion of weeds and alien species
• Loss and migration of plant and animal
species
Human
Health
• Increase in vector-borne diseases
• Increase in cardio-vascular
illnesses
• Increase in upper respiratory
illnesses
• Occurrence of infectious diseases
Industry and
Energy
• Changes in energy supply and
demand
• Impact on energy infrastructure
• Impact on industries such as wine,
tourism, livestock, fishing, insurance,
holiday resorts, mining, and others
 What is happening?
A recent report by the Working Group 1 to the Fifth Assessment Report
of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC-AR5)), a global
group of experts on climate studies had recently been released in
September 2013.

“Warming of the climate system is

unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of
the observed changes are unprecedented
over decades to millenia. The atmosphere
and ocean have warmed, the amounts of
snow and ice have diminished, sea level has
risen, and the concentrations of greenhouse
gases have increased.”
(IPCC-AR5 )
 Working Group 1 Contribution to the
IPCC 5th Assessment Report
Radiative forcing estimates in 2011 relative to 1750

IPCC AR5 WG1

Human influence on the climate system is clear. This is evident from

the increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere,
positive radiative forcing, observed warming, and understanding of the
climate system.
Evidence of Climate Change

Source: U.S. National Climate Assessment (2014).

This graph shows the increase in greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations in the
atmosphere over the last 2,000 years. Increases in concentrations of these gases
since 1750 are due to human activities in the industrial era.
 Working Group 1 Contribution to the
IPCC 5th Assessment Report

Observed globally
averaged combined
land and ocean
surface temperature
anomaly 1850-2012

IPCC AR5 WG1

The globally averaged combined land and ocean surface temperature

data show a warming of 0.85 [0.65 to 1.08]°C over the period 1880-2012.
The total increase between the average of the 1850-1900 period and the
2003-2012 period is 0.78 [0.72 to 0.85] °C.
Evidence of Climate Change
Global warming: Indicative of climate change
Is Global Temperature Rising?
Earth’s Long Term (1880-2016) Warming Trend (5-year average)

Source: DOST-PAGASA
 Ten Warmest Years (1880–2017)
RANK: 1880–
YEAR ANOMALY °C ANOMALY °F
2017
1 2016 0.94 1.69
2 2015 0.90 1.62
3 2017 0.84 1.51
4 2014 0.74 1.33
5 2010 0.70 1.26
6 2013 0.67 1.21
7 2005 0.66 1.19
8 2009 0.64 1.15
9 1998 0.63 1.13
10 2012 0.62 1.12
NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, State of the Climate: Global Climate Report for Annual
2017, published online January 2018, retrieved on July 23, 2018
from https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/global/201713.
Latest from
WMO
 Working Group 1 Contribution to the
IPCC 5th Assessment Report

Global Mean Sea Level Rise

 The rate of sea level rise since
the mid-19th century has been
larger then the mean rate during
the previous two millennia. Over
the period 1901 to 2010, global
mean sea level rose by 0.19
[0.17 to .21] meters.
 Sea level rise will occur mostly
as a result of the thermal
expansion of warming ocean
waters, the influx of freshwater
from melting glaciers and ice,
and vertical movements of the
land itself

IPCC AR5 Working Group 1

 Working Group 1 Contribution to the
IPCC 5th Assessment Report

Multiple observed indicators of a

changing global carbon cycle

The atmospheric concentrations of

CO2, CH4 and N2O have increased to
levels unprecedented in at the last
800,000 years.

CO2 concentrations have increased

by 40% since the pre-industrial
times. The ocean has absorbed 30%
of the emitted anthropogenic CO2,
causing ocean acidification.
Observed warming is highly correlated with CO2 increase.
 Glaciers are retreating . . .
Unteraar Glacier which used to reach the
Swiss central Alps has retreated to higher
elevation receding as much as a mile
after temperature has risen.

Source: National Geographic Magazine (2004)

PAGASA/DOST
Climate change is faster and more severe in the Arctic than in most of the rest of
the world. The Arctic is warming at a rate of almost twice the global average. The
sea ice that is a critical component of Arctic marine ecosystems is projected to
disappear in the summer within a generation.

Source: National Geographic Magazine (2004)

PAGASA/DOST
 As temperature
rose in these
areas, the ice
cover receded by
9% per decade.

Source: National Geographic Magazine (2004)

Shrinking sea ice PAGASA/DOST
In January 1995, in Antartica, a
70x25 km. iceberg was cut from
Larsen A. The disintegration of the
remainder of the Larsen A followed
which many scientists considered to
to be closely related to climate
change.

