Session 4: How are educational institutions organised and what are their functions in

society? (sociology, history)

1. tack sth on
to add something that you had not planned to add, often without much preparation or thought
At the last minute they tacked on a couple of extra visits to my schedule.
to add something extra
They tacked an additional 18% on the bill as a service charge.
to add something extra to something
Tacking a 32% surcharge on these products prices them out of U.S. markets.
He promised that he would tack labour and environmental clauses onto future trade deals.
to increase by a certain amount
Wal-Mart tacked on $1.18, or 2.1% and was the Dow's biggest percentage gainer.
2. substitute for/with
to use something or someone instead of another thing or person
You can substitute oil for butter (= use oil instead of butter) in this recipe.
You can substitute the wheat flour with almond flour (= use almond flour instead of wheat flour).
substitute for someone/something
to perform the same job as another thing or person or to take their place
Gas-fired power stations will substitute for less efficient coal-fired equipment.
The soprano first appeared on stage when she substituted for someone who was ill.
substitute (verb, in sport)
in sports, to use a player for part of a game after removing another player from the game
Ronaldo was substituted early in the second half.
Dayton was substituted for Williams in the second half of the game.
I don't know why the coach substituted me.
substitute (n)
a thing or person that is used instead of another thing or person
Tofu can be used as a meat substitute in vegetarian recipes.
Vitamins should not be used as a substitute for a healthy diet.
in sports, a player who is used for part of a game instead of another player (inf sub)
Johnson came on as a substitute towards the end of the game.
The manager brought on another substitute in the final minutes of the game.
there is no substitute for something
nothing is as good as the stated thing
You can read about other countries, but there's no substitute for visiting them yourself
3. privilege /ˈprɪvəlɪdʒ/
an advantage that only one person or group of people has, usually because of their position or because
they are rich
Healthcare should be a right, not a privilege.
an opportunity to do something special or enjoyable
I had the privilege of interviewing Picasso in the 1960s.
It was a real privilege to meet her.
the way in which people who are rich, come from a high social class, or belong to a particular race or
gender have more advantages in society than people who do not belong to these groups
a life of privilege
My thesis examines the role of societal privilege in the maintenance of health disparities.
the special right that some people in authority have that allows them to do or say things that other
people are not allowed to
diplomatic/parliamentary privilege
4. scholar /ˈskɒlə/
a person who studies a subject in great detail, especially at a university
a classics/history scholar
Dr Miles was a distinguished scholar of Russian history.
someone who is intelligent or good at learning by studying (inf)
David's never been much of a scholar.
5. high-income
used to describe an investment that pays a high level of interest
high-income bonds
used to describe people who earn a lot of money, and the places where they live
Minnesota is a fairly high-income and prosperous state.
6. lower-income/low income
not having or earning much money
Many struggle to make ends meet, particularly those from low-income families.
low-income areas/communities/countries
The fund helps low-income countries to increase their renewable energy use.
7. overview (n) /ˈəʊvəvjuː/
a short description of something that provides general information about it, but no details
I'll give you a brief/quick overview of what the job involves.
provide/give/offer an overview of sth
This chart provides an overview of sales for the past six months.
a broad/general/brief overview
I'll give you a brief overview of what the job involves.
8. proponent /prəˈpəʊnənt/
a person who speaks publicly in support of a particular idea or plan of action
He is one of the leading proponents of capital punishment.
an early proponent of
He was an early proponent of universal health care.
9. take off
to suddenly start to be successful or popular
Her singing career had just begun to take off.
The idea took off, and 25 states and the District of Columbia soon passed PACE legislation.
If an aircraft, bird, or insect takes off, it leaves the ground and begins to fly.
The plane took off at 8.30 a.m.
to suddenly leave somewhere, usually without telling anyone that you are going (inf)
When he saw me, he took off in the other direction.
10. pass a law /ˈpɑːs əˌlɔː/
to bring in a new law by voting in parliament or by decree
The government's passed a new law that makes texting while driving illegal.
pass into law
to be approved (by a legislature); to approve (a proposed law)
The proposal passed into law.
