Maharashtra State Board Of Technical

Eduction
Mini –Project Report on
“ Water treatment plant “
Submitted in particular fulfillment in the
requirement for 5th semester
Diploma In Computer Engineering
Academic year -2022-2023
Under Guidence Of
Mr. Aniket Dabhade
Submitted By:
Kamini Vinod Salunkhe 323
Smt . Sharachchandrika Suresh Patil
Institute Of Technology(Polytechnic) Chopda
2022-2023
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 Maharashtra State Board Of Technical
Eduction
Smt.Sharachchandrika Suresh Patil
Institute Of Technology Chopda
2021-2022
Certificate
This is to certify that,
Miss Kamini Vinod Salunkhe Roll No.323 of Fifth
semester of Diploma in Computer have Completed the
Micro –Project Work has satisfactorily completed in
academic year 2022-2023 As per prescribed in the I-
Scheme curriculum.
Place:Chopda

Date: / /2022

Mr. Aniket Dabhade Mr .D.M.Fegade Mr.V.N.Borse

Subject Teacher Head Of The Department Principle

Teachers Evaluation Sheet

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Name of student :kamini vinod salunkhe
Enrolment number:2000610052
Name of project: Water waste management
Cource Title: Environmental Studies
Code: 22447
Course Outcomes Achieve:
1. Develop critical-thinking skills.
2. analyze real-world problems,
3. understand the power of narrative
4. create sustainable solutions for local and global communities.

Characteristic Poor Average Good Excellent

to be assessed
(marks1-3) (marks4-5) (marks6-8) (marks9-10
Relevance to the
course

Literature
Review/Information
collection

Analysis of data and

Respresentation

Completion of the
target as per Project
proposal

Report preparation

Presentation of
micro project

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 Content

 Acknowledgment-----------------------5

 Abstract------------------------------6
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  Introduction ---------------------------7

 Wasteminimization---------------------8

 Waste identification--------------------9

 Law and Regulation Limit---------------12

 Treatment Strategy--------------------14

 Conclusion ---------------------------26

 Reference ---------------------------27

Acknowledgement
We Wish to express our profound and sincere gratitude to our
guide by Prof. Aniket Dabhade Who Guided us into the

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intricacies of this micro-project nonclamantly with matchless
magnanimity. We are indebted to her constant encouragement
cooperation and help. It was her enthusiastic support that
helped us in overcoming the various obstacles in this project.
We would also like to express our thankfulness to our beloved
principal H.O.D. and other faculty members of our Second Year
Department for extending their support and motivation.
Finally, we would be failing in our duty, if we don’t
acknowledge the cooperation rendered during various stages of
this micro-project by

THANK YOU…!!!!

Abstract

Now a day’s water scarcity is burning issue. As it is quite

obvious that there is day to day increase in population, the
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demand for water also increases to satisfy the needs of the
community there comes a necessity to redesign the existing
treatment plants, or design the new treatment plants. Redesign
or design includes hydraulic design and process of treatment of
water in the plant. For hydraulic design of the plant, we need to
forecast the population. We forecasted the population by
geometrical method.
To design the treatment process of water we need to know
the properties of raw water. The physical, chemical and
biological properties of water have been determined. The
method of treatment of raw water is based on these
properties.
We are designing the water treatment plant for pulivendula.
The source of raw water is Chitravathi River from here through
canal the water is stored in nakkalapalli storage tank area of the
treatment plant 38600m2.

WASTE TREATMENT
1. Introduction
Waste is a general problem in chemical plant operation especially in the developing country
where the rules and regulations are very strict regarding the waste disposal. A plant takes few
raw materials to produce products through several stages of processes for the sole purpose of

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generating income. But it is not possible to convert all the raw materials into saleable products
thus generating unwanted waste or residual.

Waste produced may cause harmful effect to environment as well as living things. Industrial
waste is a major contribution to the environmental problem. Thus, a proper waste treatment plant
is needed in order to ensure all wastes produced from the chemical plant are treated properly
before being discharge to the environment. Waste treatment can be defined as any activities
required to treat the until it has the least practicable impact on the environment. In many
countries, various forms of waste treatment are required by law. Waste covered solid waste (i.e.
spent catalyst from the process plant), liquid waste or effluent (i.e. wastewater, municipal
sewage) and also gas waste (i.e. flue gas, off gases).

