ADSMC Services (ADSafety) SO2 - BOSH Module

40-Hours BOSH for SO2
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Ayllon-Delos Reyes Safety Management Consultancy Services

Tel. No. (046) 450-9860 ; Mobile No. 0927-9057998, 0917-8082532, 0998-9982119 & 0921-4162570
Email: ad_smcservices@yahoo.com & adsmcservices@gmail.com
DOLE-OSHC Accredited OSH Training Organization
DOLE Prescribed OSH Training
Basic Occupational Safety and Health (BOSH)

Duration: Forty (40) Hours
Revised/Updated: July 2020
Table of Contents
Introduction BOSH Framework 2 to 3
Module 1 Why the need for OSH? 4 to 12
Workplace Risk Assessment
1. Hazard Identification
A. Hazard Identification – Safety Hazards
B. Hazards Identification – Health Hazards
Worksop 1: Hazard Identification
2. Evaluation of Risks and Hazards
A. Work Environment Measurement
Module 2 13 to 102
B. Medical Surveillance
C. Workplace Risk Assessment
Workshop 2: Risk Assessment
3. Development of Control Measures
A. Control Measures of Health Hazards
B. Control Measures of Safety Hazards
Workshop 3: Developing Control Measures
Accident Causation: Risky Workplace & Risky Workers
Module 3 103 to 110
Accident Investigation
Module 4 Integrating Activity 111 to 115
Module 5 Communicating OSH 116 to 123
Responses to OSH Issues and Concerns
1. Workplace Emergency Preparedness
Module 6 2. Employee’s Compensation Program 124 to 169
3. OSH Legislations
4. OSH Program Development
Extra Module COVID-19 170 to 179
References 180
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INTRODUCTION: BOSH FRAMEWORK

SETTING THE LEARNING CLIMATE
1 Registration of Participant
2 Introduction of Participant
3 Pre-Test/Examination
This module aim is to help prepare the participants for the technical discussions that will
be discussed in the next module. This will also explain the BOSH Framework.
Course Objectives:
To provide basic knowledge and skills on OSH that will enable the participants be
qualified safety officer and help them perform their basic safety functions and missions.
Specific Objectives:
After this course, participants shall be able to:
1. Identify existing and potential safety and health hazards and determine the
control measures for specific hazards
2. Incorporate OSH in everyday lives in or out of the company premises
3. Understand the roles of safety officers and other key personnel in the overall
management of OSH program
4. Identify OSH program elements and
5. Develop a specific OSH Program need by the company.
Training Methodology
1. Discussion / Lecture
2. Audio-Visual Presentation
3. Workshop / Seat Work / Group or Individual Activity
4. Sharing / Reporting
FB Page: Ad-Smc Services “Always be SAFE & HEALTHY”

FB Group Page: Safety Officers (AD-SMC Services Graduates)
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What is Occupational Safety and Health (OSH)?

Occupational safety and health (OSH) is a discipline with a broad scope involving three
major files:
1. Occupational Safety – Identifying causes & prevention of occupational accident.
2. Occupational Health – control of work-related illness and/or diseases.
3. Industrial Hygiene – recognition, evaluation & control of environmental hazards.
OSH is devoted to the recognition and control of hazards in the workplace, which may
cause death, disability, injury, sickness, or great discomfort and inefficiency among the
workers.
Common terms used in OSH:

1. Hazard – a source or situation that may cause harm to people, damage to
property or damage to environment.
2. Risk – a combination of the likelihood of an occurrence of hazard causing harm
and the severity of injury or damage caused by the event.
3. Accident – is an unexpected, unforeseen, unplanned and unwanted occurrence
or event that causes damage or loss of materials or properties, injury or death.
Mandatory OSH Training Course

1. Basic Occupational Safety and Health (BOSH) – is a prescribed or mandatory
training course for individual to become safety officer. BOSH duration of training
is 40-hours. This training is applicable to General Industry such as
Manufacturing, Industrial, Hotel, Hospital, Educational Institution, Logistics,
Mercantile, etc. except Construction and Maritime.
2. Construction Occupational Safety and Health (COSH) – is a prescribed or
mandatory training course for individual to become safety officer in the
Construction Industry. Duration of training is 40-hours.
3. Maritime Occupational Safety and Health (MOSH) – is a prescribed or
mandatory training course for individual to become safety officer in the Maritime
Industry. Duration of training is 40-hours.
All three (3) is considered BASIC level of training. Each participant must understand
the above-mentioned application to determine which course is applicable to their
present or future company.
BOSH Road Map
(Source: Serafin S. Delos Reyes,

PPT Presentation)

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MODULE 1: WHY THE NEED FOR OSH?