The bill was passed into law.
11. mandatory /ˈmændətəri/
something that is mandatory must be done, or is demanded by law
The minister is calling for mandatory prison sentences for people who assault police officers.
used to describe something that must be done, usually because the law states that it is necessary
He demanded mandatory reporting on environmental issues.
mandatory education
mandatory for sb to do sth
They would make it mandatory for everyone to have health insurance.
12. promote /prəˈməʊt/
to encourage people to like, buy, use, do, or support something
Greenpeace works to promote awareness of the dangers that threaten our planet today.
13. literacy /ˈlɪtərəsi/
the ability to read and write
The country has a literacy rate of almost 98%.
knowledge of a particular subject, or a particular type of knowledge
Computer literacy is becoming as essential as the ability to drive a car.
14. populace /ˈpɒpjələs/
the people who live in a particular country or place, or ordinary people
It seemed as if the town’s entire populace had turned out for the parade.
15. requirement /rɪˈkwaɪəmənt/
something that you must do, or something you need
A good degree is a minimum requirement for many jobs.
to meet requirements
Students who fail to meet the requirements (of the course) will fail.
16. compulsory /kəmˈpʌlsəri/
if something is compulsory, you must do it because of a rule or law
The law made wearing seat belts in cars compulsory.
compulsory education
They say money management should be part of compulsory education.
17. alternative /ɒlˈtɜːnətɪv/
an alternative plan or method is one that you can use if you do not want to use another one
The opposition parties have so far failed to set out an alternative strategy.
offer an alternative to
He said they wanted to offer an alternative to the call centres that dominate high street banking.
18. vocational school /vəʊˈkeɪʃənəl skuːl/
a school that offers teaching and practical experience in skilled trades such as carpentry or plumbing
The challenge is to develop vocational schools that offer the non-academic a genuine chance to fulfil
their potential.
technical training school /ˈtek.nɪ.kəl ˌskuːl/
a technical school covers specialized fields such as business, finance, hospitality, tourism, construction,
engineering, visual arts, information technology and community work
It is only if we can get a new outlook that we shall get the brightest children attending the technical
school.
19. enter the workforce /ˈentə ðə ˈwɜːkˌfɔːs/
to become part of the population that provides goods and services in exchange for a wage or salary
For decades employers have warned about the quality of young people entering the workforce.
The number of young people entering the workforce will decline by 50 per cent by the end of the
century.
20. for one thing
used to introduce a reason for what you have just said; one reason is
Celluloid film wasn't perfect – for one thing, it was flammable.
'How have the sanctions affected your life in Belgrade?'—'Well, for one thing, we already have shortages.'
21. tailor (v) /ˈteɪlə/
to make or prepare something following particular instructions
We tailor any of our products to your company's specific needs.
to make something specially so that it is right for a particular person, organization, or purpose
tailor sth for sb/sth You have to tailor application letters for each job you apply for.
tailor sth to sb/sth The company is tailoring its services to specific industrial sectors.
tailor sth to sb's needs Some of the best growth prospects lie in tailoring products to customers' needs.
tailor sth to do sth A financial advisor can tailor a product to fit each person's circumstances.
22. curriculum /kəˈrɪk.jə.ləm/; pl curricula /kəˈrɪkjələ/
the subjects studied in a school, college, etc. and what each subject includes
In primary schools, the class teacher teaches all the subjects in the curriculum to the class, regardless of
his preferences, flair and interests.
23. swath /swɑθ/
a strip or belt, or a long area of something; a large part of something that includes several different
things
The sheriff’s department polices a wide swath of the county.
a wide swath of
These people represent a broad/wide swathe of public opinion.
24. rigorous /ˈrɪɡərəs/
careful to look at or consider every part of something to make certain it is correct or safe
rigorous testing/checking/methods
severe or difficult, esp. because at a high level
The Manhattan district attorney’s office had a pretty rigorous training program.
25. affiliation /əˌfɪliˈeɪʃən/
 a connection with a political party or religion, or with a larger organization
The group has affiliations with several organizations abroad.
