HKCE Gas Exchange in Human

1990 1992 Q3c

(i) 40 - 12 = 26 times / minutes (N.B. no unit, no mark) 1

(ii) An increase in breathing rate
- provides the body with more oxygen
- and hence more energy is released
- by respiration / oxidation of food
- helps the body to get rid of carbon dioxide (product of respiration) more quickly
(any THREE 1,1,1)
(iii) Intercostal muscle contracts to raise the rib cage 1
Diaphragm muscle contracts to make the diaphragm flattened 1
These 2 actions together increase the volume of thoracic cavity 1
thus decrease the thoracic pressure / pressure inside the lung 1
The greater atmospheric pressure forces air into the lungs 1
(iv) The amplitude / depth of breath is greater 1

1994 Q3a

(i) (1) Oxygen 1

1991 Q3c
(2) glucoses / amino acids / mineral salts / vitamins / water 1
(i) * cartilage ring 1 (ii) With a rich supply of blood capillaries, substances absorbed can be transported
to prevent collapse of the trachea / to allow free passage of air 1 away 1
(ii) (1) * pleural membrane / * pleura 1 so as to maintain a steep concentration gradient across the wall of the air sacs /
(2) because air leaks in / increases pressure between pleura 1 villus 1
the lung recoils / collapse due to its own elasticity 1 The capillary network provides a large surface area 1
(iii) muscle C relaxes 1 As a result, the rats of diffusion of substances increases 1
(iv) (1) to provide a short distance for diffusion 1 (iii) A  pulmonary vein  left atrium  left ventricle  aorta  B 0.5  4=2
(2) to provide a large surface area for diffusion 1 (iv) The blood carbon dioxide content increases 1
(3) to dissolve the respiratory gases for diffusion to occur 1 because carbon dioxide is produced by respiration 1
(v) dust particles cannot be removed from the respiratory by the cells in the villus (small intestine) 1
tract / more dust particles enter the lungs 1
thereby reducing the surface area for gaseous exchange 1
 HKCE Gas Exchange in Human
1995 Q2a (2) large and accurate diagram (D) (1 mark)

= 1000  36 cm per minute 1

3 Label and title (L): *cigarette, filter *pump, *cotton wool (4 X 0.5 mark)
(a) (i) Ventilation rate
3
= 36000 cm per minute (no unit, no mark)
(ii) To supply more oxygen to the skeletal muscles 1,1
for faster respiration / for more energy supply 1
To remove carbon dioxide more rapidly 1
(iii) Dust particles are trapped by the hair in the nose and 1
mucus along the lining of the air passage / nasal cavity / trachea 1
(iv) large, clear, accurate diagram (D) 1 or 0
labels and title (any four) (L) 0.5 4 each
graduated exhaled air
plastic bottle

rubber 2000 Q1c

tubing
water

trough

A set-up used to estimate the volume of air exhaled in one breath

1997 Q2a
(i) air sac (1 mark)
(ii) The intercostals muscles contract to raise the rib cage(1 mark)
The diaphragm muscles contract to flatten the diaphragm(1 mark)
The volume of the thoracic cavity increases(1 mark)
And hence the pressure inside decreases(1 mark)
So air rushes into structure A 2001 Q4b
(iii) the number/surface area of structure A is reduced/the surface of structure A of the (i) Rate of breathing = 12 breaths per minute 1
3
smoker is less folded (1 mark) Depth of breathing = 500 cm 1
which greatly reduces the rate of gaseous exchange(1 mark) (ii) between 0 and 2.5 second 1
(iv) (1) lung cancer(1 mark)
 HKCE Gas Exchange in Human
(iii) Intercostal muscles relaxed, so the ribs moved downward and inward. 1 2005 Q4
Diaphragm muscles relaxed, so that the diaphragm recoiled to the dome-shape. 1
The thoracic / lung volume decreased 1
leading to an increase in air pressure in the lungs 1
(iv) (1) The breathing movements would become faster 1
(2) In the left lung, air flow would decrease 1
In the right lung, air flow would increase 1

2003 Q1a

2004 Q1c
(i) Oxygen in air dissolves in the water film, (1)
so that it can diffuse readily through the wall of the air sac into the blood capillary. (1)
(ii) The accumulation of fluid increases the distance for diffusion/reduces the surface area for
dissolving oxygen, (1)
hence decreases the rate of diffusion of dissolved oxygen into the blood capillaries. (1)
Thus the oxygen content of the blood decreases / becomes lower than normal. (1)
(iii) The antigen of the SARS virus (1)
stimulates the white blood cells of the patient to produce the specific antibodies. (1)
(iv) Injection of the weakened virus / the antigen into the body. (1)
This will stimulate the white blood cells to develop memory for the antigen. (1)
When the same virus enters the body, (1)
a large amount of antibodies can be produced rapidly to kill the virus. (1)
 HKCE Gas Exchange in Human
2008 Q3
HKCE Gas Exchange in Human