SAE AIR1244B Aerospace, Slipper Seals, Selection For Fluid Power Applications

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AEROSPACE AIR1244™ REV. B
INFORMATION REPORT Issued 1973-06

Revised 2022-08
Superseding AIR1244A
(R) Aerospace, Slipper Seals, Selection for Fluid Power Applications
RATIONALE
This document has been completely revised to reflect the current design practices.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. SCOPE ....................................................................................................................................................... 3
2. APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS ..................................................................................................................... 3

2.1 SAE Publications........................................................................................................................................ 3
2.2 U.S. Government Publications ................................................................................................................... 3
3. INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................................ 4
3.1 Definition of a Slipper Seal ......................................................................................................................... 4
4. OPERATION AND USE OF SLIPPER SEALS .......................................................................................... 4

4.1 Use of Slipper Seals................................................................................................................................... 6
4.2 Pressure Trapping...................................................................................................................................... 6
5. TYPES OF SLIPPER SEALS .................................................................................................................... 7

5.1 Slipper Seals for No Backup-Width Glands according to AS4716 ............................................................ 7
5.1.1 Description and Rating ............................................................................................................................... 7
5.2 Slipper Seals for One Backup-Width Glands according to AS4716 ........................................................ 11
5.3 Slipper Seals for Two Backup-Width Glands according to AS4716 ........................................................ 17
5.3.1 Description and Rating ............................................................................................................................. 17
5.4 Slipper Seals Requiring Special Glands .................................................................................................. 24
5.4.1 Description and Rating ............................................................................................................................. 24
6. FACTORS INFLUENCING THE FRICTION PERFORMANCE OF SLIPPER SEALS ............................ 26

6.1 Seal Material and Friction ........................................................................................................................ 26
6.2 Rod and Bore Materials ........................................................................................................................... 26
6.3 Rod and Bore Finishes............................................................................................................................. 26
6.4 Lubrication ................................................................................................................................................ 26
6.5 Radial Squeeze and Fluid Pressure ........................................................................................................ 27
6.6 Diametral Clearances............................................................................................................................... 27
6.7 Temperature ............................................................................................................................................. 27
6.8 Seal Cross-Section, Diameter .................................................................................................................. 27
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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SAE INTERNATIONAL AIR1244™B Page 2 of 31
7. FACTORS AFFECTING THE SEALING PERFORMANCE OF SLIPPER SEALS ................................. 27

7.1 Damage and Leakage .............................................................................................................................. 27
7.2 Workmanship, Material Defects, and Leakage ........................................................................................ 27
7.3 Radial Squeeze and Leakage .................................................................................................................. 27
7.4 Diametral Interference and Leakage........................................................................................................ 28
7.5 Circumferential Grooves and Leakage .................................................................................................... 28
7.6 Material and Leakage............................................................................................................................... 28
7.7 Side-Wall Notches and Leakage.............................................................................................................. 28
7.8 Length of Stroke and Leakage ................................................................................................................. 28
7.9 Surface Finish of Gland Hardware and Leakage ..................................................................................... 28
7.10 Temperature and Leakage ....................................................................................................................... 28
7.11 High-Temperature Fluid Degradation Deposits (Gum) ............................................................................ 29
7.12 Rate of Travel and Leakage ..................................................................................................................... 29
7.13 Pressure and Leakage ............................................................................................................................. 29
7.14 Leakage Relative to an O-Ring ................................................................................................................ 29
8. FACTORS INFLUENCING THE SERVICE LIFE OF SLIPPER SEALS.................................................. 29

8.1 Material and Service Life.......................................................................................................................... 29
8.2 Temperature and Service Life .................................................................................................................. 30
8.3 Fluid Pressure and Service Life ............................................................................................................... 30
8.4 Length of Stroke and Service Life ............................................................................................................ 30
9. NOTES ..................................................................................................................................................... 31
9.1 Revision Indicator..................................................................................................................................... 31
Figure 1 Typical slipper seals ................................................................................................................................... 4