Objective:
Upon completion of the module, the participants will be able to:
1. Explain the current Philippines OSH situation
2. Describe the OSH situation in their own workplaces
3. Enumerate the roles of safety officer in OSH implementation
4. Identify the risk assessment steps/process; and
5. Define unsafe/unhealthy acts and conditions
Focus of OSH as a whole

PPT Presentation)
OSH Situation – Global
According to ILO, 1,000 people are estimated to die every day from occupational
accidents and a further 6,500 from work-related diseases. This figures and estimates
indicate a huge problem. Number of deaths attributed to work, from 2.33 million deaths
in 2014 to 2.78 million deaths in 2017.
Source:
https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---
ed_protect/---protrav/---
safework/documents/publication/wcms_687610.
pdf
According to estimates, mortality is not equally distributed across the world. About two-
thirds (65 percent) is estimated to occur in Asia, followed by Africa (11.8 percent),
Europe (11.7 percent), America (10.9 percent) and Oceania (0.6 percent).

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OSH Situation – Philippines
According to PSA – Highlights of the April 2020 Labor Force Survey (LFS), the
employment rate had decreased from 94.7 percent in January 2020 to 82.3 percent in
April 2020. The number of persons employed decreased from 41.8 million in April 2019
to 33.8 million in April 2020.
On April 2019, of 41.8 million persons employed, 58.9 percent is in Services Sector,
21.7 percent in Agriculture Sector and 19.4 is in Industry Sector; and on April 2020, of
33.8 million persons employed, 57.1 percent is in Services Sector, 25.9 percent is in
Agriculture Sector and 17.0 percent is in Industry Sectors.
In 2017, a total of 38.235 occupational accidents occurred in 2017. These work-related

accidents were reported by 5,260 out of 32,288 establishments employing 20 or more
workers in 2017. As a result, about 46,283 cases of occupational injuries were recorded
in 2017.
Occupational Accidents is an unexpected and unplanned occurrence, including acts of

violence arising out of or in connection with work which results in one or more workers
incurring a personal injury, disease or death. It can occur outside the usual
workplace/premises of the establishment while the worker is on business on behalf of
his/her employer, i.e., in another establishment or while on travel, transport or in road
traffic.
Based on this record, it can be concluded that accident and injuries is not on 1 is to 1
ratio basis. Some accidents may result to one or more injuries depending on the
situation.
Occupational Injury is an injury which results from a work-related event or a single

instantaneous exposure in the work environment (occupational accident). Where more
than one person is injured in a single accident, each case of occupational injury should
be counted separately. If one person is injured in more than one occupational accident
during the reference period, each case of injury to that person should be counted
separately. Recurrent absences due to an injury resulting from a single occupational

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accident should be treated as the continuation of the same case of occupational injury
not as a new case.
Among cases of occupational injuries, about 43.9 percent were non-fatal cases with lost
workdays, about 1 percent was fatal cases and about 55.1 percent were injuries without
lost workdays.
Cases of Occupational Injuries 2017 2015
Total Cases 46,283 50,961
Cases without workdays lost 25,485 33,102
Cases with workdays lost 20,797 17,859
Fatal cases 469 156
Non-fatal cases 20,328 17,703
Permanent Incapacity Cases 223 358
Temporary Incapacity Cases 20,105 17,346
Note: Details may not add up to totals due to rounding.
Source of data: Philippine Statistics Authority, 2017/2018 Integrated Survey on Labor and Employment
Temporary incapacity is a case where an injured person was absent from work for at
least one day, excluding the day of the accident, BUT 1) was able to perform again the
normal duties of the job or position occupied at the time of the occupational accident or
2) will be able to perform the same job but his/her total absence from work is expected
not to exceed a year starting the day after the accident, or 3) did not return to the same
job but the reason for changing he job is not related to his/her inability to perform the job
at the time of occupational accident.
Permanent incapacity is a case where an injured person was absent from work for at
least one day, excluding the day of the accident, AND 1) was never be able to perform
again the normal duties of the job or position occupied at the time of the occupational
accident, or 2) will be able to perform the same job but his/her total absence from work
is expected to exceed a year starting the day after the accident.
Fatal case is where a person is fatally injured as a result of occupational accident

whether death occurs immediately after the accident or within the same reference year
as the accident.