In 2002, satellites recorded an even

larger disintegration than what
occurred in 1995. Between 31
January and 5 March 2002,
approximately 3,250 square
kilometres of the Larsen Ice Shelf B
shattered, releasing 720 billion tons
of ice into the Weddell Sea. It was the
largest single disintegration event in
30 years of ice shelf monitoring.
Preliminary studies of sediment cores
suggest that it may have been this ice
shelf's first collapse in 12,000 years.
 Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOF)

Most of the glaciers in

the Himalaya are
shrinking at accelerated
rates in recent decades.
Glacial lakes formed by
rapid retreat of glaciers.

Common in Bhutan,
Tibet/China, Pakistan,
Nepal and other parts of
HKH (Hindu-Kush-
Himalayan Region)
The failure of the monsoon rains in 1998 contributed to one of the worst
fire outbreaks ever recorded in Indonesia.
Warmer temperatures contributed to wildfire outbreaks around the world (i.e., United
States and the Amazon Region)
A temperature increase of 3-4oC since 1950 has resulted in the melting of the
Alaskan permafrost. The absence of summer sea-ice resulted to coastal
erosion and has created subsidence causing roads and buildings to collapse
making low-lying communities unenviable.
In 2006, more than 17 million
people in some countries of
Africa including Kenya faced
serious food shortages due
to consecutive years of
failed rains.
 Europe was experiencing a
historic heat wave that had been
responsible for at least 3,000
deaths in France alone in the
summer of 2003. Compared to
July 2001, temperatures in July
2003 were sizzling. This image
shows the differences in day
time land surface temperatures
collected in the two years by the
Moderate Resolution Imaging
Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on
NASA’s Terra satellite. A blanket
of deep red across southern and
eastern France (left of image
center) shows where
temperatures were 10 degrees
Celsius (18 degrees Fahrenheit)
hotter in 2003 than in 2001.

Many countries reported

setting high-temperature
records, including
Argentina, Uruguay,
Spain, Bulgaria, and
Mexico.
 Thinning of Arctic sea-ice, retreat of non-polar glacier
& snow cover

1993 2000

Mt. Kilimanjaro, Tanzania

IUCN
In September 28, 2006, super typhoon Milenyo the
strongest typhoon to hit Metro Manila in seven
years, cut across Luzon, leaving at least 18 people
dead and a Luzon-wide blackout.
In 2004, the death toll stood at 412, with 177 people missing, after typhoon
Winnie triggered landslides and flash floods in Quezon.

In February 2006, an estimated 1,500 to 2,500 people died after the village of
Guinsaugon, Leyte was buried by mudflow. This mudslide happened after heavy
rains dumped 459.2 millimeters of rain in only 3 days.
Latest from WMO
 What are the manifestations/signals of
climate change in the country?
 As a country geographically situated in the “Pacific ring of
fire” and along the typhoon belt, the Philippines is no
stranger to natural hazards and their impacts.

 From 1951 to 2010, annual mean temperature increased

by 0.65ºC with a mean rate of 0.1ºC per decade. From
1960-2003, there are already significant trends of
increasing number of hot days and warm nights, but
decreasing number of cold days and cool nights. Both
maximum and minimum temperatures are generally
getting warmer.

 Extreme Rainfall Intensity (1951 – 2008)

In most parts of the country, the intensity of rainfall is
increasing with Baguio, Tacloban and Iloilo showing
statistically significant increases.

 Frequency of Extreme Daily Rainfall (1951 – 2008)

Most parts of the country are generally increasing.
Calapan, Laoag, Iloilo and Tacloban show statistically a
significant increasing trend, while a significantly decreasing
trend is found in Palawan.
What are the manifestations/signals of climate
change in the country?
PAGASA independent studies and climate
models came up with the following changes
in the climate regime for 2020 and 2050:
▪ A rise in the country’s mean annual temperature
by about 0.9 ºC to 1.1 ºC for 2020 and 1.8 ºC to
2.2 ºC by 2050;

▪ Drier season of March-May will become drier

and wet season of June-November will become
wetter with rainfall increase ranging from 0.9% -
63% for Luzon and 2%-22% for Visayas.