Figure 2 Slipper seal principle (piston type shown).................................................................................................. 5
Figure 3 Acceptable and unacceptable practice for dual unvented dynamic rod seal arrangements ..................... 6
Table 1 Review of different slipper seals for no backup-width glands according to AS4716 ................................. 8
Table 2 Review of different slipper seals for one backup-width glands according to AS4716 ............................. 12
Table 3 Review of different slipper seals for two backup-width glands according to AS4716 .............................. 18
Table 4 Review of slipper seals for non-standard glands ..................................................................................... 25
Table 5 Commonly used PTFE grades for slipper seals per AMS3678 ............................................................... 30
1. SCOPE
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) provides basic information on the use of slipper seal sealing devices when
used as piston (OD) and rod (ID) seals in aerospace fluid power components such as actuators, valves, and swivel joints,
including:
• The definition of a slipper seal and the description of the basic types in use.
• Guidelines for selecting the type of slipper seal for a given design requirement are provided in terms of friction, leakage,
service life, installation characteristics, and interchangeability.
2. APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS
The following publications form a part of this document to the extent specified herein. The latest issue of SAE publications
shall apply. The applicable issue of the other publications shall be the issue in effect on the date of the purchase order. In
the event of a conflict between the text of this document and references cited herein, the text of this document takes
precedence. Nothing in this document, however, supersedes applicable laws and regulations unless a specific exemption
has been obtained.
2.1 SAE Publications
Available from SAE International, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA
and Canada) or +1 724-776-4970 (outside USA), www.sae.org.
AMS3678 Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) Moldings and Extrusions, Unfilled, Pigmented, and Filled Components
AIR1243 Anti-Blow-By Design Practice for Cap Seals
ARP4386 Terminology and Definitions for Aerospace Fluid Power, Actuation and Control Technologies
ARP4727 Gland Design, Computation of Seal Squeeze and Gland Volume
ARP4752 Aerospace - Design and Installation of Commercial Transport Aircraft Hydraulic Systems
ARP4925 Aerospace Design and Installation of Commercial Transport Helicopter Hydraulic Systems
ARP5555 Recommendations for Installation of Seals in Standard Glands
ARP6175 Recommended Practice Regarding Commercial Aircraft Hydraulic System External Leakage
AS568 Aerospace Size Standard for O-Rings
AS4716 Gland Design, O-Ring and Other Seals
AS5440 Hydraulic Systems, Military Aircraft, Design and Installation, Requirements for
AS5781 Retainers (Backup Rings), Hydraulic and Pneumatic, Polytetrafluoroethylene Resin, Single Turn, Scarf-Cut,
for Use in AS4716 Glands
AS5782 Retainers (Backup Rings), Hydraulic and Pneumatic, Polytetrafluoroethylene Resin, Solid, Un-Cut, for Use
in AS4716 Glands
AS5857 Gland Design, O-Ring and Other Elastomeric Seals, Static Applications
2.2 U.S. Government Publications
Copies of these documents are available online at https://quicksearch.dla.mil.
MIL-G-5514 Gland Design; Packings, Hydraulic, General Requirements for (inactive for new design)
3. INTRODUCTION
3.1 Definition of a Slipper Seal
A slipper seal is a separate circumferential band typically made of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) fitted to the inside
diameter (ID), outside diameter (OD), or face of an elastomer O-ring or other shape of a molded elastomeric sealing element
which also acts an energizer. The cross-section of the slipper seal configuration can be a variety of symmetrical or
asymmetrical shapes. Typical examples are shown in Figure 1.
Dynamic surface
Dynamic surface
Figure 1 - Typical slipper seals
The combination of a slipper seal and a molded elastomeric sealing element, when fitted in a gland and squeezed, acts to
control fluid leakage. When in a static condition, the slipper seal prevents extrusion of the elastomer but will not be as
effective in terms of leakage control when compared to a full elastomer contact seal. When in a dynamic condition, the
slipper seal generally—but not always—reduces breakout and running friction and protects the elastomer from extrusion
and wear.
The slipper seal concept became practical with the availability of PTFE compounds. It is estimated that PTFE slipper seals
were first used successfully around 1950. PTFE is a chemically inert, temperature-resistant (450 to 500 °F) (232 to 260 °C),
low-friction, thermoplastic fluorocarbon plastic, compatible with all industrial and military fuels and hydraulic fluids in military
and commercial use. Most PTFE slipper seals are manufactured from filled PTFE compounds. Care should be taken to
ensure the filler material is compatible with the fluid and the material of the dynamic surface(s) in the hardware.
Although PTFE is not elastic in the same sense as an elastomer material, it is deformable for good sealing and can be
stretched and folded for ease in installation. Because PTFE is a plastic, sealing surfaces must be protected from scratches
and nicks during handling and installation. Installation tools for both OD and ID slipper seals can be used to advantage
where one-piece glands are involved but are not always necessary.
Most slipper seal commercial standards are designed for use in commercial (ARP4752 and ARP4925) and military (AS5440)
hydraulic systems. They are normally designed to fit glands per AS4716 and are energized with either an O-ring
dimensionally per AS568 or a proprietary elastomer geometry. Slipper seals may be designed for use in hydraulic systems
with operating conditions exceeding these requirements provided additional extrusion resistance is provided by reduced
clearances and/or the addition of high-modulus thermoplastic backup rings. Other types of commercial standards are also
available. No military standard (MS) or other industry part standards have been issued for slipper seals.
4. OPERATION AND USE OF SLIPPER SEALS
An O-ring in a static or dynamic application is installed with a diametral squeeze and may be pressure-energized in service.
O-rings used in a dynamic application are exposed to extrusion, spiral failure, and wear, and will have a relatively short life
compared to O-rings used as static seals in a similar environment.
When an O-ring is used with a backup ring, such as AS5781 or AS5782, it is protected against extrusion, but it is still
vulnerable to the effects of friction that cause spiral failure and wear. An O-ring used with a slipper seal in a dynamic
environment becomes a static seal and is protected from the effects of friction as well as extrusion.
Figure 2 illustrates the slipper seal principle, where A is the cylinder bore and P is the system pressure. Without pressure,
the O-ring provides the sealing force and as system pressure rises it enters the seal groove and activates the O-ring, thus
providing increasing sealing force with increasing system pressure.
Figure 2 - Slipper seal principle (piston type shown)
Referring to Figure 2 and assuming static conditions, there are three possible leak paths:
1. Between the slipper seal and the cylinder bore.
2. Between the slipper seal and the O-ring.
3. Between the O-ring and the bottom of the groove.
Similar leak path principles also apply to rod-type slipper seals. The rate of leakage is a function of the fluid pressure, fluid
viscosity as a result of temperature, and the quality of surface conditions at each leakage path. Under dynamic conditions,
the film thickness passing by the slipper seal is an additional potential leakage path.
If the quality of the surface conditions at each leakage path is substandard, that is, rough, nicked, scratched, or contaminated
with foreign particles, minute flow paths exist that permit leakage. Assuming constant viscosity, leakage through a tiny orifice
is proportional to the square root of the pressure drop across the orifice. If the surfaces of potential leakage paths—such as
those present in a typical slipper seal configuration—could be matched perfectly, leakage would be zero regardless of the
pressure, since no passage would exist.
There are practical limits to the achievement of this ideal sealing condition. It can be approached very closely, however, by
selecting seal materials that are deformable under stress, such as an elastomer or PTFE. Although PTFE is deformable
under compressive load, it has a higher compressive modulus than rubber and is, therefore, less forgiving of surface
imperfections and contamination. This is particularly true at low fluid pressure when deformation due to compressive stress
is low.
When imperfections on the PTFE surface cause greater than allowable leakage, a brief running-in or application of high
pressure will often result in improved surface-to-surface conformity and, therefore, reduced leakage.
Fillers (see 8.1) are added to PTFE to improve wear resistance and to further decrease deformation under load. These can
have an adverse effect on leakage if they are not considered in the design concept, detail, and workmanship.
For consistent sealing performance, a slipper seal must have a diametral interference fit on the bore or rod. A good rule of
thumb for minimum interference is 0.001 in/in (0.001 mm/mm) of diameter or 0.002 inch (0.051 mm), whichever is greater.
Greater diametral interference is often used effectively. Consult the slipper seal supplier for recommendations.
Slipper seal performance may be influenced by elastomer squeeze. Optimum squeeze will vary with the slipper seal and
elastomer configuration and the friction, leakage, and service life requirements of the application. Consult the slipper seal
supplier for recommendations. ARP4727 provides computer programs that can be used to compute seal squeeze and gland
occupancy when O-rings are used in combination with slipper seals.
4.1 Use of Slipper Seals
Slipper seals are specified in hydraulic, pneumatic, and other fluid power components as adjuncts to O-rings, alternatives
to piston rings, and other types of packings to provide:
• Higher working pressure/temperature capability.
• Reduced seal breakout and running friction.
• Longer seal service life.
• Reduced space and weight of the hardware.
• Reduced risk of elastomer damage in blind assembly situations.
While slipper seals are primarily intended for use in dynamic applications that typically have periods of static conditions,
there is also a wide usage of simple slipper seals (e.g., rectangular section PTFE caps with O-ring energizers) in purely
static applications. As noted above, this is mostly to aid with blind assembly and save length on long sleeves in hydraulic
equipment (e.g., spool valves). These installations are generally sealing between internal cavities of the equipment where
slight leakage is considered acceptable and not noticed.
4.2 Pressure Trapping
In dual un-vented dynamic rod seal applications, care should be taken to choose design combinations that discourage
pressure trapping between seals. As shown in Figure 3, the primary seal should preferably be of a unidirectional design that
will allow pressure between the seals to vent back toward the upstream side when system pressure is reduced. This will
reduce or eliminate the pressure trap between primary and secondary seals that would otherwise result in high seal friction
and high seal wear.
Figure 3 - Acceptable and unacceptable practice for dual unvented dynamic rod seal arrangements
5. TYPES OF SLIPPER SEALS
There are many commercial sources for PTFE and filled PTFE slipper seals. Usually, the trade names used for slipper seals
are proprietary. Many of the commercial standards in use are interchangeable concerning gland fit but vary in design detail.
Some designs are proprietary and available from only one source.
Most commercial slipper seal standards, except for some proprietary designs, are classified for size with the same dash
number as their matching O-rings for the applicable nominal rod or bore size.
Slipper seals are further identified as ID (rod) seals or OD (piston) seals. An additional description for groove width may be
necessary if the design is for use with a no backup-width, one backup-width, or two backup-width glands per AS4716 or
AS5857.
The recommended specification for dynamic O-ring glands is AS4716. Slipper seal designs for glands according to this
specification are interchangeable with most slipper seals designed for the previous standard, MIL-G-5514F. MIL-G-5514F
is classified as inactive for new designs. Slipper seal designs for glands to MIL-G-5514F are interchangeable with some
slipper seals designed for earlier versions of this specification. (Note that MIL-G-5514 was preceded by MIL-P-5514.)
Slipper seals designed for MIL-P-5514 (revisions C, D, E, and F) glands are interchangeable with each other and with some
designs for other revisions. Slipper seals designed for MIL-P-5514A and B are interchangeable with each other and with
some designs for later revisions of the specification. The slipper seal supplier is the best source of information on the
interchangeability of products.
AS5857 is a gland especially designed for static seals. The gland depth is smaller than AS4716 to achieve a higher squeeze.
It is necessary to check if slipper seals designed for use in AS4716 can be used without over occupying the groove. It is
recommended to seek the advice of the slipper seal supplier. Also, note that some groove widths to AS5857 are different
from those of AS4716 and MIL-G-5514.
As in the case of O-rings, up to three cross-sectional sizes of slipper seals are available for some diameters. In general,
dynamic dash sizes, as defined in AS4716, are recommended. This is recommended for the same advantages afforded by
using a larger O-ring cross-section. The additional space required can be offset by reduced hardware weight, improved
installation characteristics, and reduced friction. All distinct advantages in favor of reduced cross-section (static) dash sizes.
Another important consideration is that O-rings are in a static environment and are therefore not exposed to torsional forces,
thus eliminating one of the advantages of larger cross-sections. The choice between a large or a small cross-section is
largely a case of judgment since environments vary widely. Overall, reliable performance can best be assured by using
dynamic dash sizes.
5.1 Slipper Seals for No Backup-Width Glands according to AS4716
These types of slipper seals provide extrusion protection for the O-ring without requiring the extra groove width necessary
to accommodate backup rings. Typical preferred uses include spool-valve sleeves and swivel glands as well as rod and
piston seals for actuators.
5.1.1 Description and Rating
Table 1 describes different types of slipper seals for no backup-width glands according to AS4716 and provides a review of
the advantages/disadvantages of each slipper seal configuration.
Table 1 - Review of different slipper seals for no backup-width glands according to AS4716
Description - O-Ring Energized Cap Seal - No

