1- GREEK PHILOSOPHERS

GREECE IS A COUNTRY IN SOUTHERN EUROPE, ITS MAINLAND IS LOCATED IN BALKAN PENINSULA

1- TALES OF MILETUS- DEVELOPED THE THEORY OF MATTER BASED UPON WATER

2- SOCRATES- EMPHASIZE THE STUDY OF HUMAN NATURE IN RELATION TO SOCIETY

3- EMPEDOCLES- ASSUMED THAT THERE WERE MORE THAN ONE KIND OF MATTER
AND POSTULATED FOUR ROOTS OF ELEMENTS EARTH, AIR, FIRE AND WATER

4- HIPPOCRATES- STARTED THE SCIENCE OF MEDICINE, AND THE GREATEST PHYSICIAN

IN ANTIQUITY. HIPPOCRATES- STARTED THE SCIENCE OF MEDICINE, (FATHER OF
MEDICINE ), GREATEST PHYSICIAN IN ANTIQUITY. HE GIVES THE ETHICAL STANDARD
THE HIPPOCRATIC OATH TO PRESERVED LIFE

5- ARISTOTLE- THE FATHER OF BIOLOGY UNDERTOOK A LARGE SCALE OF

CLASSIFICATIONS OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS, INTRODUCED THE METHOD OF
SCIENTIFIC THINKING. STUDIED MANY AREAS OF SCIENCE LIKE PHYSICS,
ASTRONOMY, METEOROLOGY, ETC.

6- ARCHIMEDES- PERFORMS EXPERIMENT WHICH LED HIM TO DISCOVER THE LAWS OF

THE LEVER AND PULLEY ., INVENTED MACHINE WHICH COULD EASILY MOVE LOADS

7-PTOLEMY- FOUNDED GEOCENTRIC THEORY (THAT THE EARTH IS AT THE CENTER OF

THE UNIVERSE)

8-DEMOCRITUS - DEVELOPED ATOMIC THEORY, ELABORATED THAT MATTER

CONSISTED OF ATOMS

9- PHYTAGORAS- GREATEST MATHEMATICIAN (PHYTAGOREAN THEOREM)

10-PLATO- DEALT WITH THE NATURE OF THE UNIVERSE ASCRIBED GEOMETRIC FORMS
COMPOSED WITH THE ELEMENTS OF EARTH, FIRE, AIR AND WATER

11-ARISTARCHUS- MATHEMATICIAN AND ASTRONOMER DISCOVERED THE WAY

PLANETS MOVE IN THEIR ORBITS, AND ALSO THE EARTH REVOLVES AROUND THE
SUN.

12-HIPPARCHUS- DISCOVERED THE LENGTH OF THE MONTH

13-ERATOSTHENES- DETERMINED THAT THE DISTANCE AROUND THE EARTH, WAS

28,000 MILES MORE THAN WHAT WE KNOW TODAY.

14- THEOPHRASTUS- FATHER OF PLANT SCIENCE, HE WROTE HISTORY OF PLANTS,

AND CAUSES OF PLANTS, HE IS THE MOST OUTSTANDING BOTANIST, AND
DEALS WITH THE MEDICINAL USES OF PLANTS.
11-PERSIAN CIVILIZATION
IT IS THE FORMER NAME OF IRAN ,IT WAS FOUNDED BY CYRUS THE GREAT IN THE 6TH
CENTURY BC. LARGEST EMPIRE OF THE ANCIENT WORLD, THEIR CULTURE IS ONE
OF THE OLDEST IN THE MIDDLE EAST, ONE OF RICHEST ART HERITAGES IN WORLD
HISTORY, INCLUDING ARCHITECTURE, WEAVING, PAINTING, POTTERY, CALLIGRAPHY,
METALWORKING AND STONE MASONRY, THEY MAKE PERSIAN RUGS ( CARPET)

SOME CALLIGRAPY OF PERSIANS ARE PAINTING, HAND LETTERING, CURSIVE ETC.

1- NAS TALIQ- THE MOST BEAUTIFUL CALLIGRAPHY AND COMPLICATED

2- POTTERY- DESIGN OF THEIR WARES, CERAMIC ART OBJECTS SUCH AS FIGURES TILES AND TABLE
WARE MADE FROM CLAY AND OTHER RAW MATERIALS.