By dividing migrants according to religious affiliation the law, says its critics, offends the secular
constitutional norm.
Their lack of affiliation to any particular bank allows them to give objective financial advice.
affiliated
connected with or controlled by a group or organization
She was admitted into the Chicago Medical School, then affiliated with Northwestern University.
26. alongside /əˌlɒŋˈsaɪd/
next to, or together with
Most of the staff refused to work alongside the new team.
They could be full-time content developers, or they could work part-time alongside other teaching or
research duties.
27. post-secondary schooling; tertiary education; higher education
includes universities and colleges, as well as trade and vocational schools
28. a joint venture /ə ʤɔɪnt ˈvenʧə/
a business or project in which two or more companies or individuals have invested, with the intention of
working together
It will be sold to a joint venture created by Dow Jones and Westinghouse Broadcasting.
29. associate (n) /əˈsəʊsieɪt/
someone who is closely connected to another person as a companion, friend, or business partner
A close associate of the author denied reports that she had cancer.
a business associate
someone who holds an associate's degree
an associate of arts
associate (v)
to connect someone or something in your mind with someone or something else
Most people associate this brand with good quality.
30. education attained; educational attainment
refers to the highest level of education that a person has successfully completed
31. graduate (n) /ˈɡrædʒuət/
a person who has a first degree from a university or college
a Cambridge graduate
Chris is a physics graduate.
32. carry importance
to be important/of importance; to be significant/of significance
Today, both factors carry importance — however, the best and most consistent predictor of valuation
seems to be a combination of growth and profitability.
33. in-depth /ˈɪndepθ/; in depth /ˈɪnˈdepθ/
in a serious and detailed way; done carefully and in great detail
an in-depth report/interview/analysis
I'd like to look at this question in some depth.
34. latent function /ˈleɪtənt ˈfʌŋkʃən/
(in sociology) any function of an institution or other social phenomenon that is unintentional and often
unrecognized
latent (adj) /ˈleɪtənt/
present but needing particular conditions to become active, obvious, or completely developed
Recent developments in the area have brought latent ethnic tension out into the open.
We're trying to bring out the latent artistic talents that many people possess without realizing it.
35. manifest function /ˈmænɪfest ˈfʌŋkʃən/
(in sociology) any function of an institution or other social phenomenon that is planned and intentional
manifest /ˈmænɪfest/
easily noticed or obvious
His nervousness was manifest to all those present.
36. intended (adj)
You use intended to describe the thing you are trying to achieve or person you are trying to affect.
 Keith hoped the obvious sarcasm would have its intended effect.
37. pledge (v) /ˈpleʤ/
to make a serious or formal promise to give or do something
We are asking people to pledge their support for our campaign.
38. allegiance /əˈliːdʒəns/
loyalty and support for a ruler, country, group, or belief
In many American schools, the students pledge allegiance (to the flag) at the beginning of the school
day.
39. expose someone to something
to create conditions that allow someone the opportunity to do, learn, or experience something
She interviewed the local people who've not been exposed to glimpses of Western life before.
to put someone at risk from something harmful or unpleasant
It is feared that people living near the power station may have been exposed to radiation.
40. a shared understanding of; a mutual understanding of
common understanding, common ground
We build a shared understanding of the relationship between humans and wildlife, mentoring
'community conservancy' and wildlife ranger teams from the local populations.
41. pass on (v)
to give something to someone, after someone else gave it to you
Some organizations passed on substantially less money to the candidates.
If you pass on information, you tell it to someone else after you have heard it.
No one passed the news on to me.
pass on/along knowledge
A teacher would pass on knowledge to students by giving lectures, and this type of one-way teaching
method is prone to cause poor learning achievement.
Elders pass on knowledge of poisonous food, the location of water supplies and important skills such as
tool-making.
That's why I have been able to pass along this knowledge to other kids.
42. invoke /ɪnˈvəʊk/
to use a law in order to achieve something, or to mention something in order to explain something or to
support your opinion or action
Police can invoke the law to regulate access to these places.
to request help from someone, especially a god, when you want to improve a situation
Their sacred dance is performed to invoke ancient gods.
to cause/to call forth/to bring about
The trick starts to invoke claustrophobic terror.
