ANCIENT LIBERAL THINKERS a.

Self-interest as the basis of society;

altruism destroys incentives
1. Laozi - 600 BC
2. Montesquieu [Charles-Louis de Secondat]
a. The spontaneous organization of
a. Division of powers; due process; free
society
trade as a restraint on government
2. Pericles - 495-429 BC
3. Voltaire [Francois-Marie Arouet]
a. The benefits of free trade and free
a. Critique of corruption; role of reason in
movement
morals; rule of law; free speech
3. Zhuang Zhou - 369-286 BC
4. Francois Quesnay
a. The limits to legislators' knowledge
a. Critique of mercantilism; social
4. Ashoka the Great - 304-232 BC
harmony through freedom; free
a. Religious and political toleration
commerce
5. Thomas Aquinas - 1225-1274
5. Benjamin Franklin
a. The natural law tradition
a. American independence; natural rights;
6. Ibn Khaldun - 1332-1406
sound money; trade and peace
a. The importance of property rights and
6. David Hume
incentives
a. Society based on utility, not reason;
7. Francisco de Vitoria - 1486-1546 and the
property rights; limited government
Scholastics
7. Adam Ferguson
a. Natural rights and property rights
a. Spontaneous order; division of labour;
8. Francisco Suarez - 1548-1617
innovation and growth
a. The limits of state legitimacy; natural
8. Adam Smith
rights
a. Anti-mercantilism; mutual gains of
9. Akbar I - 1542-1602
trade; the invisible hand; justice
a. religious tolerance
9. Richard Price
a. Rights of women; contract basis of
government; election reform
EARLY MODERN THINKERS
10. Immanuel Kant
1. Sir Edward Coke a. Universal right to freedom; individuals
- limits to kingly power; rights of the accused; as ends, not means; rule of law
need for independent rights 11. Anne-Robert-Jacques Turgot
2. Hugo Grotius a. Balanced budgets; abolition of controls;
- rights over one's person and property subjective theory of value
3. Thomas Hobbes 12. Anders Chydenius
- right to self-protection; social contract a. Free trade; self-interest; free speech;
theory; right to depose tyrants deregulation
4. John Milton 13. Joseph Priestley
- free speech and conscience a. Free speech; religious toleration; civil
5. John Lilburne and Richard Overton and political rights; anti-slavery
- rights to life, liberty and property; equality
before the law
6. Algernon Sidney REVOLUTIONARIES AND RADICALS
- government exists for justice and liberty;
1. Thomas Paine
right to resist tyrannical laws
a. The case for American revolution;
7. John Locke
toleration; moral equality;
- state's powers derive from individuals;
republicanism
property in one's own person
2. Cesare Beccaria
8. Samuel von Pufendorf
a. Punishment theory; penal reform; legal
- sociality basis of natural law; rights make
reform
central authority unnecessary
3. Thomas Jefferson
9. William Wollaston
a. Inalienable rights; right to depose
- principles of property rights; the rights to
tyrants; religious tolerance; free press
life and the pursuit of happiness
4. Nicolas de Condorcet
10. John Trenchard and Thomas Gordon
a. Public choice problems; female
- inspiring the Americal revolunaries by
suffrage; racial equality
reasserting liberal principles
5. Jeremy Bentham
a. Utilitarianism; sexual equality;
reasonable punishments; critique of
THE AGE OF REASON
rights
1. Bernard Mandeville 6. James Madison
 a. Separation of powers; rights as a. Female education and suffrage; worker
property; opposition to military draft co-ownership
7. John Taylor of Caroline 10. Lysander Spooner
a. Natural rights; self-government under a a. Deregulation and competition; vices are
limited state not crimes; anarchism
8. Antoine Destutt de Tracy 11. Henry David Thoreau
a. Ideologues; property rights; subjective a. Civil disobedience; anarchism;
value; anti-inflation; anti-subsidy abolitionism; injustice of majority voting
9. William Godwin 12. Frederick Douglass
a. Anarchism; utilitarianism; moral a. Abolitionism; human choice and
equality responsibility
10. Mary Wollstonecraft 13. Gustave de Molinari
a. Feminism; equal rights; republicanism a. Anarcho-capitalism; critique of state,
11. Germaine de Stael power and privilege; private security
a. Republican liberalism; property and 14. Herbert Spencer
rights; constitutional monarchy a. Freedom and progress; evolution of
12. Wilhelm von Humboldt society; political rights; universal
a. Freedom essential to moral suffrage