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Common Type of Injury

1. Superficial injuries and open wounds were the most common type of
occupational injuries with about 50.8 percent of the total cases reported.
2. Dislocation, sprains and strains with 12.0 percent.
3. Fractures with 1.7 percent.
Parts of Body Injured

1. Wrist and hand was the most injured pat of the body accounting 53.9 percent.
2. Lower Extremities with 18.7 percent.
3. Arm and shoulder with 17.6 percent.
Cause of Injury
1. Stepping on, striking against or struck by objects (excluding falling objects) with
36.3 percent is the leading cause of work-related injury.
2. Caught in or between objects with 21.0 percent
3. Falls of persons with 10. Percent
Agents of Injury
1. Machine and equipment with 26.2 percent
2. Materials and objects with 24.4 percent
3. Hand tools with 18.3 percent
Major Occupation Group

1. Plant and machine operators and assemblers with 30.2 percent
2. Service and sales workers with 19.3 percent
3. Elementary Occupations with 18.7 percent
By industry, manufacturing accounted for the highest share of occupational injuries at

49.7 percent of the total cases. Far second was wholesale and retail trade; repair of
motorcycles at 11.4 percent. Followed by administrative and support service activities at
7.2 percent share.
Measures of Safety Performance
The frequency rate (FR) in 2017 was registered at 1.75. Approximately, there were 2
cases of occupational injuries with workdays lost reported per 1,000,000 employee-
hours of exposure. Frequency Rate refers to cases of occupational injuries with
workdays lost per 1,000,000 employee-hours of exposure
The severity rate (SR) was recorded at 9.68. This means that about 10 workdays
were lost in cases of occupational injuries resulting to temporary incapacity per
1,000,000 employee-hours of exposure. Severity Rate refers to workdays lost of cases
of occupational injuries resulting to temporary incapacity per 1,000,000 employee-hours
of exposure

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The incidence rate in 2017 was posted at 4.27 percent which indicates that there
were around 4 cases of occupational injuries with workdays lost per 1,000 workers
Incidence Rate refers to cases of occupational injuries with workdays lost per 1,000
workers.
The average workdays lost was recorded at 5.73. Average Workdays Lost refers to
workdays lost for every case of occupational injury resulting to temporary incapacity.
This data does not present the total picture of OSH situation in the Philippines. The
survey is limited only to 32,288 establishments out of 1.42 million registered firms in
May 2019 from 1.39 million recorded at the end of 2018. (Source:
https://business.inquirer.net/270942/number-of-registered-firms-in-ph-hits-1-42m)
Date gathering has been problematic because of some of the following conditions:
• Under Occupational Safety and Health Standards (OSHS) and RA 11058 & its
IRR DO198-18, all employers are required to submit mandatory reports to DOLE
(i.e. Work-Related Accidents, etc.) However, very few companies submit reports.
• Inadequate number of competent OSH personnel.
• Low priority of OSH concerns by both management and labor.
Although the number of occupational accidents and illnesses has decreases in the
recent years here in the Philippines, ONLY DECREASES. Occupational accident still
continues to occur. All must do their part. SAFETY IS EVERYBODY’S CONCERN. Let
us all achieve the target, ZERO ACCIDENT.
Roles of Safety Officer
One of the problems of establishment is inadequate number of competent OSH

personnel. According to 2017/2018 ISLE, 85.7 percent of the 32,288 establishments
have designated OSH personnel.