Backup-Width Gland - Bi-Directional Rating
Friction advantage versus O-ring
Static ………………............................................... Good
Dynamic ……..……………………..…….…………. Fair
Rod Seal Piston Seal

Use on Rod and Piston Service life versus other slipper seals …………… Fair
(a) May not stay in place during assembly Sealing characteristics …………….………………. Good
(b) May tip in the groove during use Recommended for new designs ….…..………….. No
(c) Gland dimensions impose high occupancy which
increases the unit loading on the slipper seal and
reduces the friction advantage of the PTFE
Description - Square Ring Energized Cap Seal - No
Rating
Backup-Width Gland - Bi-Directional
Static .……………….............................................. Fair
Dynamic ……………………..…..…..……………… Poor

Use on Rod and Piston Service life versus other slipper seals …………… Fair
(a) May not stay in place during assembly Sealing characteristics ……….……………………. Good
(b) Reduced tendency to tip in the groove during use Recommended for new designs ….…..………….. No
Table 1 - Review of different slipper seals for no backup-width glands according to AS4716 (continued)
Description - O-Ring Energized Channel Seal - No

Static .………………............................................ Fair
Dynamic ………………….……..…..……………... Fair

Use on Rod and Piston Service life versus other slipper seals ………….. Good
(a) Will stay in place during assembly Sealing characteristics ………….………………... Good
(b) Will not tip in the groove during use Recommended for new designs …...…………… Yes
NOTES:
1. The groove depth may be increased by the same
amount as the web thickness dimension to reduce
the occupancy and/or the squeeze level.
2. Consult the seal supplier(s) for recommendations of
the optimum solution.
Description - O-Ring Energized Grooved Cap Seal -
No Backup-Width Gland - Bi-Directional Rating
Static .………...…………..................................... Excellent
Dynamic ……………...………….......................... Excellent

Use on Rod and Piston Service life versus other slipper seals ………….. Excellent
(a) Will stay in place during assembly Sealing characteristics …….……………………... Good
(b) Will not tip in the groove during use Recommended for new designs ….…………….. Yes
(d) Miniature grooves on dynamic surfaces improve
low-pressure leakage control; reduce friction
Table 1 - Review of different slipper seals for zero backup-width glands according to AS4716 (continued)
Description - Cruciform Ring Energized Cap Seal - Zero

Static .………...…………........................ Excellent
Dynamic ……………...…...…………….. Excellent

Use on Rod and Piston Service life versus other slipper seals .. Excellent
(a) Will stay in place during assembly Sealing characteristics …….…………… Good
(b) Will not tip in the groove during use Recommended for new designs ……… Yes
(c) A thick web improves service life
(d) Reduced volumetric occupancy in groove reduces friction
(e) Elastomer geometry reduces the tendency of elastomer to
shuttle across a groove during pressure reversals
(f) A special elastomeric energizer required
NOTES:
1. The groove depth may be increased by the same amount as
the web thickness dimension to reduce the occupancy and/or
the squeeze level.
2. Consult the seal supplier(s) for recommendations of the
optimum solution.
Description - Proprietary Seal - Zero Backup-Width Gland
- Uni-Directional Rating
High Pressure Low Pressure Static .………...………..…….................. Good
Dynamic ………………...…….…………. Good
Rod Seal
Low Pressure High Pressure
Piston Seal
(a) Use as a primary buffer seal in dual unvented glands Sealing characteristics ….………...…… Fair
(b) Uni-directional sealing Recommended for new designs .…..…. No
(c) Stays in place during assembly
(d) Thick web improves wear life
(e) High modulus materials for improved extrusion resistance
(f) Special elastomeric energizer required
Table 1 - Review of different slipper seals for zero backup-width glands according to AS4716 (continued)
Description - O-Ring Energized Proprietary Seal - Zero