development; the night-watchman 15. John Elliott Cairnes
state a. Economic method; imperfect
13. Benjamin Constant competition; economic deficiencies of
a. Constitutional check and balances; right slavery
to resist illegitimate rulers 16. Edward Atkinson
14. Jean-Baptiste Say a. Abolitionism; anti-imperialism; free
a. Say’s law; supply-side economics; liberal trade
incentives to progress 17. Josephine Butler
15. David Ricardo a. Liberal feminism; emancipation; reform
a. Economic theory; free trade; of prostitution laws
comparative advantage
16. James Mill
a. Law and prison reform; utilitarianism; THE MODERN ERA
toleration; parliamentary reform
1. Lord Acton [John Dalberg-Acton]
a. Power corrupts; individual as the
highest end; liberty is not license
THE AGE OF REFORM
2. Auberon Herbert
1. William Ellery Channing a. Voluntarism; protection the only role of
a. Gender equality; right to life; abolition government
of slavery 3. Henry George
2. Sarah Grimke and Angelina Grimke a. Land value tax
a. Abolitionism and women’s rights 4. Carl Menger
3. Frederic Bastiat a. Austrian economic theory;
a. Against protectionism; free trade and methodological subjectivism and
investment; opportunity cost individualism
4. Harriet Martineau 5. Bruce Smith
a. Liberal feminism; fictional illustrations a. Conservative and liberal traditions;
of liberal economists opposition to interfering government
5. Richard Cobden and John Bright 6. Benjamin Tucker
a. Benefits of free trade; Manchester a. Anarchism; property rights; ending
Liberalism; repeal of the Corn Laws regulation and state provision
6. Alexis de Tocqueville 7. Voltairine de Cleyre
a. Constitutional reforms; bicameral a. Anarcha-feminism; criticism of gender
government; limits on majority rule roles and marriage
7. William Lloyd Garrison 8. Albert J. Nock
a. Abolitionism; women’s rights; passive a. Radical anti-statism; anti-social nature
resistance of the state
8. John Stuart Mill
a. Choice and responsibility; tyranny of
the majority; the no-harm principle THE FREE ECONOMY AND SOCIETY
9. Harriet Taylor Mill
1. Ludwig van Mises
 a. Austrian economics; critique of a. The monarchist state; rights prior to
socialism; business cycles; hard politics; irrationality of redistribution
currency 7. Hernando de Soto Polar
2. Frank Knight a. Importance of property rights and
a. Economic freedom is basic; markets and institutions in development
politics are both flawed 8. Deirdre McCloskey
3. Isabel Paterson a. The role of liberal values in economic
a. Creativity stifled by laws; regulations growth
create and protect monopolies 9. David D. Friedman
4. Rose Wilder Lane a. Anarcho-capitalism; private law; state
a. State erosion of individual liberties; not needed for law and order
creativity of free people
5. Walter Eucken
a. Ordoliberalism and the German THEORIES OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
economic miracle
CLASSICAL LIBERALISM: individual is the main object of
6. Suzanne La Follette
study, not groups, societies or nations.
a. Economic basis of libertarian feminism
7. F.A. Hayek - International relations as a discipline born
a. Spontaneous order; limits to rational following the devastation and trauma of the
planning; credit cycles World War
8. Karl Popper - The freedom of the individual is based on
a. Historical root of tyranny; false science negative freedom
and intolerance; toleration o Freedom from arbitrary or authority
9. Ayn Rand and includes freedom of
a. Objectivism; ethics and politics based conscience, free press, free speech,
on life; progress requires freedom equality under the law, the right to
10. Isaiah Berlin hold and exchange property.
a. No single moral or political truths; - Free market is the most widely used
positive and negative liberty spontaneous order, in liberal studies as the
11. Ronal Coase type of regularity in human affairs & a
a. Transaction costs; property rights and product of evolutional social practice.
marker outcomes - Duties of the state:
12. Milton Friedman o Protection of its people from
a. Monetarism; regulation benefits invasion of other states
producers; school vouchers; choice o Protection of each individual in
13. James M. Buchanan and Gordon Tullock society from oppression of other
a. Public Choice School; vested interests members including protection of
skew democracy; government failure property
