INDEX

Note: Page numbers followed by f indicate figures, t indicate tables, and b indicate boxes.

A C
Alzheimer’s disease
Deese/Roediger–McDermott paradigm
in patients with, 125f
memantine, impact of, 36, 37f
repetition lag procedure, 132
transcranial direct current stimulation,
180
Amnestic syndrome
confabulations, reduction of, 174–177,
176f
epidemiology, 161–163
errorless learning, 163–170
etiology, 161–163
guidelines, 162–164
orientation training, 173–174
retrieval practice, 170–173
semantic structuring for memory
performance in, 104
vanishing cues method, 163–170,
165f
Aphasia, 168–169
Atkinson and Shiffrin model, 76, 77f,
108–109, 108f
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
(ADHD)
neurofeedback, 181–182
working memory training in, 115
Autobiographical memory training,
135–138
B (CVLT)
Barthel Index (BI), 14–16, 20
Bilateral orbitofrontal cortex (BOFC)
lesions, 101–102, 103t
Binary data, 38–40
and risk reduction, 40–44
special meaning, 38–40
Brain injury, acquired, 30b
California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT),
71–74, 84–85, 102f, 162–163, 180
Cardiosomatic coupling, 13–14, 15f
Chi-square tests, 40, 52
CIMT. See Constrained-induced movement
therapy (CIMT)
Clinical scales and outcome measurement,
45
Cochrane reviews
on fluoxetine, 31b
for neuropsychological disorders in
stroke, 10–11, 11t
systematic scoring system, 37–38, 37f
Cogmed QM, 119–120
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), 20–21
Cognitive reserve, 3
Compensation, 4–5
external, 8–9
internal, 5–6, 76–77
Compensation of memory disorders through
external memory aids, 149–160
Concealment, 25–26
Conceptual aspects of treatment studies,
meaning of, 66–69
Confabulations, 174–177, 176f
Consolidation, memory impairments, 76–77
Constrained-induced movement therapy
(CIMT), 6, 18–19
Context-memory, 128–129
Craniopharyngioma, 128
CVLT. See California Verbal Learning Test
D
Declarative memory, 163–164
Deep encoding, 89–114
Deese/Roediger–McDermott paradigm,
123–124, 124f
Delayed memory, 121

195
196 Index
Double-blind study, 28–30
Drop-outs, 32–36
Dual trace model, 123–128
E patients, 144–147
EBM. See Evidence-based medicine (EBM)
Ecological validity, 19–20
Electronic memory aids, 150–156
Encoding process, 85–89, 85f, 87f
Episodic memory, 119–123, 161
Errorless learning method
in domain-specific memory impaired
patients, 168–170, 169f
in memory-impaired patients, 163–168
Evidence-based medicine (EBM)
Cochrane reviews, 10–11, 11t
components, 9–10
definition, 9–10
guidelines, 10–13
levels of evidence, 22–24, 23t
quality of life, 16–17
randomized controlled trials, 32t
bias evaluation, 37–38
drop-outs, 32–36, 34f
evaluation equality, 26–28
observational equality, 28–31
structural equality, 24–26
single-case experimental designs
definition, 55–57
problems, 57–63
RoBINT Scale, 64–66
statistical analysis of teatment studies
binary outcome measures, 38–40, 42t
ordinal data, 45
parametric evaluation, 45–47
power calculation, 47–53, 50–51f
risk and risk reduction, 40–44, 43t
treatment effects, 13–18, 17t
External memory aids, 168
F 123–124
Far-transfer effect, 19–22, 121, 122f
Frontal System Behavior Scale (FrSBS), 83
Functional independence measure (FIM),
14–16, 20
G
Geriatric Depression Scale, 139–140
Glasgow coma scale (GCS) score, 13–14
Guidelines for
treating mild to moderate impaired
the usage of external memory aids, 158f
H
Herpes encephalitis, 161
I
Instrumental Activities of Daily Living
(iADL scales), 20
Intention to treat (ITT) analysis, 26–27
Item-specific memory, 128–129
K
Korsakoff’s amnesics, 104–106, 165–166
memory performance of patients with, 90,
91f
proactive interference on list learning in,
92, 93f
L
Last observation carried forward (LOCF)
analysis, 36
Left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC)
lesions, 101–102, 103t
M
Maladaptation, 6–7
Memory aids
classification, 158–160, 159t
electronic, 150–156
external, 85–86, 149, 159t
guideline for usage, 160
spontaneous use of, 149–150
Memory books, 150, 166–168, 166t, 167f
Memory errors, 174–175
hits and false positive in memory tests,
Memory impairments, 162
compensatory treatments, 149–160
consolidation, 76–77
electronic memory aids, 150–156