Backup-Width Gland - Uni-Directional Rating
High Pressure Low Pressure Static .………...………..……................... Good
Dynamic ………………...…….…………. Good
Use on Rod only Service life versus other slipper seals … Excellent
(a) Use as a heavy duty high pressure seal Sealing characteristics …….….…...…… Good
(b) Uni-directional sealing Recommended for new designs …....…. Yes
(d) Thick seal web improves wear life
(e) High modulus materials for improved extrusion resistance
(f) Full groove depth of slipper seal heel may lead to
installation difficulties on small rod sizes
5.2 Slipper Seals for One Backup-Width Glands according to AS4716
When specifying slipper seals for a one backup-width gland, the choice of basic configurations is limited. Space is a
consideration over the two backup-width gland. Description and Rating
Table 2 describes different types of slipper seals for one backup-width glands according to AS4716 and provides a review
of the advantages/disadvantages of each slipper seal configuration.
Table 2 - Review of different slipper seals for one backup-width glands according to AS4716
Description - O-Ring Energized Channel Seal - One

Backup Width Gland - Bi-Directional Rating
Static ………………................................... Good
Dynamic ……..…………….………..…....... Good

Use on Rod and Piston Service life versus other slipper seals ...... Excellent
(a) Use on linear actuators Sealing characteristics …………….…....... Good
(b) Gland dimensions are favorable for limiting the effect of
Recommended for new designs ….……... Yes
occupancy on friction
NOTES:
1. The groove depth may be increased by the same amount
as the web thickness dimension to reduce the occupancy
and/or the squeeze level.
optimum solution.
Description - O-Ring Energized Cap Seal (Footseal) - One
High Pressure Low Pressure Static .………...………..……...................... Good
Dynamic ………………...…...….………..... Fair
Use on Rod Service life versus other slipper seals ...... Excellent
(a) Primarily for rod applications on linear actuators Sealing characteristics …………….…....... Good
(b) Seals in one direction only Recommended for new designs ….……... Yes
(d) Seal contour improves leakage characteristics but tends
to increase friction out of proportion with an increase in
fluid pressure
(e) Full groove depth of slipper heel may lead to installation
difficulties on small rod sizes and small piston sizes
where one-piece glands are used.
Table 2 - Review of different slipper seals for one backup-width glands according to AS4716 (continued)
Description - Cruciform Ring Energized Cap Seal - One

Static .………...………….......................... Excellent
Dynamic ……………...…...………........... Excellent

Use on Rod and Piston Service life versus other slipper seals .... Excellent
(a) Will stay in place during assembly Sealing characteristics …….…………..... Good
(b) Will not tip in the groove during use Recommended for new designs ….……. Yes
shuttle across a groove during pressure reversals
Description - Proprietary Seal Assembly - One Backup-
Width Gland - Bi-Directional Rating
Static .………...………….......................... Excellent
Dynamic ……………...…...………........... Excellent

Use on Rod and Piston Service life versusother slipper seals ..... Excellent
(a) Use as a heavy-duty, high-pressure piston or rod seal Sealing characteristics …….…………..... Good
(b) Will stay in place during assembly Recommended for new designs ….……. Yes
(c) Thick web improves service life
(d) Special elastomeric energizer required
(e) Positive actuation of scarf-cut backup reduces incidence
of cap extrusion and prevents pressure trapping
Description - O-Ring Energized Grooved Cap Seal - One

Static .………...…………....................... Excellent
Dynamic ……………...…...………......... Excellent

(a) Use as a heavy-duty, high-pressure piston seal Sealing characteristics …….………….. Good
(b) Will stay in place during assembly Recommended for new designs ….….. Yes
(d) Miniature grooves improve low-pressure leakage control
and reduce friction
NOTES:
the squeeze level.
optimum solution.
Description - Proprietary Seal Assembly - One Backup-Width
Gland - Uni-Directional Rating
High Pressure Low Pressure Static .………...…………....................... Excellent
Rod Seal
Piston Seal
Use on Rod and Piston Service life versusother slipper seals ... Excellent
(a) Use as heavy duty, high pressure seal Sealing characteristics …….………….. Good
(b) Seals in both directions, but resists high pressure in one
Recommended for new designs ….….. Yes
direction only
(c) Will stay in place during assembly
(d) Thick web improves service life
(e) Special elastomeric energizer required
(f) Positive actuation of scarf-cut backup ring reduces
incidence of cap extrusion

High Pressure Low Pressure Dynamic ……………...…...………......... Excellent
Use on Rod Service life versusother slipper seals ... Good

(a) Primarily for rod applications on linear actuators Sealing characteristics.. ….………........ Excellent
(b) Uni-directional sealing Recommended for new designs ….….. Yes
(c) Uses proprietary elastomer
(d) Unique design limits elastomer contact and controls friction
(e) May be used as low pressure seal, for example, secondary
seal in dual vented application
(f) Full groove depth of slipper heel may lead to installation
difficulties on small rod sizes
Description - O-Ring Energized Proprietary Seal - One
Low Pressure Static ……………….............................. Good
High Pressure Dynamic ……..…………….………..….. Good
Rod Seal
Piston Seal
(a) Use primarily as a rod seal Sealing characteristics.. ….………........ Excellent
(b) Uni-directional sealing Recommended for new designs …....... Yes
(c) O-ring contact improves leakage characteristics
(d) Optional miniature grooves improve low pressure leakage
control and reduce friction

Static ………………............................. Good
High Pressure Low Pressure Dynamic ……..…………….………..…. Good
Rod Seal
Piston Seal
Use on Rod and Piston Service life vs other slipper seals ....... Excellent
(a) Use as primary buffer seal in dual unvented glands Sealing characteristics …….……...….. Fair
(b) Unidirectional sealing Recommended for new designs …...... No
(f) High modulus materials for improved extrusion resistance
High Pressure Low Pressure Static ………………............................. Good
Dynamic ……..………………..……...... Excellent
Rod Seal
Piston Seal
Use on Rod and Piston Service life vs other slipper seals ….... Good
(a) Primarily for rod applications on linear actuators Sealing characteristics ……...……...... Excellent
(b) Unidirectional sealing Recommended for new designs …...... Yes
(c) Unique design limits elastomeric contact and controls friction
(d) High modulus materials for improved extrusion resistance
Description - Cruciform Ring Energized Cap Seal - One