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Almost half (45.2 percent) of the 32,288 establishment have Safety Officer which is
second only to Trained First Aider with 81.3 percent share.
As per “Section 3: Definition of Terms of DO 198-18”, Safety Officer refers to any

employee or officer of the company trained by DOLE or DOLE-Accredited Training
Organization and tasked by the employer to implement an OSH program, and ensure
that it is in accordance with the provisions of OSH standards.
Safety Officers play a key role in the overall management of programs in their
companies. For them to be effective, they must know and do their duties stated in Rule
1047 of OSHS and Republic Act No. 11058 & its IRR Department Order No. 198 series
of 2018 which are as follows:
1. Oversee the overall management of the OSH program in coordination with the
OSH committee:
1) Serves as SECRETARY to the HSC. As such, he shall:

 prepare minutes of the meetings;
 report status of recommendations made;
 Notify members of the meetings; and
 Submit to the employer a report of the activities of the committee,
including recommendations made.
2) Acts in an ADVISORY CAPACITY on all matters pertaining to health & safety

for the guidance of the employer & the workers.
3) Coordinates all OSH TRAINING PROGRAMS for the employer and

employees.
4) Conducts investigation of accidents as member of the Health & Safety

Committee & submits his separate report & analysis of accidents to the
employer
5) Helps in the maintenance of an efficient accident record system &

coordinates actions taken by supervisors to eliminate accident causes.
2. Frequently monitor and inspect any health or safety aspect of the operation
being undertaken with the participation of supervisions and workers.
3. Assist government inspectors in the conduct of safety and health inspection at

any time whenever work is being performed or during the conduct of an accident
investigation by providing necessary information and OSH reports as required by
the OSH standards.
4. Issue Work Stoppage Order (WSO) when necessary based on the

requirements and procedures provided by the OSH standards.

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Safety Officer/s of all workplace must possess the necessary training and experience
requirement according to its category as contained herein. The respective qualifications
of safety officers are as follows:
• Qualified Safety Officer 3 (SO3) shall be eligible for certification as OSH

Practitioner.
Consultant.
Introduction to Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Control (HIRAC)
HIRAC has been one of the best tools of the Safety Officer and company to help
achieve the ZERO ACCIDENT PERFORMANCE. HIRAC goal is to give a systematic
approach in every situation that may arise. It is also considered as a skill of Safety
Officer in the field of OSH.
HIRAC: Accident Prevention Process

1. Hazard Identification – process used to identify all potential or existing hazards.
2. Risk Assessment – process of assessing the likelihood and severity of the
hazard identified.
3. Control – process of identifying appropriate approach or measure to prevent
accident.

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Accident is an unexpected, unforeseen, unplanned and unwanted occurrence or event

that causes damage or loss of materials or properties, injury or death. This can be
prevented by performing HIRAC.
Common types of accidents:

• Fall from height and fall from the same level (slips and trips)
• Struck against rigid structure, sharp or rough objects
• Struck by falling objects
• Caught in, on or in-between objects
• Electrocution
• fire
Cost of Accident – Iceberg Theory
“If you think safety is expensive, try accident” a quote commonly used to that tells us it
is better to invest in safety than to experience accident. Sometimes company tend to
say that safety is just an expense but they didn’t fully understand that the goal of safety
is to help the company achieve their business objective through prevention of accidents.
Iceberg Theory aim is to explain the losses that occur if accident or accident happen.
(Source: Serafin S. Delos Reyes, PPT Presentation)
Accident Causation or Factors of Accident Sequence

People usually utter the phrases or statements when gets injured or dies in an accident.
a. Kasama sa trabaho.
b. Oras na niya.
c. T**** kasi eh!
d. Malas niya lang.
However, these are not the real causes of accidents but mere excuses of people who
do not understand the concepts of OSH.

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Immediate causes of accidents are:
1. Unsafe/unhealthy acts – it is defied by American National Standards Institute

(ANSI) as “any human action that violates a commonly accepted safe work
procedure or standard operating procedure”.
Example:
• Horseplay
• Failure to use/wear PPE
• Improper wearing of PPE
• Smoking in non-smoking areas
• Use of substandard/defective tools or PPE
• And many more…
2. Unsafe/unhealthy conditions – it is define by ANSI as the physical or chemical

property of a material, machine or the environment which could possibly cause
injury to people, damage to property, disrupt operations in a plant or office or
other forms of losses.
Example:
• Poor housekeeping
• Obstructed fire or emergency exit
• Slipper and wet floors
• Octopus wiring
• Poor illumination
• And many more…
According to study made by Herbert William Heinrich, an American Industrial Pioneer

who published the book Industrial Accident Prevention, A Scientific Approach in 1931,
he found out that 98% of workplace accident are preventable and only 2% are
unpreventable in nature. Of the 98% preventable accidents, 88% is due to
unsafe/unhealthy acts or “man failure” and 10% is due to unsafe/unhealthy conditions.