The effects of pollution can be direct or indirect. The USEPA (United States Environmental
Protection Agency), (Occupational Safety and Health Act, 1994, Government Printer, February
1994), has defined hazardous waste as waste or combination of wastes that pose a substantial,
present or potential hazards to human or other living organisms because;

i. Such waste are non degradable or persistent in nature

ii. They can be biologically magnified
iii. They can be lethal, or
They may be otherwise cause or tend to cause detrimental effects

2. Waste Minimization
Waste minimisation is at our top priority option in effluent solution. The best solution to effluent
problem is not to produce the waste in the first place or the waste production is minimised. The
benefits of waste minimisation are two-fold. Waste minimisation reduces waste treatment costs
and reduces raw materials costs. Following table shows three sources of waste in chemical plant:

Reactors Waste created in reactors through the formation of waste by-products

Separation and Waste produced from separation and recycle systems through the

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recycle systems inadequate recovery and recycling of valuable materials from waste
streams
Process Waste produced in operations such as start-up and shutdown of
operations continuous processes, product changeover, equipment cleaning for
maintenance, tank filling, etc

Hence, waste minimization is necessary in order to help minimize present and future threats to
human health and the environment. Waste minimization is a waste management approach that
focuses on reducing the amount and toxicity of hazardous waste that is generated. There are
several general methods of waste minimization:

a) Source Reduction
Changing practices and processes to reduce or eliminate the generation of hazardous
wastes and materials is referred to as source reduction. Some source reduction methods
include chemical substitution, process modification, and improved operating procedures.
For example, hazardous and non-hazardous waste streams are not mix together to reduce
the amount of hazardous waste to be disposed of. Chemical substitution where non-
hazardous chemical or chemical with less toxicity is used in process also helps in
minimizing the waste produce. Plus, a less toxic of chemical used may reduce cost of
disposal as well as reduced exposure to workers. Waste exchanges where the waste
product of one process becomes the raw material for a second process represent another
way of reducing waste disposal volumes for waste that cannot be eliminated.

b) Recycling
Another method of waste minimization is recycling. Recycling is when a waste material
is used for another purpose, treated and reused in the same process, or reclaimed for
another process. Recirculating unused or surplus chemicals contribute in waste
minimization in chemical plant. Water also can be recycled from unit to another unit in
order to optimize water consumption and reduce wastewater produce from the chemical
plant. Besides that, a separation system such as distillation column can be installed to
separate pure component and the waste. Then, the waste can be recycle back to the
reactor or the distillation itself.
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 c) Treatment
The last technique for waste minimization is treatment of waste. Some wastes can be
treated to render them become non-hazardous or less hazardous. The most common
treatment that can be performed in laboratories is elementary neutralization.  Other kinds
of treatment may involve chemical, physical or biological methods.

d) Sell to other company

Some waste or by product produce can be sold to any gases company to be treated and
use for other purposes. For example, CO2 produced as by product is sold to gas supplier
company to be treated and sell to soft drink manufacture to produce carbonated drinks.

3. Waste Identification
Generally, the common wastes produce are identified in three major forms which are:

WASTE

Solid Liquid Gas

Municipal Domestic Process Off Gas

Activated Sludge Cooling Water

Process
Particulate Wastewater
Matters

3.1 Liquid Waste

The sources of the liquid waste are generated from the domestic, process, cooling wastewater as
well storm water. The domestic wastewater originates from the rest rooms, cafeterias, and
administers building water drainage. As for the cooling water wastewater, though it seems to be

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the least dangerous but it could be contaminated if there is leakage in the cooling system. The
storm water occurs only when it rains but the amount of it contributed is significant. Treating
storm water is also important as the wet precipitation might carries along harm or toxic
substances from the process as the plant is built in open air.