High Pressure Low Pressure
Rod Seal
Piston Seal
(a) Use as a heavy-duty high-pressure seal Sealing characteristics …….…………... Good
(b) Bi-directional sealing, but backup provides high-pressure
Recommended for new designs ….….. Yes
extrusion resistance in one direction only
(d) A thick web improves service life
(e) The high modulus dynamic backup ring component
prevents extrusion of the PTFE cap and the static PTFE
backup ring prevents abrasion to the elastomeric energizer
Description - O-Ring Energized Proprietary Seal Assembly -
One Backup-Width Gland - Uni-Directional Rating
High Pressure Low Pressure Static .………...…………....................... Excellent
Use on Rod only Service life versus other slipper seals .. Excellent
(a) Use as a heavy-duty high-pressure seal Sealing characteristics …….…………... Good
(b) Uni-directional sealing Recommended for new designs ….….. Yes
(d) A thick web improves service life
(e) High modulus backup rings may be incorporated to prevent
extrusion
5.3 Slipper Seals for Two Backup-Width Glands according to AS4716
There are several slipper seal configurations for two backup-width glands. Some types are for general-purpose applications
and others are intended for special purposes.
Table 3 describes different types of slipper seals for two backup-width glands according to AS4716 and provides a review
of the advantages/disadvantages of each slipper seal configuration.
Table 3 - Review of different slipper seals for two backup-width glands according to AS4716
Description - O-Ring Energized Channel Seal - Two

Static ………………......................................... Good
Dynamic ……..…………….………..…............. Good

Use on Rod or Piston Service life versus other slipper seals …........ Poor
(a) Possible web cracking during folding of rod seals. Sealing characteristics …….…………............. Good
(b) Stretching of piston seals may shorten the life Recommended for new designs …..……........ No
(c) O-ring may be damaged adjacent to the bottom of the
leg
(d) Gland dimensions are favorable for limiting the effect
of occupancy on friction
(e) Difficult to install in small sizes due to legs being full
groove depth
Description - O-Ring Energized Cap Seal - Two
Static ………………........................................ Good
Dynamic ……..…………….………..…............ Good

Use on Rod and Piston Service life versusother slipper seals ............. Excellent
(a) Will stay in place during assembly Sealing characteristics …….…………............. Good
(b) Will not tip in the groove during use Recommended for new designs …..……........ No
(d) Reduced volumetric occupancy in groove reduces
friction
NOTES:
1. The groove depth may be increased by the same
amount as the web thickness dimension to reduce the
occupancy and/or the squeeze level.
2. Consult the seal supplier(s) for recommendations of
the optimum solution.
Table 3 - Review of different slipper seals for two backup-width glands according to AS4716 (continued)
Description - O-Ring Energized Grooved Cap Seal - Two

Static ………………............................... Excellent
Dynamic ……..…………….….……....... Excellent

(a) Will stay in place during assembly Sealing characteristics …….…………... Good
(b) Will not tip in the groove during use Recommended for new designs …..…. No
(e) Miniature grooves improve low-pressure leakage control;
reduce friction, improve wear life
NOTES:
the squeeze level.
optimum solution.
Description - O-Ring Energized Cap Seal (Footseal) - Two
Static ………………............................... Good
High Pressure Low Pressure
Dynamic ……..…………….……...…..… Fair
Use on Rod Service life versusother slipper seals ... Excellent

(a) Use primarily as a rod seal Sealing characteristics …….…………... Good
(b) Unidirectional sealing Recommended for new designs ……... Yes
(c) Gland dimensions are favorable for limiting the effect of
occupancy on friction
(d) Full groove depth of slipper heel may lead to installation
Description - Cruciform Ring Energized Cap Seal - Two

Static ……………….................................. Excellent
Dynamic ……..…………….……............... Excellent

Use on Rod and Piston Service life versus other slipper seals ..... Excellent
(a) Will stay in place during assembly Sealing characteristics …….…………...... Good
(b) Will not tip in the groove during use Recommended for new designs …..….... Yes
shuttle across the groove during pressure reversals
(f) A special elastomer energizer required
Description - Proprietary Seal Assembly - Two Backup-
Width Gland - Bi-Directional Rating

(a) Use as heavy-duty, high-pressure piston and rod seal Sealing characteristics …….…………...... Good
(b) Will stay in place during assembly Recommended for new designs ……...... Yes
(c) Thick web improves service life
(d) Special elastomeric energizer required
(e) Positive actuation of scarf-cut backup reduces the
incidence of cap extrusion and prevents pressure trapping
Description - Proprietary Seal Assembly - Two Backup-Width

High Pressure Low Pressure Static ……………….............................. Excellent
Dynamic ……..…………….……........... Excellent
Rod Seal
Piston Seal
(a) Use mainly as heavy-duty, high pressure rod seal Sealing characteristics …….…………... Good
(b) Seals in both directions, but resists high pressure in one
Recommended for new designs ……... Yes
direction only
(c) Excellent as second stage seal in dual seal application
(d) Will stay in place during assembly
(e) Thick web improves service life
(f) Special elastomeric energizer required
(g) Positive actuation of scarf-cut backup reduces incidence of
cap extrusion and prevents pressure trapping

Two Backup-Width Gland Rating
High Pressure Low Pressure Static …….…………………………..….. Good
Dynamic ……..…………..….………….. Good
Rod Seal
Piston Seal
(a) Use primarily as a rod seal Sealing characteristics …….…………... Good
(b) Uni-directional sealing Recommended for new designs ……... Yes
(c) O-ring contact improves leakage characteristics
(d) Optional miniature grooves improve low pressure leakage
control; reduce friction
Two Backup-Width Gland - Uni-Directional Rating
Static ……………….........................….. Good
High Pressure Low Pressure Dynamic ……..…………….….…….…... Good
Use on Rod only Service life versusother slipper seals ... Excellent
(a) Use as heavy duty high pressure seal Sealing characteristics …….…………... Good
(e) High modulus materials for extrusion resistance

Two Backup-Width Gland - Uni-Directional Rating
High Pressure Low Pressure Dynamic ……..…………….……............ Excellent
Use on Rod Service life versus other slipper seals .. Excellent

(a) Primarily for rod applications on linear actuators Sealing characteristics …….…………... Good
(b) Unidirectional sealing Recommended for new designs ……... Yes
(c) Uses proprietary elastomer
(d) Unique design limits elastomer contact and controls friction
(e) May be used as low pressure seal, for example, secondary
seal in dual vented application
Description - Cruciform Ring Energized Cap Seal - Two
Dynamic ……..…………….……............ Excellent

(a) Use as heavy-duty, high-pressure rod and piston seal Sealing characteristics …….…………... Good
(b) Will stay in place during assembly Recommended for new designs ……... Yes
(d) A high modulus dynamic backup ring component prevents
extrusion, static PTFE backup ring prevents abrasion to the
elastomeric energizer
(e) A special elastomeric energizer required
(f) Elastomer geometry reduces the tendency of elastomer to
shuttle across the groove during pressure reversals
Description - O-Ring Energized Grooved Cap Seal - Two

Static ……………….............................. Excellent
Dynamic ……..…………….……........... Excellent