43. phobia /ˈfəʊbiə/
a type of anxiety disorder that involves an extreme fear of something
He has no real desire to travel and suffers from a phobia of flying.
44. mild /maɪld/
not violent, severe, or extreme
He has suffered a mild heart attack - nothing too serious.
45. recoil /rɪˈkɔɪl/
to move back because of fear or disgust (= dislike or disapproval)
He leaned forward to kiss her and she recoiled in horror.
I recoiled from the smell and the filth.
to refuse to accept an idea or principle, feeling strong dislike or disapproval
She wondered how it would be to touch him and recoiled at the thought.
46. precious little/precious few
If you say that there is precious little of something, you are emphasizing that there is very little of it, and
that it would be better if there were more.
The banks have had precious little to celebrate recently.
Precious few homebuyers will notice any reduction in their monthly repayments.
come out with precious little
47. unalloyed /ˌʌnəˈlɔɪd/
 (especially of a positive feeling) not spoiled by any amount of negative feeling; pure; not mixed or
intermingled with any other thing
We had the perfect holiday - two weeks of unalloyed bliss.
He later described his home as a place of unalloyed happiness.
48. quash /kwɑʃ/
to stop or block something from happening
The company moved quickly to quash rumours/speculation that it is losing money.
to state officially that something, especially an earlier official decision, is no longer to be accepted
quash a conviction/decision/order His conviction was quashed in March after a lengthy legal battle.
49. instil /ɪnˈstɪl/
to put a feeling, idea, or principle gradually into someone's mind, so that it has a strong influence on the
way that person thinks or behaves
It is part of a teacher's job to instil confidence in/into his or her students.
50. shibboleth /ˈʃɪbəleθ/
a belief or custom that is not considered as important and correct now as it was in the past
They still cling to many of the old shibboleths of education.
a custom, phrase, or use of language that acts as a test of belonging to, or as a stumbling block to
becoming a member of, a particular social class, profession, etc.
The dialects work as a certain shibboleth; minor accent differences help speakers define others' place of
origin.
51. -fold /-foʊld/
-fold combines with numbers to form adverbs which say how much an amount has increased by
By the late eighties their number had grown fourfold.
Pretax profit surged almost twelvefold.
The results have shown a seventy-four-fold increase in benefits.
52. notwithstanding /ˌnɒtwɪðˈstændɪŋ/
despite the fact or thing mentioned
Notwithstanding some members' objections, I think we must go ahead with the plan.
Injuries notwithstanding, the team won the semifinal.
53. accumulate (v) /əˈkjuːmjəleɪt/
to collect a large number of things over a long period of time
As people accumulate more wealth, they tend to spend a greater proportion of their incomes.
to gradually increase in number or amount
A thick layer of dust had accumulated in the room.
54. body of sth
a large amount or mass of something, especially something that has been collected body of
knowledge/evidence/opinion etc.
There is a growing body of evidence that charges are too high.
the main, central, or most important part of something
The arguments are explained in the body of the text.
55. unpalatable /ʌnˈpælətəbəl/
An unpalatable fact or idea is unpleasant or shocking and therefore difficult to accept.
the unpalatable truth/facts about the war
Against this background was an unpalatable fact: the poverty of the suburbs where the immigrants were
concentrated.
Unpalatable food is unpleasant to taste or eat.
He offered me a lump of dry, unpalatable cheese.
56. forensic analysis /fəˈrensɪk əˈnæləsɪs/
related to scientific methods of solving crimes, involving examining the objects or substances that are
involved in the crime
forensic evidence/medicine/science
Forensic examination revealed a large quantity of poison in the dead man's stomach.
57. adduce (v) /əˈdʒuːs/
to give reasons why you think something is true
None of the evidence adduced in court was conclusive.
We can adduce evidence to support the claim.
58. as someone puts it
used for giving the exact words that someone uses
As John put it, ‘Life would be nice if we didn’t have to work’.