14. Murray Rothbard o Provision of public services and
a. Anarcho-capitalism; free currency sustainability of the societal
issuance institutions
 Important for both
individual freedom and
CONTEMPORARY LIBERAL THINKERS peaceful coexistence
1. Gary Becker - International law must be restricted to the
a. Application of economic to sociological international protection of individual rights
issues o This has been the ground for the
2. Israel Kirzner establishment of the international
a. Role of entrepreneurship; importance governmental organizations since
of dynamics in economic theory the 19th century
3. Julian L. Simon CLASSICAL LIBERAL THEORY
a. How markets defeat scarcity;
population as a positive resource - Concentrated on the human nature and
4. Elinor Ostrom actions in explaining IR
a. Spontaneous order in public goods
government
5. Walter Williams LIBERAL INTERNATIONALISM
a. Social, political and economic - Inter war years
libertarianism; failure of race laws - Cold War
6. Robert Nozick
 o Provided room to maneuver for the o Collective interest of the
liberals, in the shape of economic community or society
interdependence and integration in - Nature of International Relations
Western Europe o Cooperation
o Community
o Conflict is the exception to state
NEOLIBERAL INSTITUTIONALISM interactions
- Nature of conflict
- Study the calculations of interests and how
o War is an irrational action
organizations monitor compliance with the
 An exception not the norm
rules of cooperation
for a functioning
- Cooperation is a positive sum game
international system
o All participants benefit from its
- Optimistic
outcomes
- They believe that it is possible to construct
- Liberals rejected the distinction made by
international constitutions of rules that can
realists between the international and
help prevent conflict and promote
domestic politics.
cooperation between states
o Sees foreign policy as an extension
of the domestic policy
- Global governance
REALISM
o A concept made by neoliberal
institutionalists that is centered by - Human nature
the increase in complex o Evil, self-interested, selfish
interdependence - Central problem
o As societies become enmeshed in a o War
web of economic and social ties, it o National security
becomes difficult to disregard web - Key actors
of relations and resort to unilateral o States
actions such as use of force  Single; unitary coherent
DEMOCRATIC PEACE THEORY actors in the pursuit of
national interest
- Based on: - Actor motives
o Faith in human rationality o Power
o Capability of maintaining peace o National security
o Ability to overcome anarchy and o Self-interest
power politics - Interests
o Peace enhancing effects of trade o Short-term goals
- Free trade and democracy decrease the o Individual interest of the state
livelihood of war matter
o liberalists - Nature of International Relations
o Anarchy
 Drives state behavior
LIBERALISM VS. REALISM - Nature of conflict
o War is the result of rational
LIBERALISM
decisions made by the state &
- Human Nature necessitated by the nature of the
o Good, altruistic international system
- Central problem - Pessimistic
o War - They argue that the best we can hope for is
o Establishment of peace stability, as the states act to expand their
- Key actors own power and protect their national
o State; interest
 Individuals
 Institutions
 Domestic politics
- Actor motives
o Mutual assistance
o Collaboration
- Interests
o Long-term goals
 FEMINISM [LIBERAL FEMINISTS]

1. Cynthia Enloe
2. Judith Tickner, Ph.D.
3. Dorothy E. Smith
a. Relations of ruling
b. Bifurcation of consciousness
c. Institutional ethnography
d. Standpoint theory
4. Patricia Hill Collins
a. Standpoint epistemology
b. Black feminists thought
c. Matrix of domination
5. Nancy Chodorow
a. Object relations theory
6. R.W. Connell
a. Hegemonic masculinity
b. Patriarchal dividend
7. Judith Butler
a. Queer theory
b. Heterosexual matrix
c. Performativity

POSTMODERNISM [POSTMODERN THINKERS]

1. Jean Baudrillard
2. Jacques Derrida
3. Michel Foucault
4. Jean-Francois Lyotard
5. Fredric Jameson
6. Gilles Deleuze
7. Emmanuel Levinas
8. Richard Rorty

CONSTRUCTIVISM [CONSTRUCTIVIST THINKERS]

1. Nicholas Onuf
2. Alexandre Wendt
3. Emanuel Adler
4. Friedrich Kratochwil
5. John Gerard Ruggie
6. Peter Katzenstein

PEACE STUDIES [THINKERS]

1. Johan Galtung
2. Conrad G. Brunk