CONTINUATION:
3- DOMES- CONSTRUCTED IN FIRST LARGE SCALE THEY ARE MOSTLY MOSAIC FACE
WITH MAGICAL VIEW

4- STRUCTURES LIKE MOSQUES, MAUSOLEUM, BAZAARS, BRIDGES, AND PALACES

5- WIND TOWER IS A CHIMNEY LIKE STRUCTURE POSITION ABOVE THE HOUSE TO

CATCH THE PREVAILING WIND.

111-ROMAN CIVILIZATION:

IT IS THE CAPITAL OF ITALY, IT IS A CHARACTERIZE OF A GOVERNMENT HEADED

BY AN EMPERORS AND LARGE TERRITORIAL HOLDINGS AROUND THE MEDITERANIAN
SEA IN EUROPE IT IS KNOWN TODAY THE ETERNAL CITY. LATIN IS THEIR LANGUAGE
DEVELOPMENT:/hopaig

1-ROMANS USE WATER POWER AND WATERMILLS

2-MADE GREAT AQUEDUCTS, DAMS, BRIDGES, AND AMPHITHEATERS

3-CONSTRUCTED NUMEROUS AQUEDUCTS TO SUPPLY WATER

4-MANY RESOURCES TO THE STUDY OF ASTRONOMY, ASTROLOGY, GEOGRAPHY AND OTHER SCIENCES.

5-THEY USED SUNDIALS TO TELL TIME

6-ADVANCED IN GLASSBLOWING TECNIQUES IN THE FORM OF WINDOW GLASS,

HANGING GLASS OIL LAMPS.

7-ROMES MILITARY TECHNOLOGICAL IMPROVEMENTS TO WEAPONS SHIELD,

AND ARMOUR

NOTABLE ROMAN SCIENTIST

1- GALEN- GREAT PHYSICIAN AND SURGEON

 2- VITRUVIUS- WRITER PROVIDES IMPORTANT KNOWLEDGE ABOUT ANCIENT ROME
3- PLINY- DESCRIBED ALMOST THOUSAND SPECIES OF PLANTS FOR THEIR MEDICINAL USES

Lesson 4

CONTRIBUTIONS OF ARABS, CHINESE AND HINDU

1- ARABIC CIVILIZATION:
ORIGINATED IN ARABIC PENINSULA, SAUDI ARABIA ARABIC IS THEIR WRITTEN
LANGUAGE AND SPOKEN LANGUAGE. THEIR RELIGION IS ISLAM, THEIR GOD IS
ALLAH.
DEVELOPMENTS:
1-TRIGONOMETRY IBN MOOSAAS WOK ( THE CALCULATION OF INTEGRATION
AND EQUATION) THIS WORK IS TRANSLATED INTO ARABIC TO LATIN
2. ASTRONOMY- INVENTED AN INSTRUMENT USED TO OBSERVED STARS CALLED
ASTROLABE

3. ARCHITECTURE- BUILT BEFORE THE GREAT MOSQUE OF DAMASCUS.

4. WATER WHEEL

5. WATER IRRIGATION
6. ALGEBRA AND GEOMETRY -ALKAWAARIZMI ONE OF THE FOUNDERS OF
ALGEBRA

7-PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY- KAMAALUDDEEN IS THE FOUNDER

8. HAARON AR RASHEED- INVENTED THE PENDELUM AND THE WATER CLOCK

TO EMPEROR CHARLEMAGNE

9. SCIENCE OF MECHANICS - FOUNDER IS THE GENIUS MOOSA BIN SHAAKIR

10- CAMERA OBSCURA- THISIS INVENTED BY IN HAYTHAM

11- THEORY OF RELATIVITY- QAAD HI ABU BAKR DEVELOPED THE THEORY

IN TERMS OF TIME AND SPACE BY MEANS OF MATHEMATICAL EQUATIONS
ASTROPHYSICS, ALBERT EINTEIN WAS NOT YET BORN AT THIS TIME.

12- PAPER MAKING- ONE OF THE EARLIEST SKILLS ATTAIN BY THE MUSLIMS,
EGYPT WAS KNOWN TO HAVE ITS FIRST PAPER MILL

13- ADVANCES IN INDUSTRY- MUSLIMS ARE LEADING IN WEAVING WOOL, SILK,

POTTERY, JEWELRY AND IN LEATHER AND PERFUMES.