The process wastewater mainly comes from water separator (V2016 and V2020). The properties
of the wastewater are summarized below:

Composition Mole Flow (kgmole/hr) Mass Flow (kg/hr)

Water 1451.65 26151.97

Carbon Dioxide 4.07 178.90

Nitrogen 0.10 2.84

Hydrogen 0.10 0.03

Waste characteristic determination is very important to understand its effect to living things and
environment and also to identify the appropriate method in wastewater treatment. However, the
process wastewater from this ammonia plant mainly contains water. Methods for the wastewater
treatment are explained more on wastewater treatment later.

3.2 Solid Waste

Besides liquid wastes, particulate matters, activated sludge and the municipal solid wastes are
produced as major solid waste from the ammonia are. Municipal solid wastes, commonly known
as trash or garbage are nontoxic and less contaminated. It consists of everyday items we consume
and discard. It predominantly includes yard wastes, catalyst containers and chemical packaging.
So, it would be disposed and handled by the respective municipal within the area and shall not be
treated on site.

During turnaround or shutdown, the main solid wastes for ammonia plant most likely will be the
catalyst from reactors in plant. Besides that, particulate from any material which is light enough

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to be carried away by the gas in the process and the closed areas also is considered as solid waste
from chemical plant. List of catalysts considered as solid wastes is outline below:

Process Unit Catalyst/Solid Waste

Desulphurization Zinc Oxide

Primary and Secondary Reforming Nickel Based Catalyst

High Temperature Shift Chromium Oxide

Low Temperature Shift Copper Oxide

Methanator Nickel Catalyst

Dehydrator Molecular Sieve

Ammonia Converter Iron Based Catalyst

3.3 Gaseous Waste

The gaseous waste mainly produced is process off gas from purge stream. Based on the material
balance, the release gases mainly contain of methane, nitrogen, hydrogen, argon, oxygen and
ammonia. The following table shows properties of the process off gas in the purge stream:

Composition Mole Flow (kgmole/hr) Mass Flow (kg/hr)

Oxygen 72.91 2332.95

Argon 13.62 544.14

Nitrogen 102.74 2878.05

Hydrogen 430.03 866.89

Ammonia 50.11 853.36

4. Law and Regulation Limit

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Regarding waste release to the environment, all industries in Malaysia must comply with law and
regulation stated in Environmental Quality Act (1974). This act includes 34 regulations in which
covers three (3) subsidiary regulation that relevant to plant environmental issues [4]. The three
subsidiary regulations are as follows:

a) Environmental Quality (Clean Air) Regulation 1978

b) Environmental Quality (Sewage and Industrial Effluent) Regulation 1979
c) Environmental Quality (Scheduled Waste) Regulation 1989
d) Environmental Quality (Compounding of Offences) Rules 1978
e) Environmental Quality (Licensing) Regulations 1977

The sole purpose of these Effluent Standards for the discharge from wastewater treatment plants
is to control and disposal of effluent to the waters. This will protect the receiving waters and the
living aquatic ecosystems. The public health also must be taken into consideration. These
standards are crucial because wastewater discharges have been known to contribute considerable
amount of the biodegradable organic matter and suspended solids into the receiving waters.

These standards stated the maximum values of waste parameters which must not be exceeded in
order to release the wastewater into the environment. After taking this into consideration, the
design parameters of all the effluent should be less than the standards mentioned in order to
ensure that the waste generated by the plant will fall within the required degree.

4.1 Liquid Waste

There are two standards for effluent discharge specified in the (EQA) 1974:

1. Standard A for discharge upstream of any raw water intake.

2. Standard B for discharge downstream of any raw water intake.

The standards are listed in the Third Schedule of the Environmental Quality Act 1974, under the
Environmental Quality (Sewage and Industrial Effluents) Regulations, 1979, regulations 8 (1), 8
(2) and 8 (3). An extract of the standards is given below:

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 Parameters Standard A Standard B
Temperature 40°C 40°C

pH value 6.0-9.00 5.5-9

BOD5 at 20degC 20mg/l 50mg/l

COD 50mg/l 100mg/l

Suspended Solids 50mg/l 100mg/l

Phenol 0.001mg/l 1.0mg/l

Sulphide 0.50mg/l 0.50mg/l

Oil and Grease Not Detectable 10mg/l

Environmental Quality (Sewage and Industrial Effluents) Regulations, 1979

4.2 Gas Waste

Most of the countries have set their own air quality standard that must be followed. In air quality
terminology, standards are air quality set for compliance and enforceable by law. Guidelines are
targets to be aimed without being legally binding. The Malaysian air quality guidelines, is a
guidelines in which pollutants should be kept at certain concentration which has been set by the
Department Of Environment. Stack Gas Emission Standard from Environment Quality (Clean
Air) regulation, 1978 can be used as reference.

