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Cell Reviewer
Cell Reviewer
• Ribosomes • Cytoplasm
– Protein and RNA complex – enclosed by the plasma
responsible for protein membrane, liquid portion
synthesis called cytosol and it houses
• Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) the membranous organelles.
– A network of interconnected • Cytoskeleton
membranes forming channels – Arrays of protein filaments in
within the cell. A site for the cytosol.
synthesis and metabolism of – Gives the cell its shape and
lipids. Also contains enzymes provides basis for movement.
for detoxifying chemicals – E.g. microtubules and
including drugs and microfilaments.
pesticides.
• Golgi apparatus BIOMOLECULES
– A series of stacked • Just like cells are building blocks of
membranes. Vesicles (small tissues likewise molecules are building
membrane surrounded bags) blocks of cells.
carry materials from the RER • Animal and plant cells contain
to the Golgi apparatus. approximately 10, 000 kinds of
– Vesicles move between the molecules (bio-molecules)
stacks while the proteins are • Water constitutes 50-95% of cells
"processed" to a mature content by weight.
form. Vesicles then carry • Ions like Na+, K+ and Ca+ may account
newly formed membrane and for another 1%
secreted proteins to their • Almost all other kinds of bio-
final destinations including molecules are organic (C, H, N, O, P, S)
secretion or membrane • Infinite variety of molecules contain
localization. C.
• Lysosomes • Most bio-molecules considered to be
– A membrane bound organelle derived from hydrocarbons.
that is responsible for • The chemical properties of organic
degrading proteins and bio-molecules are determined by
membranes in the cell, and their functional groups. Most bio-
also helps degrade materials molecules have more than one.
ingested by the cell.
• Vacuoles Major Classes of small Bio-molecules
– Membrane surrounded • Amino acids:
"bags" that contain water and – Building blocks of proteins.
storage materials in plants. – 20 commonly occurring.
• Peroxisomes or Microbodies – Contains amino group and
– Produce and degrade carboxyl group function
hydrogen peroxide, a toxic groups (behavioral properties)
compound that can be – R Group (side chains)
produced during metabolism. determines the chemical
• Cell wall properties of each amino acid.
– Plants have a rigid cell wall in – Also determines how the
addition to their cell protein folds and its biological
membranes. function.
– Individual amino acids in
protein connected by peptide
bond.
2. Enzymes
3. Cell-surface receptors
4. Cell-surface identity markers
5. Cell-to-cell adhesion proteins
6. Attachments to the cytoskeleton