59. draw from
To draw something from a particular thing or place means to take or get it from that thing or place.
I draw strength from the millions of women who have faced this challenge successfully.
The students are drawn from a cross-section of backgrounds.
60. barren /ˈbærən/
unable to produce plants or fruit
We drove through a barren, rocky landscape.
unable to have children or young animals
not creating or producing anything new
She became very depressed during the barren years when she was unable to paint.
61. regimentation /ˌredʒɪmenˈteɪʃən/
extreme organization and control of people
He might be frustrated by the college’s regimentation.
62. impose /ɪmˈpəʊz/
to officially force a rule, tax, punishment, etc. to be obeyed or received
Very high taxes have recently been imposed on cigarettes.
Judges are imposing increasingly heavy fines for minor driving offences.
The council has imposed a ban on alcohol in the city parks.
to force someone to accept something, especially a belief or way of living
I don't want them to impose their religious beliefs on my children.
We must impose some kind of order on the way this office is run.
imposition
a situation in which someone expects another person to do something that they do not want to do or that
is not convenient
Would it be too much of an imposition to ask you to pick my parents up from the airport?
the act of establishing a rule or law to be obeyed
the imposition of the death penalty/martial law/sanctions
63. envisage /ɪnˈvɪzɪdʒ/
to imagine or expect something in the future, especially something good
Train fare increases of 15 percent are envisaged for the next year.
It's hard to envisage how it might happen.
to form a mental picture of something or someone you have never seen
He wasn't what I'd expected - I'd envisaged someone much taller.
64. skirmish (v) /ˈskɜːmɪʃ/
to fight for a short time with a small group of people, away from the main area of fighting in a war
Police and protesters skirmished in the chilly rain.
Rebels skirmished with nearby American forces.
to argue for a short time
Although many legal disputes were resolved, lawyers still were skirmishing yesterday in a few places.
The parties skirmished about attorney fees.
skirmish (n)
a fight between a small number of soldiers that is usually short and not planned, and happens away
from the main area of fighting in a war
a short argument
There was a short skirmish between the two of them over who would pay for the meal.
65. caustic /ˈkɔːstɪk/
A caustic remark or way of speaking is hurtful, critical, or intentionally unkind.
caustic comments
She's famous in the office for her caustic wit.
66. enshrine in /ɪnˈʃraɪn ɪn/
If something such as an idea or a right is enshrined in something such as a constitution or law, it is
protected by it.
The essentials of the deal will be enshrined in a document.
 The apartheid system which enshrined racism in law still existed.
67. affluent /ˈæfluənt/
having a lot of money or owning a lot of things
affluent nations/neighbourhoods
68. gentry /ˈdʒentri/
people of high social class, especially in the past
His diaries provide an intimate look at the life of the gentry in 18th-century Virginia.
69. garner
If someone has garnered something useful or valuable, they have gained it or collected it.
Mr Abbott could not garner enough votes to snatch power.
to collect something, usually after much work or with difficulty
The police struggled to garner sufficient evidence.
One of the biggest advantages of securing an all inclusive honeymoon vacation may be the savings you
garner from booking the various aspects of your honeymoon together rather than separately.
70. depart from /dɪˈpɑːt frəm/
When something or someone departs from a place, they leave it and start a journey to another place.
Our tour departs from Heathrow Airport on 31 March and returns 16 April.
If you depart from a traditional, accepted, or agreed way of doing something, you do it in a different or
unexpected way.
It takes a brave cook to depart radically from the traditional Christmas menu.
71. prescient /ˈpresiənt/
knowing or suggesting correctly what will happen in the future
People may try to anticipate the future, and we can even predict the future in some cases, but no one is
literally prescient.
72. enhance (v) /ɪnˈhɑːns/
to improve the quality, amount, or strength of something
These scandals will not enhance the organization's reputation.
enhancement (n) /ɪnˈhɑːnsmənt/
the process of improving the quality, amount, or strength of something
Enhancements made to websites often result in increased page views.