The purge gases from the plant process line include ammonia, hydrogen, nitrogen and argon. In
the ammonia plant, the main sources of the gas emissions are from the flare system, in which the
purge gaseous from the flaring process, will emit dark smoke and solid particles from the plant
The emission of these gaseous is monitored and controlled to meet the requirements of the
Environmental Quality (Clean Air) Regulations, 1978 under the Malaysian Clean Air Standards
for Dark Smoke and Solid Particle.

With reference to the regulation, the emission limits that must be complied are as illustrated in
Table below:

Substance Emitted Source of Emission Standards

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 Equipment using non- Ringelmann Chart shade No. 1 (20%
Dark Smoke
solid fuel black)

Std A: 0.6

Std B: 0.5
Solid Particles Industry
Std C: 0.4

(in each normal m3 of effluent gases)

Note:

1. Every new facility should comply with Standard C.

2. Every existing facility should comply with Standard A within two years and comply with
Standard B within three years, from the date these regulations come into force

4.3 Solid Waste

Under the Environmental Quality (Scheduled Wastes) Regulations 2005, solid waste is
categorized under scheduled wastes and must be treated with outmost care. The appropriate
safety procedure is required in collecting, packaging, storing and transporting the solid waste to
avoid any spillage or leakage. For ammonia plant, solid wastes are dewatering activated sludge
and used catalyst. So, the solid waste is transported to the Kualiti Alam Sdn. Bhd. Kuantan,
Pahang for disposal.

5. Treatment Strategy
5.1 Effluent Treatment Strategy
Historically, water and wastewater treatment plants have used a variety of strategies to remove
contamination from their influent and effluent waters so that it can be either used as process
water or discharged to the sanitary sewer with the predetermined standard. Among the

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technologies that can be used for water and waste water treatments is ion exchange, reverse
osmosis, filtration, flocculation, oil-water separators or biological treatments.

Generally, wastewater treatment involves several steps which are:

Preliminary Primary Secondary Advanced

For each steps, several methods of treatment can be applied depends on the wastes need to
remove. Wastewater content is very important to be considered to decide the treatment process to
use in wastewater treatment. In the process wastewater from this ammonia plant, it mainly
contains water. For hydrogen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide, they can be neglected because only a
little amount of them contain in the wastewater.

5.1.1 Preliminary Treatment Process

The wastewater is first past preliminary treatment process where large constituents in wastewater
are removed because that may cause maintenance or operational problems. There are several
processes involves in this treatment level such as screening, grit removal and flow equalization.

Screening
In screening process, large solids such as plastics, rag and other large objects are removed.
Traditionally, screening was used to remove only large solid material (> 25-30mm) in order to
protect downstream operations. Nowadays, much finer screens (6mm mesh) are commonly
employed to remove smaller inert solids. The material retained, called as screenings is usually
washed to remove faecal matter and then compressed for disposal to landfill or to an incinerator.
Screens or also known as bar racks are made up of vertical or inclined bars with openings one to
three inches wide. These screens are raked cleaned from time to time. Some wastewater
treatment plants have automated equipment that cleans the screens automatically [1]. Otherwise,
the screens are manually raked.

Grit Removal

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In the grit removal process, fine material matter such as grit and sand, is allowed to deposit in
long channels or circular traps.  The retained solids are removed and usually sent to landfill for
disposal.

5.1.2 Primary Treatment

This stage of effluent treatment purposely to remove a portion of the suspended solids and
organic matter from the wastewater.

Coagulation and Flocculation

The objective of coagulation and flocculation is to remove colloidal particles in wastewater. In
order to remove these colloidal particles, it has to agglomerate to form a larger particles or flocs
so that they can be removed in the subsequent process. This can be done by neutralizing their
charges by coagulation and flocculation process. Colloidal particles have a diameter of between
approximately 5 and 200 nanometers. Such particles are normally invisible in an
optical microscope, though their presence can be confirmed with the use of
an ultramicroscope or an electron microscope.