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MODULE 2: WORKPLACE RISK ASSESSMENT

(Part 1-A: Hazard Identification – Safety Hazards)
Objective:
Upon completion of the module, participants will be able to:
1. Describe hazards from poor housekeeping
2. Explain the causes and extent of fire incidents
3. Identify causes and effects of machine related accidents
4. Identify common hazards associated with materials handling
5. Enumerate common electrical hazards
6. Develop control measures against hazards in the workplace before accidents
and injuries occur
Workplace Safety Hazards

1. Housekeeping - means cleanliness and orderliness. Good housekeeping
prevents most accidents in the workplace.
Sample Housekeeping Hazard (Poor Housekeeping):

a. Untidy piling of materials,
b. Improperly piled-on materials,
c. Items no longer needed,
d. Blocked aisles and passageways,
e. Materials getting dirty, etc.
Hazards in housekeeping may be considered as first evidence of a deteriorating

safety and health program.
2. Material Handling and Storage – is a technique which includes the art of lifting,
placing, storing or movement of materials.
Improper material handling is considered as hazardous because materials have

two (2) characteristics:
a. According to Physical Characteristics – appearance and physical state
of material. For example are solid materials (bulk materials, powder
materials, etc.), liquid materials (water, etc.) and gases materials.
b. According to Hazardous Characteristics – health hazards, toxic,
corrosive, etc.
And, if a worker:
• Uses poor lifting technique (mostly back bent)
• Has to move material over long distances and does not take appropriate
rest breaks
The material or load that must be handled may be:

• Too heavy for the individual

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• Located at areas with hindrances such too high or too low

• Too big or bulk
• Wet, slippery or have sharp edges
3. Mechanical Safety – a program activity designed to eliminate or control hazards

in the operation & use of machinery and equipment. Machines are a source of
severe accidents which can result in:
a. Crushed hands and arms

b. Severed fingers
c. Blindness
a. Death
Parts of Machine that may cause harm:

a. Point of operation – where work is actually performed on the materials.
b. Power transmission apparatus – which transmit energy to the part of the
machine performing the work.
c. Other moving parts – parts of machine which move while the machine is
working.
(Source: Occupational Safety and Health Center Manual)
Hazardous Mechanical Motions and Actions
A wide variety of mechanical motions and actions may present hazards to the
worker. These can include the movement of rotating members, reciprocating
arms, moving belts, meshing gears, cutting teeth, and any parts that impact or
shear. These different types of hazardous mechanical motions and actions are
basic in varying combinations to nearly all machines, and recognizing them is the
first step toward protecting workers from the danger they present.
The basic types of hazardous mechanical motions and actions are:
Motions
• Rotating (including in-running nip points) – Rotating motion can be
dangerous; even smooth, slowly rotating shafts can grip clothing, and through
mere skin contact force an arm or hand into a dangerous position. Injuries
due to contact with rotating parts can be severe.

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Collars, couplings, cams, clutches, flywheels, shaft ends, spindles, meshing

gears, and horizontal or vertical shafting are some examples of common
rotating mechanisms which may be hazardous. The danger increases when
projections such as set screws, bolts, nicks, abrasions, and projecting keys or
set screws are exposed on rotating parts,
(Source: https://www.osha.gov/Publications/Mach_SafeGuard/gif/mach07.gif)
In-running nip point hazards are caused by the rotating parts on machinery.
There are three main types of in-running nips.
i. Parts can rotate in opposite directions while their axes are parallel to
each other. These parts may be in contact (producing a nip point) or in
close proximity. In the latter case the stock fed between the rolls
produces the nip points. This danger is common on machines with
intermeshing gears, rolling mills, and calenders.
(Source: https://www.osha.gov/Publications/Mach_SafeGuard/gif/mach02.gif)
ii. Nip points are also created between rotating and tangentially moving
parts. Some examples would be: the point of contact between a power
transmission belt and its pulley, a chain and a sprocket, and a rack and
pinion.
(Source:
https://www.osha.gov/Publications/Mach_
SafeGuard/gif/mach03.gif)