▪ Reduction in rainfall in most areas in Mindanao

is seen for all seasons by 2050

▪ A much active and stronger southwest monsoon

is projected as seen in the significant increases in
rainfall in June-August become greater with
time.
▪ In general, by 2020 and 2050, dry days are likely
to become more frequent over the country, with
more heavy rainfall days expected over Luzon
and Visayas.
 Linkages Between Climate Change and other
Environmental Issues
OZONE
DEPLETION

AIR QUALITY BIODIVERSITY

CLIMATE
CHANGE

FORESTRY
DESERTIFICATION
WATER QUALITY
According to the United
Nations, vulnerability to
climate change will be
GREATER in DEVELOPING
COUNTRIES, which are
located in WARMER
LATITUDES, like the
PHILIPPINES
RP: Highly Vulnerable
• Humid equatorial climate, located
within the Pacific Typhoon Belt
Area, with an average of 19-20
tropical cyclones a year
• Highly prone to other natural
hazards: rain-induced landslides;
active volcanoes; earthquakes
• Forest cover decline rate: 2%/year
(INC)
• Poverty incidence: 33% of pop
(2006)
• Major infectious diseases:
- food/water-borne
- vector-borne

67
Highly Susceptible to
Floodings and Inundation
• Archipelago, composed of
low lying small islands
• 70% of cities and
municipalities are coastal
areas
• Highly susceptible to
flooding and storm surges
Low Agricultural
Productivity
Rice production will largely be
affected because of changes in
temperature and rainfall. For every
1°C increase in temperature, rice
yields will decrease by 10%-15%
(IRRI). This will directly threaten
food security.
Highly Susceptible to loss
of Biological Resources
According to UN, 20% - 30%
of Plant and Animal Species
may become EXTINCT as a
result of Climate Change
Highly Susceptible to
Illnesses
• Philippines as a Tropical
Country
• Water-borne and parasitic
illnesses will become
prevalent with climate
change.
What can we do?
• Limit the cause of climate change
through measures that could slow down
the build up of atmospheric GHGs
concentrations by reducing current and
future emissions and by increasing GHG
sinks (Mitigation)
Reduce, minimize, avoid or
stop GHG emissions

• Adjustment in natural or human

systems in response to actual or
expected climatic stimuli or their effects,
which moderates harm or exploits
beneficial opportunities (Adaptation)
Increase the resilience and
coping capacity of the sector
with the current and future
changes
Adaptation Measures

Water Sector

• Expanded rainwater
harvesting
• water storage and
conservation techniques
• water re-use
desalination;
• water-use and irrigation
efficiency
 Agriculture
• adjustment of planting dates
• development of crop varieties
• crop relocation
• improved land management,
e.g. erosion control and soil
protection through tree planting
Slope stabilization through vegetation

2/19/2021
Coastal Areas

• Relocate residents
living along low lying
areas
• Set up marine reserve
networks to replenish
coral/fish larvae
• Mangrove
reforestation to serve
as buffer for strong
waves and storm surge
Health Sector

• Sanitary practices
• Preventive care(e.g.,
vaccines)
• Information and awareness
• Health surveillance and
monitoring
Energy Sector

• Strengthening of overhead
transmission and
distribution infrastructure
• Energy efficiency
• Use of renewable sources
• Reduced dependence on
single sources of energy
EbA in Urban Ecosystems
Early Warning Systems
Awareness and Information Dissemination as
Adaptation Strategies
to Climate Change

• Promote awareness on
climate change in your
office, school, community,
or in your home

• Update yourself on the

latest information on
climate change

• Be prepared for disasters

 Mitigation measures/strategies
• Energy Supply
Improved supply and distribution efficiency; fuel switching from
coal to gas, nuclear power, renewable heat and power
(hydropower, solar, wind, geothermal and bioenergy); combined
heat and power; early applications of Carbon Dioxide Capture
(e.g. storage of removed CO2 from natural gas)

• Transport
More fuel efficient vehicles; hybrid vehicles; cleaner diesel
vehicles; biofuels; modal shift from road transport to rail and
public transport systems; non-motorised transport (cycling,
walking); land use and transport planning

• Buildings
Efficient lighting and daylighting; more efficient electrical
appliances and heating and cooling devices; improved cook
stoves, improved insulation; passive and active solar design for
heating and cooling; alternative refrigeration fluids, recovery
and recycling of fluorinated gases.
Mitigation measures/strategies

Forestry Sector
▪ Reforestation
▪ Afforestation
▪ Forest management
▪ Reduced deforestation
▪ Use of forestry products
for bioenergy to replace
fossil fuel use
 Climate change is a core
development issue
• Driver: Climate change is caused by fossil
fuel use to power development as well as
land conversion for production and
development
• Outcomes: Impacts of climate change
jeopardize the inputs to development and
people’s ability to benefit from and sustain
development gains
• Solutions: Climate change solutions will be
achieved through low-carbon and climate-
resilient development
2°C world 4.5°C world

Today we have a choice.