73. resilience /rɪˈzɪljəns/
the ability to be happy, successful, etc. again after something difficult or bad has happened
Trauma researchers emphasize the resilience of the human psyche.
the ability of a substance to return to its usual shape after being bent, stretched, or pressed
The plant fibre has incredible strength and resilience.
74. capitalize on sth /ˈkæpɪtəlaɪz/
to use a situation to your own advantage
She capitalized on the possibilities of social networking.
75. kick-start /ˈkɪkstɑːt/
to make something start to happen or start to develop more quickly
Many young writers can thank the magazine for helping to kickstart their careers.
to make the engine of a motorcycle start by forcefully pushing down a metal bar with your foot
He tried to kick-start his bike a couple of times before he gave up and walked to work.
76. dovetail with /ˈdʌvteɪl wɪð/
to fit skillfully to form a whole; to fit together with
It is important that we dovetail our respective interests.
The government should dovetail regional interests with those of the country as a whole.
77. consolidate /kənˈsɒlɪdeɪt/
to become, or cause something to become, stronger, and more certain
The success of their major product consolidated the firm's position in the market.
to combine several things, especially businesses, so that they become more effective, or to be combined
in this way
The two firms consolidated to form a single company.
to add amounts or sets of numbers together to form a single amount, statement, etc.
The companies help people who may need cash to consolidate debt, buy a home, or set up a new
business.
78. insuperable /ɪnˈsjuːpərəbəl/
(especially of a problem) so great or severe that it cannot be defeated or dealt with successfully
And so my conclusion is that these suggested logical difficulties are by no means insuperable.
79. subsidize /ˈsʌbsɪdaɪz/
to pay part of the cost of something
£50 would help to subsidize the training of an unemployed teenager.
80. provision /prəˈvɪʒən/
the act of providing something
The provision of good public transport will be essential for developing the area.
supplies of food and other necessary things
provisions for the journey
81. augur (v) /ˈɔːɡə/
to be a sign of especially good or bad things in the future
The company's sales figures for the first six months augur well for the rest of the year.
82. sobriquet /ˈsəʊbrɪkeɪ/
an unofficial title or name, a nickname
These charms have earned the television show's host the sobriquet "the thinking woman's heartthrob".
83. maladjustment /ˌmæləˈdʒʌstmənt/
the fact of not being prepared for the demands of life, which often leads to problems with behaviour
The school suggested she see a psychiatrist to determine the cause of her maladjustment.
84. milieu /miːlˈjɜː/
the people, physical, and social conditions and events that provide the environment in which someone
acts or lives
It is a study of the social and cultural milieu in which Michelangelo lived and worked.
85. haul (v) /hɔːl/
to pull something heavy slowly and with difficulty
They hauled the boat out of the water.
to take something or someone somewhere, especially by force
The police hauled him off to jail in front of his whole family.
86. accord (v) /əˈkɔːd/
to treat someone specially, usually by showing respect
The massed crowds of supporters accorded him a hero's welcome.
Certainly in our society teachers don't enjoy the respect that is accorded to doctors and lawyers.
87. vested interest /ˌvestɪd ˈɪntərest/
a strong personal interest in something because you could get an advantage from it
As both a teacher and parent, she had a vested interest in seeing the school remain open.
people or organizations who have a financial or personal interest in a business, company, or existing
system
A compromise has to be reached between all the powerful vested interests before any restoration work
in the city can take place.
88. insurgent /ɪnˈsɜːdʒənt/
someone who is fighting against the government in their own country
All approaches to the capital are now under the control of the insurgents.
someone who opposes political authority
There is the sense that you have joined an insurgent political campaign.
89. sine qua non /ˌsɪneɪ kwɑː ˈnəʊn/
a necessary condition without which something is not possible
An interest in children is a sine qua non of education.
90. peasant /ˈpezənt/
A peasant is a poor person of low social status who works on the land; used of people who live in
countries where farming is still a common way of life.
Peasant women with scarves around their heads were working in the fields.