German guideline for treating patients
with, 158, 158f
interference effects, 109–110, 109t
neurofeedback, 181–182
persistence of, 74–76
prevalence, 71–74, 72–73t, 73f
recovery, 74–76
transcranial direct current stimulation,
179–181
treatment for, 74–76, 76f
Memory performance
animal research on recovery of, 74–76
repetition lag procedure, 128–135,
129–130f
working memory training, 115–119,
115–116f
Memory rehabilitation
autobiographical memory training,
135–138
consolidation, 123–135
deep vs. shallow encoding, 89–96
encoding process, 85–89
guidelines, 75–76, 76f, 85, 144–147,
144f
randomized controlled trial
modified Story Memory Technique,
82–85
on visual imagery to improve memory
performance, 79–82
recollection training, 108–114
repetition lag procedure, 128–135
semantic structuring, 97–114
SenseCam, 135–138
spaced retrieval, 138–143
transfer appropriate processing, 97–107
via teaching patients mnemonic strategies,
76–79, 78f
Mild to moderate memory disorders
German guidelines for treatment, 87f, 91f,
144–147, 144f
guidelines, 144–147
semantic structuring, 97–107, 98t,
103f
transfer appropriate processing, 97–107,
99f
Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE),
139–140, 180–181
Index 197
Mnemonic methods, 76–85, 78f
Modified Story Memory Technique
(mSMT), 82–83, 84f
Multiple sclerosis (MS)
cognitive training, 33–34, 35f
modified Story Memory Technique
treatment, 84f
N
N-back task, 131
Near transfer effect, 19–22, 134
Neurofeedback (NF), 67b, 181–182
NeuroPage, 150–153, 151f
Neuropsychological neglect therapy, 52
Neurorehabilitation, 1–9
Noncognitive treatments of memory impairments,
179–182
O
Ordinal data, 45
Orientation training, 173–174
P
Papez circuit, 74–75, 126–128, 161
Parametric evaluation of treatment effects,
45–47
Part of the Multiple Sclerosis Functional
Composite Score (PASAT), 44
PEDro scale, 38, 38f
Per-protocol (PP), 27–28
Placebo vs. verum treatments, 28, 29t,
30–31
Planning and Execution Assistant and
Trainer (PEAT) software, 154–155
Posterior cerebral artery (PCA), 54
Post-hoc statistical testing, 107f
Post-stroke memory dysfunction, in
nondemented patients, 71, 72t
Power calculation, 47–53, 50–51f
Preview, question, repeat, state, test
(PQRST) method, 76–77, 97–98
Proactive interference, 92–94, 93f
Problems with group studies on treatment
effects, 53–55
Psychotherapy, 2
198 Index
R definition, 55–57
Randomization, 23–25, 64
Randomized controlled trials (RCTs), 19,
32t, 53
bias evaluation, 37–38
concealment, 25–26
drop-outs, 32–36
evaluation equality, 26–28
modified Story Memory Technique,
82–85
observational equality, 28–31
structural equality, 24–26
RBMT. See Rivermead behavioral memory
test (RBMT)
Recall memory performance, 86–87, 98–99,
103t
Recency judgments, 175–177
Regression analysis, 46–47, 86–87
Rehabilitation of Memory, 76
Relative risk reduction, 41
Remembering by familiarity, 124–128
Remembering by recollection, 124–128
Repetition lag procedure, 128–135,
129–130f
Residual memory performance, 163, 173
Restitution, 3–5
Restitutive training, 156–157
Retrieval practice, 170–173
Rivermead behavioral memory test
(RBMT), 19–20, 79–80, 133, 163
RoBINT Scale, 64–66, 65f
S 161–177
SCED. See Single-case experimental designs
(SCED)
“Selbsterhaltungstherapie,” 135–136
Self-order pointing task, 131
Self-rated questionnaires, 22
Semantic structuring, 97–114, 97f,
98t, 103f
SenseCams, 135–138, 136f, 159–160,
173–174
Sensorimotor rhythm (SMR), 66–67
Serial clustering, 7–8, 7f
Single-case experimental designs (SCED),
57–58f, 150–152
baseline, stability of, 60, 61f
problems, 57–63
RoBINT Scale, 64–66, 65f
in teaching severely-memory-impaired
patient, 166–168, 167f
Smartphones, 149
Source-monitoring task, 131
Spaced retrieval, 138–143, 141f,
170–171
Standard deviation (SD), 50
Stroke, 10–11, 11t, 132–133, 180–181
Subjective Memory Complaint
Questionnaire, 139–140
T
TBI. See Traumatic brain injury (TBI)
Transcranial direct current stimulation
(tDCS), 179–181
anodal stimulation, 179
cathodal stimulation, 179
Transfer appropriate processing model,
95–107, 97f, 98t, 99f
Traumatic brain injury (TBI), 149,
171–172
consolidation deficits, 114
modified Story Memory Technique
treatment, 84f
NeuroPage, impact of, 150–152
orientation training in, 173–174
Treadmill exercise, 33
Treatment of severely impaired, amnestic patients,
V
Vanishing Cues method
in domain-specific memory impaired
patients, 168–170
in memory-impaired patients, 163–168,
165f
Vascular dementia (VD), 68b
Visual field loss, 4–5
Visual imagery, to improve memory
performance, 79–82, 81–82t
Visuospatial working memory,
119–120
 Index 199

W to improve episodic memory, 119–123

Wechsler memory scale score, 80–82
WoMe training, 121, 134
Word-fluency tasks, 121
Working memory training, 115–119
in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,
115
on daily life measures, 115f
for encoding and retrieval, 119, 119f
on neuropsychological test, 116–117,
116f
in patients with acquired brain damage,
117
and semantic structuring, 120–121
Z
Z-scores, 50–51, 172–173