Use on Rod and Piston Service life versus other slipper seals . Excellent
(a) Use as heavy-duty, high-pressure rod and piston seal Sealing characteristics …….………….. Good
(b) Miniature grooves help to lower friction Recommended for new designs ……... Yes
(c) Grooved sealing surface provides greater leakage control
(d) Filled PTFE backup rings prevent high pressure extrusion
(e) Standard elastomeric O-ring energizer
Description - Proprietary Seal Assembly - Two Backup-Width
Static ……………….............................. Good
High Pressure Low Pressure Dynamic ……..…………….……........... Excellent
Rod Seal
Piston Seal
Use on Rod and Piston Service life versusother slipper seals .. Good
(a) Primarily for rod applications on linear actuators and as
Sealing characteristics ……………....... Excellent
secondary seals
(c) High modulus materials for extrusion resistance
(d) Unique design limits elastomeric contact and controls friction
(e) A special elastomeric energizer required
5.4 Slipper Seals Requiring Special Glands
Some slipper seal designs have features that prevent the fitting of the seal to a standard AS4716 gland.
Table 4 describes different types of slipper seal designs that have features that excludes fitting the seal to a standard
AS4716 O-ring gland and provides a review of the advantages/disadvantage of each slipper seal configuration.
Table 4 - Review of slipper seals for non-standard glands
Description - Cap Seal O-Ring Energized - Non-Standard

Gland - Bi-Directional Rating

(a) The gland is less than the width of a standard O-Ring no-
backup groove and the depth of the groove is greater than Sealing characteristics …….…………...... Good
standard to permit a narrow, thicker cap
(b) Will not tip in groove during use Recommended for new designs …....….. Yes
(c) Easy to install
(d) Simplicity reduces cost
(e) General purpose use
Description - Cap Seal Square or Rectangular Elastomer
Energizer Ring - Non-Standard Gland - Bi-Directional Rating
Static ………………................................. Excellent
Dynamic ……..…………….…….............. Excellent

Use on Rod and Piston Service life versusother slipper seals ...... Excellent
(a) Standard gland width but depth of gland is greater than
Sealing characteristics …….…………...... Good
standard to permit thicker cap
(b) Will not tip in groove during use Recommended for new designs …....….. Yes
(c) Easy to install
(d) Simplicity reduces cost
(e) General purpose use
(f) Preferred design for low speed rotary application
(g) A special elastomeric energizer required
Table 4 - Review of slipper seals for non-standard glands (continued)
Description - O-Ring Energized Proprietary Cap Seal