Coagulation is the process of destabilization of colloids by addition of chemicals, coagulant that

neutralizes the negative charges. Then, another reagent called flocculant is promote to the
agglomeration of destabilized particles from coagulation to form flocs that can be removed
effectively by sedimentation process.

Settling Sedimentation
After screening the solids and removing the grit, the wastewater still contains light organic
suspended solids. Some of these can be removed by gravity in a sedimentation tank or called
‘primary clarifiers’. These tanks are typically twelve feet deep and hold the wastewater for two
or three hours. What settles out is called sludge. The sludge is removed from the primary
treatment tank with equipped with mechanical scrapers and pumps that continually drive the
collected sludge towards a hopper in the base of the tank where it is pumped to sludge treatment
facilities. Grease, oil, and other floating substances rise to the top, where they are removed by
surface skimming equipment. A typical sedimentation tank may remove from 50 to 70 percent

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of suspended solids, and from 30 to 35 percent of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) from the
sewage.

5.1.3 Secondary Treatment

Secondary treatment removes soluble materials that require oxygen for decay, as well as further
removal of suspended solids. Trickling filters and activated sludge normally involve in this
treatment stage.

Activated Sludge
Activated sludge is another method of providing secondary treatment to wastewater, whereby a
mixture of wastewater and biological microorganisms is agitated and aerated. The biological
solids are then allowed to settle out. The name "activated sludge" comes from the biological
mass formed when oxygen in air is continuously injected into the wastewater. In this process,
microorganisms are thoroughly mixed with organics under conditions that stimulate their growth.
As the microorganisms grow and are mixed by the agitation of the air, the individual
microorganisms clump or flocculate together to form a mass of microbes called activated sludge.
In the activated sludge process, wastewater flows continuously into an aeration tank where air is
injected into the wastewater to mix the wastewater with the activated sludge and also to provide
the oxygen needed for the microorganisms to break down the organic pollutants [2]. The mixture
of wastewater and activated sludge is called mixed liquor. The mixed liquor flows to a secondary
clarifier where the activated sludge settles out. Some of the settled sludge is returned to the
aeration tank, called as return sludge to maintain a high population of microbes to break down
the organics. Since more activated sludge is produced than is needed for return sludge, the excess
sludge is removed and disposed of.

Secondary Clarifiers
Wastewater leaving activated sludge aeration tanks is then sent to secondary clarifiers where the
microorganisms settle out and low levels of organic material and suspended matter is produced.
At this point, the wastewater treatment process is nearly completed.

5.1.4 Advanced Wastewater Treatment

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This stage of effluent treatment involves in removal of dissolved and suspended materials
remained after biological treatment. Several Processes are designed in this stage to produce an
effluent of higher quality than normally achieved by secondary treatment processes. Some
processes used in advanced wastewater treatment include filtration by carbon adsorption,
phosphorus removal and nitrogen removal.

Filtration
Secondary treatment processes are highly effective in reducing the BOD in wastewater.
However, the secondary clarifiers used to settle out microorganisms in the secondary treatment
process are not totally effective. Some of these microorganisms remain in the wastewater after it
leaves the secondary clarifier, and they add BOD since the decay of these microorganisms will
exert its own oxygen demand [3]. So, filtration sometimes is used for additional removal of
microorganisms and other solids. The filters used in wastewater treatment often use large,
lightweight aggregates such as coal at the top to improve efficiency and facilitate cleaning.

5.1.5 Sludge Treatment and Disposal

When a liquid sludge is produced, further treatment may be required to make it suitable for final
disposal. Typically, sludges are thickened or dewatered to reduce the volumes transported off-
site for disposal. Several sewage treatment plants have dewatering facilities that use large
centrifuges along with the addition of chemicals such as polymer to further remove liquid from
the sludge. The removed fluid, called centrate, is typically reintroduced into the wastewater
process. The product which is left is called "cake" and that is picked up by companies which turn
it into fertilizer pellets. This product is then sold to local farmers and turf farms as a soil
amendment or fertilizer, reducing the amount of space required to dispose of sludge in landfills.