IPCC 2013, Fig. SPM.8

The window for action is rapidly closing
65% of our carbon budget compatible with a 2°C goal already used

Amount
Remaining:
Total Carbon 275
Limiting
Budget:climate
change will require substantial
GtC

790 Amount Used

and sustained
GtC
reductions of greenhouse gas
1870-2011:
emissions and adaptation to 515
the remaining risks.
GtC

CO2 emissions in 2013: 9.9 GtC

IPCC AR5 Synthesis Report

 “Climate change will not be
effectively managed until
individuals and communities
recognise that their behaviour
can make a difference.”
-The Royal Society, Climate Change: what we know
and what we need to know. (2002)
Thank you
For your questions / queries:

Climate Change Division (CCD)

JCM/ DNA - CDM Secretariat Office
Environmental Management Bureau
DENR Compound, Visayas Avenue, Diliman, Quezon City
Telefax: (+63-2) 920-2251; 376-1992
Website: www.emb.gov.ph
Email: emb.climatechange@gmail.com;
embclimatechange@emb.gov.ph
Legal and Policy Framework
on Climate Change in the
Philippines
 The Philippines’ response to the
international call to address climate change

❑Signed the United Nations Framework Convention

on Climate Change (UNFCCC) on June 1992 and
ratified it on August 2, 1994
• The foundation of global efforts to combat climate change

❑Signed the Kyoto Protocol on April 15, 1998 and

ratified it on November 20, 2003

96
 Climate Change Act of 2009
(RA 9729)
➢ Signed by the President on 23 October 2009.

➢ An Act Mainstreaming Climate Change into

Government Policy Formulations,
Establishing the Framework, Strategy and
Program on Climate Change, Creating for
this Purpose the Climate Change
Commission (CCC), and for Other Purposes

➢ Ensure and strengthen the adaptation of the

country’s natural ecosystems and human
communities to climate change.

97
The Philippine Strategy on Climate
Change Adaptation (2010-2022)

• Formulation was facilitated by the

GIZ Project on Adaptation to Climate
Change and Conservation of
Biodiversity (ACCBio).

• The Adaptation Strategy is seen as a

practical tool to assist national and
local institutions to manage the
devastating impacts of climate
change and aims to guide the
country’s climate change adaptation
actions for the next twelve years.
98
The National Framework Strategy on
Climate Change (2010-2022)
➢ Signed by the President on 28 April
2010.

➢ Adopted by the CCC and is the

country’s roadmap towards climate
change resiliency.

➢ It is to be implemented at the local level

with the LGU as the frontline agency in
the formulation, planning and
implementation of its climate change
action plan.

➢ Building an economically stable and

ecologically sustainable town, known as
Ecotown, is a key approach.

99
 National Framework Strategy CLIMATE CHANGE
on Climate Change •
•
Increasing temperatures
Changing rainfall patterns
• Sea level rise
• Extreme weather events

VISION: IMPACTS AND

CLIMATE PROCESS DRIVERS A climate risk-resilient Philippines with VULNERABILITY
• Energy • Ecosystems (River Basins, Coastal
• Transport
healthy, safe, prosperous and self-reliant & Marine, Biodiversity)
• Land Use Change & Forestry communities, and thriving and productive • Food security
• Agriculture • Water resources
• Waste
ecosystems • Human health
• Infrastructure
• Energy
SUSTAINABLE • Human society
DEVELOPMENT SOCIETY ENVIRONMENT
Goal: To build the adaptive
capacity of communities and
increase the resilience of natural
ecosystems to climate change,
and optimize mitigation ECONOMY
opportunities towards
sustainable development.

ADAPTATION
MITIGATION • Enhanced Vulnerability and Adaptation
Assessments
• Energy Efficiency & Conservation
• Integrated Ecosystem-Based Management
• Renewable Energy
• Climate-Responsive Agriculture
• Environmentally-Sustainable
• Water Governance &Management
Transport
• Climate-Responsive Health Sector
• Sustainable Infrastructure
• Disaster Risk Reduction &Management
• National REDD+ Strategy
• Climate-proofing of Infrastructure
• Waste Management

Capacity Knowledge IEC and Gender Research and Development Multi-stakeholder

Financing Valuation Policy, Planning and
Development Management Advocacy Mainstreaming Technology Transfer Partnerships
100
Mainstreaming
CROSS-CUTTING STRATEGIES MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION
 National Climate Change Action Plan
(NCCAP) – 2011-2028
Goal: To build the adaptive capacities of women and men in their communities, increase the
resilience of vulnerable sectors and natural ecosystems to climate change, and optimize mitigation
opportunities toward a gender-responsive and rights –based sustainable development.