Assembly - Non-Standard Gland - Uni-Directional Rating
High Pressure Low Pressure Static ………………............................... Excellent
Dynamic ……..…………….……............ Excellent
Rod Seal
Piston Seal
(a) Easy to install Sealing characteristics ……………..….. Good
(b) Use as the primary buffer seal Recommended for new designs ……... Yes
(c) Unidirectional sealing only
(d) Standard elastomeric energizer
(e) The gland is less than the width of a no-backup groove and
the depth of the groove is greater than standard to permit a
narrow, thicker cap
(f) The narrow footprint reduces friction, provides for high
load/low leakage
6. FACTORS INFLUENCING THE FRICTION PERFORMANCE OF SLIPPER SEALS
6.1 Seal Material and Friction
Virgin unfilled PTFE generally has a lower coefficient of friction than filled PTFE, and the friction also depends on the type
and texture of the metal finish. Regarding the seal friction, the choice of PTFE material for a slipper seal is of minor
importance except in the most friction-sensitive applications. In those cases, testing is recommended.
6.2 Rod and Bore Materials
The hardware surface texture and material can affect the seal friction. As an approximate guideline, a lubricated surface
finish within the range of an 8 to 16 µin Ra (0.2 to 0.4 µm Ra) and with relative motion between the surface and slipper seal
will have the following friction factors. Assume a bare steel surface has a friction factor of 100. For identical conditions, a
chrome plate friction factor will be 60 and a hard-anodized aluminum friction factor will be 120. For an HVOF-coated surface
within the range of a 2 to 4 µin Ra (0.05 to 0.1 µm Ra), the friction factor will be 120.
6.3 Rod and Bore Finishes
Transfer of a minute layer of PTFE from the slipper seal to the metal surface reduces friction. It is recommended that
surfaces having relative motion between the surface and slipper seal should be in line with those specified in AS4716 to
take advantage of this phenomenon. This applies to un-coated, hard chrome plating, anodizing, and high-velocity oxygen
fuel (HVOF); e.g., tungsten carbide - cobalt - chrome coated surfaces.
6.4 Lubrication
Some leakage is desirable to provide lower friction and assist with reducing wear. Slipper seal breakout friction can be two
to three times greater than dynamic friction due to lack of lubrication. Friction and wear under dither (small displacement
high frequency) cycling can also be reduced by introducing lubrication. This can be achieved by adding grooves or miniature
grooves in the sealing surface of the slipper seal ring. Lubrication and friction can also vary depending on seal material and
configuration.
6.5 Radial Squeeze and Fluid Pressure
The radial squeeze of the elastomer increases the unit loading. This is in addition to the unit loading caused by fluid pressure.
The higher the unit loading, the higher the friction becomes. Changes in radial squeeze will have the most significant effect
at low fluid pressures. (See Section 4.)
6.6 Diametral Clearances
Extrusion of the slipper seal into a diametral clearance can increase friction dramatically because of high unit loading locally
in the vicinity of the extrusion. The direction of motion during the application of pressure also has an effect. In a simple
cylinder where the rod retracts, when pressure is applied to the rod seal, the effects of extrusion are minimized. In a servo
actuator where some pressure is applied to the rod seal when the rod extends, the effects on extrusion are compounded
and may require special consideration.
6.7 Temperature
The coefficient of friction of PTFE is only affected to a small degree by temperature change. However, the loading of the
seal against the sealed surface may change with temperature because of differential linear expansion and contraction of
the metal and seal components. This influence on seal friction is small and may be ignored for slipper seals of a relatively
thin section.
Although friction is not affected significantly by differential linear expansion with temperature, volumetric change of the seal
in the groove is an additional factor to be considered. An O-ring/slipper seal combination with satisfactory friction
characteristics at room temperature may have very high friction at higher temperatures if adequate room for expansion in
the groove is not provided.
6.8 Seal Cross-Section, Diameter
The total seal friction is a function of the area acted on by the unit loading due to squeeze and fluid pressure. For a given
seal diameter, lower friction will be realized by selecting the smallest seal cross-section available.
7. FACTORS AFFECTING THE SEALING PERFORMANCE OF SLIPPER SEALS
7.1 Damage and Leakage
The most frequent cause of high leakage is slipper seal damage. This can typically be caused by poor installation
procedures, carelessness during installation, and foreign object debris (metallic and non-metallic). Some guidance on good
seal installation practice is provided in ARP5555.
Axial nicks and scratches have a high probability of causing leakage. Usually, they can be removed successfully by
circumferential polishing or application of high fluid pressure to the seal assembly after installation, or both. Cycling under
pressure will burn in the seal and reduce leakage. Refer to ARP4386 for the definition of burn in.
7.2 Workmanship, Material Defects, and Leakage
Slipper seal PTFE caps should have a 32 µin Ra (0.8 µm Ra) maximum finish on the sealing surface and a 63 µin Ra
(1.6 µm Ra) maximum on the surface next to the elastomer energizer. Minor circumferential grooves are acceptable on all
surfaces. Cracks and inclusions may cause leakage. Slipper seal caps often are stretched and/or folded during installation
so good elongation properties are preferable. High-fill PTFE materials with inherently low elongation (and low tensile
strength) may crack or even break during stretching or folding during installation. This is particularly applicable to slipper
seal caps with sidewall grooves or notches. Tensile strength and elongation properties should equal or exceed the
manufacturer’s specification or other applicable physical property control. Refer to AMS3678 for guidance.
7.3 Radial Squeeze and Leakage
Increased radial squeeze should reduce low-pressure leakage. (See Section 4.)
7.4 Diametral Interference and Leakage
All slipper seals should have positive diametral interference for good leakage control.
7.5 Circumferential Grooves and Leakage
Circumferential grooves on the sealing surface of a slipper seal should reduce leakage during low-pressure and
low-viscosity conditions.
7.6 Material and Leakage
Unfilled PTFE should give better leakage performance when new than a filled PTFE because of its greater deformation
under load. Filled PTFE materials may be less responsive to burn in cycling. Use un-filled or low-fill PTFE compounds if
leakage and friction are primary considerations.
7.7 Side-Wall Notches and Leakage
Slipper seals depend on proper pressure loading to seal effectively. All bi-directional slipper seals exposed to sudden
reversal of pressure should have side-wall notches. This is to ensure the potentially deleterious effects of rapid pressure
loading are mitigated if there are no other means to admit fluid pressure into the groove.
There should be adequate side clearance between the walls of the groove and the radial sides of the slipper seal. Blow-by
leakage across the top of a slipper seal will be avoided if sidewall notches are included in the design. AIR1243 provides
information on anti-blow-by design practices for cap seals. For bi-directional seals, usually piston seals, side-wall notches
should be added as a precautionary feature, generally without any detrimental effects.
Rod seals are generally not susceptible to blow-by if adequate side-wall clearance is provided because they are usually of
a single-acting (uni-directional) application. In rare cases, uni-directional rod seals of a bi-directional design can experience
blowby when the frictional drag forces on the seal exceed and oppose that of the pressure energization forces. For
bi-directional seals used in a single-acting rod application, side-wall notches may be added to eliminate any possibility of
blow-by and generally without any detrimental effects.
7.8 Length of Stroke and Leakage
Long-stroke actuators are more vulnerable to rod leakage than short-stroke actuators. Most leakage occurs at low pressure
during rod extension. This leakage can be reduced by using a relatively high radial squeeze rod seal. Note that load from
squeeze is generally insignificant compared to load from pressure, and therefore has only a minor effect on overall friction.
7.9 Surface Finish of Gland Hardware and Leakage
AS4716 provides comprehensive recommendations for both dynamic and static sealing surfaces to be used with slipper
seals (elastomeric/plastic (non-elastomer) contact interface seals). It is important to note that recommendations are not the
same for all types of surface material and coating. In particular, it is important to pay special attention to the requirements
for HVOF dynamic surfaces.
7.10 Temperature and Leakage
The ratio of the linear coefficient of thermal expansion of PTFE to aluminum and steel is 7:10. At low temperature, the
modulus of PTFE increases, and piston seals will tend to shrink away from the cylinder wall, but usually will be restrained
by the supporting elastomer energizer.
For piston seals, leakage may occur in proportion to the fluid pressure differential depending on the temperature and the
low-temperature properties of both the elastomer energizer and the fluid. PTFE slipper seals with thicker walls will display
this effect more because the resulting circumferential load will be higher. Smaller diameter seals display this effect more.
This can be offset by increased elastomer squeeze to reduce leakage at low-temperature.
Rod seals shrink onto the rod and maintain contact with increasing load as the temperature is reduced, minimizing
low-temperature rod seal leakage. However, the elastomer used to energize the slipper seal must have adequate
low-temperature properties to enable effective low-temperature sealability.
The reverse effects on rod seals at elevated temperatures are not as critical because the modulus of PTFE is reduced with
increasing temperature. The squeeze load from the elastomer energizer can easily overcome any thermal expansion effects
from the PTFE sealing component.
7.11 High-Temperature Fluid Degradation Deposits (Gum)
High-temperature fluid degradation deposits (gum) may coat surfaces over which the slipper seal must travel. This happens,
for example, with kerosene fuel (jet fuel) at 315 to 350 °F (157 to 177 °C) and is known as coking. Scrapers are
recommended to clean the surface to ensure proper sealing.
7.12 Rate of Travel and Leakage
The high relative linear motion of a dynamic slipper seal may increase leakage because of the hydrodynamic wedge effect
that tends to increase the fluid thickness passing under a rod seal or over a piston seal. Circumferential grooves on the
sealing surface will help to break up the hydrodynamic fluid wedge and reduce leakage.
7.13 Pressure and Leakage
Both static and dynamic leakages tend to be greater at low pressure than at high pressure. Leakage may occur, for example,
from a slipper seal due to reservoir back pressure when a hydraulic system is depressurized over a long time.
7.14 Leakage Relative to an O-Ring
The leakage control of an O-ring or other elastomer-contact type seal is better than for a slipper seal, particularly at low
pressures. The leakage of slipper seals used as a piston (OD) seal may be greater at low temperatures than an elastomer
contact seal. Recommended leakage limits for dynamic seals can be found in ARP6175.
8. FACTORS INFLUENCING THE SERVICE LIFE OF SLIPPER SEALS
Service life is usually measured in terms of leakage. When a new slipper seal is properly installed, it can be assumed to
have satisfactory leakage performance. After the seal is in use, the leakage tends to diminish during a burn in period, and
then gradually increase due to wear and extrusion. (See Section 4.)
8.1 Material and Service Life
Filled PTFE materials have a higher PV (pressure-velocity) capability than unfilled PTFE by an order of magnitude, and
more extrusion resistance than unfilled PTFE. Some proprietary unfilled PTFE compounds are available with wear
resistance equal to some filled PTFE and with deformation properties close to an unfilled PTFE for better sealing. Some
commonly applied fillers and percentages used for slipper seals according to AMS3678 are shown below.
NOTE: The performance of materials may vary depending on the type of slipper seal specified. The application of materials
should be verified with the seal manufacturer before specifying their use.
Table 5 - Commonly used PTFE grades for slipper seals per AMS3678
Type Description Detail Specification