91. compliant /kəmˈplaɪənt/
willing to do what other people want you to do
compliant consumers
92. nitty-gritty /ˌnɪtiˈɡrɪti/
 the basic facts of a situation
Let's get down to the nitty-gritty - how much will it cost?
If people get down to the nitty-gritty of a matter, situation, or activity, they discuss the most important,
basic parts of it or facts about it.
He really gets down to the nitty gritty of coaching.
93. welfare /ˈwelfeə/
help given, especially by the state or an organization, to people who need it, especially because they do
not have enough money
Your taxes pay for welfare benefits such as unemployment and sickness pay.
physical and mental health and happiness, especially of a person
The police are very concerned for the welfare of the missing child.
94. prove a point
If you prove a point, you show other people that you know something or can do something, although
your action may have no other purpose.
They made a 3,000 mile detour simply to prove a point.
95. devote something to something/someone
to give all of something, especially your time, effort, or love, or yourself, to something you believe in or
to a person
She has devoted all her energies/life to the care of homeless people.
to use a space, area, time, etc. for a particular purpose
The report recommends that more resources be devoted to teaching four-year-olds.
96. on the threshold of something
at the start of a new and important time or development
We are on the threshold of a new era in global relations.
97. pompously /ˈpɒmpəsli/
in a way that is too serious and shows that you think you are very important:
He strode around pompously, telling everyone what to do.
98. slip through
to fail to be noticed, resulting in problems
Although the cost of the medications was supposed to be covered by insurance, things slipped through
the cracks a lot.
99. intact /ɪnˈtækt/
complete and in the original state
The church was destroyed in the bombing but the altar survived intact.
not damaged or destroyed
It's difficult to emerge from such a scandal with your reputation intact.
100. the turn of the millennium
the time when one millennium ends and another begins
101. -oriented / -ɔː.ri.en.tɪd/
showing the direction in which something is aimed
She wants to turn the company into a profit-oriented organization.
certificate-orientated education system
102. apprenticeship /əˈprentɪsʃɪp/
Someone who has an apprenticeship works for a fixed period of time for a person who has a particular
skill in order to learn the skill. Apprenticeship is the system of learning a skill like this.
After serving his apprenticeship as a toolmaker, he became a manager.
103. not go amiss
If something might/would not go amiss, it would be useful and might help to improve a situation.
A bit more time spent on preparation wouldn't have gone amiss.
amiss (adj)
wrong, not suitable, or not as expected
I could see by the look on their faces that something was amiss.
104. moot (v) /muːt/
to suggest something for discussion
The idea was first mooted as long ago as the 1840s.
His name was mooted as a possible successor.
105. strive (v) /straɪv/
to try very hard to do something or to make something happen, especially for a long time or against
difficulties
Mr Roe has kindled expectations that he must now strive to live up to.
In her writing she strove for a balance between innovation and familiar prose forms.
106. extend (v) /ɪkˈstend/
to make something last longer
The bar has recently extended its opening hours (= made them longer).
to add to something in order to make it bigger or longer
We're planning to extend our publishing of children's books (= increase it).
107. nursery education
education provided at a school for young children, usually from three to five years old
108. modularize (v) /ˈmɒdʒələraɪz/
to design or produce something in separate sections
They have modularized their code, so you use just what you need.
to design an educational course as a series of modules (= separate units) that can be combined in
different ways
modular (adj) /ˈmɒdʒələr/
consisting of separate parts that, when combined, form a complete whole
Modular classrooms were built to remedy the problem of overcrowding in schools.
consisting of several units that together make a complete course, taught especially at a British college
or university
Many colleges and universities now offer modular degree courses.
109. draw up something
to prepare something, usually something official, in writing
I've drawn up a list of candidates that I'd like to interview.
The architect showed us the house plans that she had drawn up.
110. punitive (adj) /ˈpjuːnɪtɪv/
intended as a punishment
The UN has imposed punitive sanctions on the invading country.
She is suing the newspaper for $5 million punitive damages, claiming they knew the article about her
was untrue.
111. catch-all
general and intended to include everything
"South London" is a catch-all phrase/term for anywhere south of the river.