5.1.6 Process Flow Diagram of Wastewater Treatment

Strategy
The following figure shows the process flow diagram of wastewater treatment for this ammonia
plant.

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 PRELIMINARY TREATMENT PRIMARY TREATMENT

INFLUE SCREENING GRIT REMOVAL COAGULATION &

NT To remove only large To remove fine PRIMARY CLARIFIER
FLOCCULATION To settle sludge while
solid (>25-30mm) to material matter such as To form larger particles
protect downstream grit and sand grease and oils rise to the
from colloids surface to be skimmed off
operations

Activated Sludge

ADVANCED TREATMENT SECONDARY TREATMENT

CLEAR WATER EFFLUE ACTIVATED CARBON AERATION TANK

TANK NT FILTRATION SECONDARY A mixture of wastewater
Ready to re-use To removes residual CLARIFIER and biological
toxins Settle out microorganisms is agitated
microorganisms and aerated

Return Activated Sludge (RAS)

Waste Activated Sludge (WAS)

KUALITI ALAM SLUDGE

To handle solid DEWATERING
waste Reduce water content in
sludge for final disposal

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5.2 Solid Waste Handling and Processing
Municipal solid wastes, commonly known as trash or garbage are nontoxic and less
contaminated. It consists of everyday items we consume and discard. It predominantly includes
yard wastes, catalyst containers and chemical packaging. So, it would be disposed and handled
by the respective municipal within the area and shall not be treated on site.

After go through several study, the solid wastes such as used catalyst, activated sludge and other

solid particles will be handled and processes by the third party, which is the Kualiti Alam Sdn

Bhd because it is more cost saving compared to build our own incinerator to dispose the solid

waste which is more costly and need expertise to operate the equipment. Prior to the solid wastes

treatment, the wastes must be packaged and labeled accordingly to the guidelines provided. This

is to ensure that the wastes is handled and transported to the treatment facility appropriately. .

The followings are the standard aspects that need to be taken into consideration during packaging

and labeling the wastes.

i. Criteria of appropriate packaging

(a) Packaging must be robust, i.e. can withstand normal chemical reaction, and
capable of withstanding transportation by lorry.
(b) Packaging must be leak-proof.
(c) Container must not be weakened by bulging, corrosion or tear.
ii. Rule of thumb of appropriate packing selection
(a) Liquid organic/inorganic waste: bunghole drum (steel/plastic).
(b) Solid waste: open top drum (steel/plastic) with cover and clamp.
(c) Dry solid waste and contaminated rags: One tonne PP bags.
iii. Standard packaging
(a) Bunghole Drum: maximum dimensions: Height = 90cm, diameter = 60cm, drum
not to be filled more than 90% and weighs not more than 200kg.
(b) Clamped open top drum: Maximum dimensions same as bunghole drum, filled

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 not more than 10cm from the top.
(c) PP bags: must be double-lined, not to be filled more than 10cm from top.
iv. Labeling of packaging
(a) Must adhere to 3rd Schedule (Regulation 8) of Environmental Quality (Scheduled
Wastes) Regulations 1989.
(b) All obsolete marks, labels, etc must be removed or erased.
(c) All labels shall be able to withstand open weather exposure.
(d) Hazards associated to the waste must be clearly identified and labeled
accordingly.
All markings must be clear and easy to identify

5.4 Gas Treatment

When dealing with the gaseous waste, there are few methods available for the treatment which
are incineration, condensation, adsorption and flaring. All the treatment method has been studied
and the limitation of each method is taken into account when choosing the best method to be
used to treat the gaseous waste. The limitations of the mentioned methods available are
summarized in Table below.