1 Virgin PTFE, Grade A AMS3678/1A
2 PTFE filled with 15% graphite AMS3678/2
3 PTFE filled with 15% glass fiber and 5% molybdenum disulfide AMS3678/3
5 PTFE filled with inorganic pigment AMS3678/5
7 PTFE filled with 23% carbon and 2% graphite AMS3678/7
8 PTFE filled with 10% carbon fiber AMS3678/8
9 PTFE filled with inorganic pigment AMS3678/9
10 PTFE filled with 15% carbon fiber AMS3678/10
11 PTFE filled with 10% aromatic polyester AMS3678/11
12 PTFE filled with 10% mineral and 2.5% molybdenum disulfide AMS3678/12
13 PTFE filled with 10% polyimide AMS3678/13
15 PTFE filled with 15% aromatic polyester AMS3678/15
16 PTFE filled with 15% polyimide AMS3678/16
8.2 Temperature and Service Life
Both PTFE and elastomer materials suffer reduced physical properties at elevated temperatures. For detailed performance
on elastomer materials, please refer to the relevant standards of each polymer (consult the manufacturers for details).
PTFE slipper seals are more resistant to the effects of temperature than elastomers. Although PTFE will soften with
increased temperature up to 500 °F (260 °C), there is no permanent heat damage. Elastomers, however, may harden and
crack at these temperatures, depending upon the length of exposure and type of polymer.
Elastomers used to energize slipper seals function in an almost static environment. They are protected from the effects of
friction and can be expected to substantially outlast O-rings used dynamically in the same environment, either with or without
backup rings. For example, O-rings have a limited service life as a dynamic seal above 225 °F (107 °C); but, with a slipper
seal as protection, satisfactory use at 300 °F (149 °C) is not unusual.
Low temperature does not affect the wear service life of slipper seals, although compression set and deterioration of physical
properties from high-temperature exposure can adversely affect the low-temperature performance of O-rings or other
elastomer types used with slipper seals.
8.3 Fluid Pressure and Service Life
As fluid pressure is increased, it is important to provide adequate containment for slipper seals to prevent extrusion, whether
they are used in a static or dynamic environment. The gland dimensions and tolerances recommended in AS4716 provide
the necessary containment for temperature and pressures defined in ARP4752, ARP4925, and AS5440 Type I and Type II.
Some of the slipper seal types shown in Section 5 can be used at a higher temperature and pressure in both static and
dynamic applications (e.g., AS5440 Type III). In these cases, the slipper seal supplier should be contacted for specific
recommendations on seal materials, backup configurations, and diametral clearances, based on the environment of the
proposed use.
Wear and extrusion are the primary limiting influences on slipper service life. In a dynamic application, both increase with
fluid pressure. When seal service life is important, extrusion-resistant slipper seal materials should be used to ensure long
service life at higher fluid pressures. Usually, extrusion-resistant PTFE compounds also have better wear resistance.
8.4 Length of Stroke and Service Life
Very short dither (short stroke high frequency) cycles, less than the width of the seal groove, may cause high wear of the
bore or rod surface and the slipper seal. In theory, the seal is starved of lubrication under this cycling condition, and in this
case, wear-resistant material for both hardware and slipper seal is recommended. Grooves may be added to the seal face
to help keep the seal well lubricated, thereby reducing the wear rate.
9. NOTES
9.1 Revision Indicator
A change bar (|) located in the left margin is for the convenience of the user in locating areas where technical revisions, not
editorial changes, have been made to the previous issue of this document. An (R) symbol to the left of the document title
indicates a complete revision of the document, including technical revisions. Change bars and (R) are not used in original
publications, nor in documents that contain editorial changes only.
PREPARED BY SAE A-6C2 SEALS COMMITTEE

SAE AIR1244B Aerospace, Slipper Seals, Selection For Fluid Power Applications

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AEROSPACE AIR1244™ REV. B

INFORMATION REPORT Issued 1973-06

(R) Aerospace, Slipper Seals, Selection for Fluid Power Applications

2. APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS ..................................................................................................................... 3

4. OPERATION AND USE OF SLIPPER SEALS .......................................................................................... 4

5. TYPES OF SLIPPER SEALS .................................................................................................................... 7

6. FACTORS INFLUENCING THE FRICTION PERFORMANCE OF SLIPPER SEALS ............................ 26

SAE INTERNATIONAL AIR1244™B Page 2 of 31

7. FACTORS AFFECTING THE SEALING PERFORMANCE OF SLIPPER SEALS ................................. 27

8. FACTORS INFLUENCING THE SERVICE LIFE OF SLIPPER SEALS.................................................. 29

Figure 1 Typical slipper seals ................................................................................................................................... 4

SAE INTERNATIONAL AIR1244™B Page 3 of 31

2.1 SAE Publications

AIR1243 Anti-Blow-By Design Practice for Cap Seals

ARP4727 Gland Design, Computation of Seal Squeeze and Gland Volume

ARP5555 Recommendations for Installation of Seals in Standard Glands

AS568 Aerospace Size Standard for O-Rings

AS4716 Gland Design, O-Ring and Other Seals

2.2 U.S. Government Publications

Copies of these documents are available online at https://quicksearch.dla.mil.

SAE INTERNATIONAL AIR1244™B Page 4 of 31

3.1 Definition of a Slipper Seal

Figure 1 - Typical slipper seals

4. OPERATION AND USE OF SLIPPER SEALS

SAE INTERNATIONAL AIR1244™B Page 5 of 31

Figure 2 - Slipper seal principle (piston type shown)

1. Between the slipper seal and the cylinder bore.

2. Between the slipper seal and the O-ring.

3. Between the O-ring and the bottom of the groove.

SAE INTERNATIONAL AIR1244™B Page 6 of 31

4.1 Use of Slipper Seals

• Higher working pressure/temperature capability.

• Reduced seal breakout and running friction.

• Longer seal service life.

• Reduced space and weight of the hardware.

• Reduced risk of elastomer damage in blind assembly situations.

4.2 Pressure Trapping

SAE INTERNATIONAL AIR1244™B Page 7 of 31

5. TYPES OF SLIPPER SEALS

5.1 Slipper Seals for No Backup-Width Glands according to AS4716

5.1.1 Description and Rating

SAE INTERNATIONAL AIR1244™B Page 8 of 31

Description - O-Ring Energized Cap Seal - No

Rod Seal Piston Seal

Rod Seal Piston Seal

SAE INTERNATIONAL AIR1244™B Page 9 of 31

Description - O-Ring Energized Channel Seal - No

Rod Seal Piston Seal

Rod Seal Piston Seal

SAE INTERNATIONAL AIR1244™B Page 10 of 31

Description - Cruciform Ring Energized Cap Seal - Zero

Rod Seal Piston Seal

Low Pressure High Pressure

SAE INTERNATIONAL AIR1244™B Page 11 of 31

Description - O-Ring Energized Proprietary Seal - Zero

5.2 Slipper Seals for One Backup-Width Glands according to AS4716

SAE INTERNATIONAL AIR1244™B Page 12 of 31

Description - O-Ring Energized Channel Seal - One

Rod Seal Piston Seal

SAE INTERNATIONAL AIR1244™B Page 13 of 31

Description - Cruciform Ring Energized Cap Seal - One

Rod Seal Piston Seal