• Outlines the specific programs and strategies for adaptation

and mitigation. It is a comprehensive plan that provides key
actions that enhance adaptive capacity and resilience of
communities and natural ecosystems and sustainability of
built environment to climate change.
• Consists of 7 priorities
 Food security
 Water sufficiency
 Ecological and environmental sustainability
 Human security
 Climate-friendly industries and services
 Sustainable energy
 Knowledge and capacity development
• It eventually seeks to guide the local government units in the
preparation of their respective Local Climate Change Action
Plans (LCCAP).

101
 A Social Contract with the Filipino People
(EO 43)

The Cabinet Cluster System

Section 10. Climate Change
Adaptation and Mitigation

“a. Adopting climate change

adaptation and mitigation
measures by local government units
and their respective communities,
NGAs, and the general public; and
ensure that these are incorporated
in their annual work plans and
budgets, where applicable;”
The Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act
of 2010 (DRRM Act) - R.A. 10121

The Act provides for the development of policies and

plans and the implementation of actions and measures
pertaining to all aspects of disaster risk reduction and
management, to include:

▪ Good governance
▪ Risk assessment and early warning
▪ Knowledge building and awareness raising
▪ Reducing underlying risk factors
▪ Preparedness for effective response and early
recovery
The Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of
2010 (DRRM Act) - R.A. 10121

Mainstreaming DRR
and CCA in Planning
and Implementation

Source: LGA and AECID, Pampanga River Basin Collaboration Workshop, 07 June 2012, Clark, Pampanga
 DRR-CCA Integration into the Philippine
Environmental Impact Statement System (PEISS)
• The DENR’s EIS System has Integrated
DRR and CCA to the process to serve as a
mechanism for ensuring that future
projects are resilient and that their
environmental impacts do not aggravate
natural hazards or climate change’s
effects on human or natural.
• To ensure that hazards and risks are
taken into account in siting development
projects
• Shall serve as the standard for the scope
of the EIA Studies required for ECC
applications
• Where applicable, climate projections by
PAGASA for 2020 and 2050 shall be used
in the conduct of relevant modelling
studies and assessments as may be
required in the EIA reports.
The People’s Survival Fund
(R.A. 10174)

• Signed by the President on 16 August

2012.

• Amendments to Sections of RA 9729 –

Climate Change Act of 2009

• Insertion and renumbering of Sections 18-

25 – Creation of the People’s Survival
Fund (PSF) which is established as a
special fund in the national Treasury for
the financing of adaptation programs and
projects based on the “National Strategic
Framework”.
 Executive Order 174 s. 2014
Institutionalizing the
Philippine Greenhouse
Gas Inventory Section 3: LEAD AGENCIES
Management and
…
Reporting System
(PGHGIMRS) c) Department of
Environment and Natural
Resources – lead agency for
the waste, industrial
processes and the land-use
and forestry sectors; …
 The Philippine Development Plan
(2017-2022), Chapter 20

Under President Duterte’s

Administration, the Philippine
Development Plan 2017-2022
recognizes the widespread
impacts of climate change and
the need for a nationwide
climate and disaster
vulnerability and risk
assessment to deal with the
impacts of natural hazards.
 Philippines’ Accession to the
Paris Agreement
• President Duterte signed the instrument
of Accession for the Paris Agreement on
28 February 2017.
• The Senate of the Philippines
unanimously adopted a resolution
concurring to the accession on 14 March
2017.

The Instrument of Accession was

accepted/approved by the UNFCCC
and it officially entered into force on
22 April 2017. The Philippines is
now a country Party to the Paris
Agreement.
DENR’s Pre–2020
Undertakings

DENR MEMORANDUM

Adoption of the Paris

Agreement and Department
Implementation of the
Submitted Intended
Nationally Determined
Contributions (INDC)

111
 “Climate change will not be
effectively managed until
individuals and communities
recognise that their behaviour
can make a difference.”
-The Royal Society, Climate Change: what we know
and what we need to know. (2002)
Thank you
For your questions / queries:

Climate Change Division (CCD)

JCM/ DNA - CDM Secretariat Office
Environmental Management Bureau
DENR Compound, Visayas Avenue, Diliman, Quezon City
Telefax: (+63-2) 920-2251; 376-1992
Website: www.emb.gov.ph
Email: emb.climatechange@gmail.com;
embclimatechange@emb.gov.ph