CHINESE CIVILIZATION:

CHINA WAS BUILT IN THE YELLOW RIVER (HANG HE) IN THE NORTH AND LATER,
THE YANGTZE IN THE SOUTH. ONE OF THE OLDEST CIVILIZATION, AND THE WORLD
MOST POPULOUS COUNTRY IN ASIA.

ST DEVELOPMENT:

1. PAPER AND CHINESE CALLIGRAPHY- EARLIEST WRITING, IN CHINA WAS THE

ANIMAL BONES WE CALL THE "ORACLE BONE"BECAUSE THEY USED THIS TO
TELL THE FUTURE

2- PLACE VALUE NUMBER SYSTEM-THE EARLIEST INVENTION WAS THE ABACUS

USED AS THEIR CALCULATOR

3.FIRST RECORDED OBSERVATIONS OF COMETS, SOLAR ECLIPSES, WERE DONE

IN CHINA.

4- INVENTED KITES AND LANTERNS

5. THE CLOCK WAS FIRST DEVISED FOR ASTRONOMICAL PURPOSES, IT HAS A

PUPPET THAT COULD TELL THE TIME

6. MAGNETIC COMPASS- IT IS A WOODEN CIRCLE, WITH MARKINGS ON IT.

AND A MAGNETIC SPOON ON TOP USED FOR RELIGIOUS PURPOSES

7. GUN POWDER THEY MAKE THIS BY MIXING SULFUR, CHARCOAL AND

POTASSIUM NITRATE

8. FIREWORKS- BAMBOO CASES FILLED WITH GUNPOWDER WITH A FUSE ON THE

SIDE, THEY USED THIS TO SCARE ENEMIES DURING WAR

9. KITES WERE THE FIRST INVENTED IN CHINA DURING THE CHOU DYNASTY.
MADE OF BAMBOO AND SILK,

10- SEISMOLOGICAL DETECTORS- ZHANG HENG INVENTED THE EARTHQUAKE

DETECTING TOOL CALLED SEISMOSCOPE
11- CROSS BOW- IT FIRES ARROW OR BOLTS FORCED BY THE ENERGY OF STREACH
BOWSTRING

12- FANS- WERE MADE WITH BAMBOO SPINES WITH SILK WRAPPED AROUND
13- PAPER AND PRINTING - THREE KINDS OF PAPER
A. SILK RAGS
B. WOODEN STRIPS THE CHEAP ONES
C. SILK CLOTH THE MOST EXPENSIVE

14- SEED DRILL- USED BY FARMERS TO PLANT SEEDS,

15- IRON PLOUGH- ONE OF THE MAJOR DEVELOPMENT IN CHINESE AGRICULTURE

16-PORCELAINE- MADE OF SPECIAL WHITE CLAY WHICH HAS A LOT OF KAOLIN IN IT

(SODIUM HYDROGEN CARBONATE).
17- SILK- WAS MADE FROM THE COCOONS OF SILKWORMS IT IS ALIGHT AND SOFT
MATERIAL USED BY RICH PEOPLE OF THE WORLD.

18- WHEELBORROWS- BASICALLY HAND DRIVEN VEHICLES , CHUKO LING INVENTED IT

19- OTHER INVENTIONS IN CLUDES UMBRELLA, HOT AIR BALOONS, MATCHES,

STIRRUPTS FOR RIDING HORSES, AND ACUPUNCTURE.(PRICKING OF NEEDLES IN
THE PAINFULL PART OF THE BODY .

3. INDUS- HINDU CIVILIZATIONS

EMERGE IN THE INDUS RIVER.

ST DEVELOPMENT:

MAJOR CITIES IN HINDU

1.HARAPPA

2. MOHENJO DARO

BUILDINGS WERE CONSTRUCTED OF MUD BRICKS, THEY HAVE A PUBLIC WELLS

1.ARVABHATA- PRESENTED ASTRONOMICAL AND MATHEMATICAL THAT TOOK THE EARTH TO SPIN IN
ITS AXIS, HE PROPOUNDED THE HELIOCENTRIC THEORY OF GRAVITATION PREDATED BY NICOLAUS
COPPERNICUS 1000 YEARS

2.BRAHMAGUPTA- HEAD OF THE ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATORY AT UNAIN, HE MADE THE

CALCULATION OF ECLIPSES OF THE SUN AND THE MOON

3. RAKESH SHARMA- THE FIRST INDIAN TO GO TO THE OUTER SPACE