Treatment Limitation
Method
 More economical since the gaseous wastes is not going to be
recover or as the result of intermittent, uncertain or emergency
process operations
Control by flaring  The combustion of VOCs will produce harmless or much less
harmful substances since the flare temperature will be operating
below 1000 K to avoid the formation of NOx

 Flare will be injected with steam to enhance mixing so that the

combustion process will be as complete as practical

 Normally used for large VOCs content stream for recovery

purpose

Control by adsorption

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  Not economical for small stream

 Activated carbon is a very effective adsorbent in removing

VOCs, but quite expensive

Control by incineration  Not practical for low gas flow

 The N2 presents in the gas stream may enter the atmosphere

partly as N2, NO or NO2

 Incomplete combustion of gas stream can produce an exhaust gas

that is more harmful than the input gas

 Additional fuel is require to burn the VOCs if the total mass

fraction of VOCs too small

 If a heat exchanger is installed to lower the cost of fuel, the cost

of the heat exchanger itself is high and may lead to corrosion
problem

 If catalytic incinerator is applied, the fuel cost is greatly reduced

and the operating temperature is low. However, the catalyst will
significantly increase the operating cost

Control by condensation  Normally used for large VOCs content stream for recovery
purpose

 This method is not economical for small stream

 The temperature is low enough that ordinary one-stage

refrigerators cannot be used

 Often the temperatures required for high removal efficiency are

below the freezing temperature of the material being removed so
that the material freezes on the cooling coils, requiring frequent
defrosting

 If the gas being treated contains significant amounts of water

vapor, it will condense and freeze on the cooling coil, this

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 requiring frequent defrosting

Summary of the Limitations for the Gaseous Treatment Strategy

After considering all the options available and the gas contaminant, the flaring method or steam-
assisted flare control has been chosen because it is more economical for low gas flow, fulfills the
entire requirement and suitable to treat the gaseous waste discharge at the off gas line.

In chemical plant, a gas flare or flare stack, is an elevated vertical conveyance used to eliminate
waste gas which is otherwise not feasible to use or transport. The flare provides a means of safe
disposal of the vapor streams from its facilities, by burning them under controlled conditions
such that adjacent equipment or personnel are not exposed to hazards, and at the same time
obeying the environmental regulation of pollution control and public relations requirements. The
chemical process used for flaring is a high temperature oxidation reaction to burn combustible
components, mostly hydrocarbons, or waste gases from industrial operations. In combustion, the
gaseous hydrocarbon reacts with atmospheric oxygen to form carbon dioxide (CO2) and water.
Several by products formed will be carbon monoxide, hydrogen and others dependent upon what
is being burned. By flaring, efficiency of hydrocarbon conversion is generally over 98%.

In industrial, the most common utilized flare systems are elevated flares and ground flares.
Selection of the type of flare is influenced by several factors, such as availability of space, the
characteristics of the flare gas (composition, quantity and pressure), economics, investment and
operating costs, public relations and regulation. For our ammonia plant, elevated flare is
suggested because it is the most commonly used type in chemical plants. Have larger capacities
than ground flares. The waste gas stream is fed through a stack from 32ft to over 320 ft tall and
is combusted at the tip of the stack. The elevated flare, can be steam assisted, air assisted or non-
assisted. Elevated can utilize steam injection or air injection to made smokeless burning and with
low luminosity up to about 20% of maximum flaring load. The disadvantage of steam injection
or air injection is it introduces a source of noise and cause noise pollution. However, if
adequately elevated, this type of flare has the best dispersion characteristics for malodorous and
toxic combustion products [5].

Typical flare system consists of:-

i) Gas collection header and piping for collecting gases from processing units,
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ii) A knockout drum to remove and store condensable and entrained liquids,
iii) A proprietary seal, water seal, or purge gas supply to prevent flash-back
iv) A single or multiple burner unit and a flare stack,
v) Gas pilots and an ignitor to ignite the mixture of waste gas and air and
vi ) A provision for external momentum force (steam injection or forced air) for smokeless
flaring

Following figure shows the suggested schematic diagram of a steam-assisted elevated flare
system.

CONCLUSION

Water is an essential and most available source on the earth,

possibility of contamination was high which may cause several
impact on environment and living organisms .Ground water has
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contaminated more when compared with surface water , hence
water treatment plant has become very essential & it has been
constructed to prevent water contamination and several advanced
and improved techniques have been developed in treating water .
Due to industrialisation and rapid population growth water
contamination and demand have increased, hence it is essential to
provide water treatment plant.

REFERENCES

1. Design aids for reinforced concrete to IS : 456 – 1978. SP – Indian

standard institution.
2. IS 3370(PARTIV-1967) FOR LIQUID RETAINING STRUCTURES 3.
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