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iii. Nip points can occur between rotating and fixed parts which create a
shearing, crushing, or abrading action. Examples are: spoked
handwheels or flywheels, screw conveyors, or the periphery of an
abrasive wheel and an incorrectly adjusted work rest.
(Source:
https://www.osha.gov/Publications/Mach_S
afeGuard/gif/mach04.gif)
• Reciprocating – Reciprocating motions may be hazardous because, during

the back-and-forth or up-and-down motion, a worker may be struck by or
caught between a moving and a stationary part.
(Source:
• Transversing – Transverse motion (movement in a straight, continuous line)

creates a hazard because a worker may be struck or caught in a pinch or
shear point by the moving part.
(Source:

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Actions
• Cutting – Cutting action may involve rotating, reciprocating, or transverse
motion. The danger of cutting action exists at the point of operation where
finger, arm and body injuries can occur and where flying chips or scrap
material can strike the head, particularly in the area of the eyes or face. Such
hazards are present at the point of operation in cutting wood, metal, or other
materials. Examples of mechanisms involving cutting hazards include
bandsaws, circular saws, boring or drilling machines, turning machines
(lathes), or milling machines.
(Source:
• Punching – Punching action results when power is applied to a slide (ram)

for the purpose of blanking, drawing, or stamping metal or other materials.
The danger of this type of action occurs at the point of operation where stock
is inserted, held, and withdrawn by hand. Typical machines used for punching
operations are power presses and iron workers.
(Source:
• Shearing - Shearing action involves applying power to a slide or knife in

order to trim or shear metal or other materials. A hazard occurs at the point of
operation where stock is actually inserted, held, and withdrawn. Examples of
machines used for shearing operations are mechanically, hydraulically, or
pneumatically powered shears.
(Source:

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• Bending – Bending action results when power is applied to a slide in order to

draw or stamp metal or other materials. A hazard occurs at the point of
operation where stock is inserted, held, and withdrawn. Equipment that uses
bending action includes power presses, press brakes, and tubing benders.
(Source:
4. Electrical Safety – a program activity designed to eliminate or control hazards in

the operation & use of electricity.
a. Electricity can be defined as the flow of electrons along conductor. It is a
natural energy force and also a man-made energy force.
b. Electricity flows through such as metals, water, earth and the human body. It
needs complete or path to flow.
Hazards of Electricity
a. Electric Shock – occurs once the worker’s body becomes part of an
electrical circuit. Common causes of electrical injuries/accidents:
 Touching of live parts, Short circuit, Inadequate guarding
 Overloading and Breaking of connections
b. Burn
c. Fire
Electrical hazards in the workplace can be caused by failure to ensure a safe

deign and proper work procedures as well as improper servicing and
maintenance of electrical equipment.
5. Fire Safety – refers to precautions that are taken to prevent or reduce likelihood
of fire, to alert those in the structure to survive and to reduce the damage caused
by fire.
Fire is a chemical reaction between a flammable or combustible material and

oxygen. This process converts the flammable or combustible materials and
oxygen into energy. Other by-products of fire include light, smoke and other
gases. Many of these gases such as carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen
bromide, hydrogen cyanide, hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide,
etc. are toxic to humans.

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Fire Triangle
a. Fuel can be any combustible material
Flammable substance – is a substance having a flashpoint below 100 °F

(37.8 °C) and vapor pressure not exceeding 20 psia at 100 °F. Examples of
flammable substances with their flashpoint are shown below:
Flashpoint
Flammable substances °F °C
Gasoline -45 -42.8
Ether -49 -45
Acetone 0 -17.8
Alcohol 55 12.8
Combustible substance – is a substance having a flashpoint at or above 100

°F (37.8 °C).
Flashpoint
Combustible substances °F °C
Fuel Oil 100 37.8
Kerosene 100 37.8
Quenching Oil 365 185.0
Mineral Oil 380 193.3
Flashpoint - the lowest temperature at which fuel begins to give off flammable
vapors and form an ignitable mixture in air.
The lower the flashpoint, the more dangerous a substance is.
b. Oxygen in sufficient quantities, combine with the fuel for combustion to occur.
c. Heat energy necessary to raise the temperature of the fuel and the oxygen to
a point at which they will react together.

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Classification of Fire
a. Class A Fire – fire in ordinary combustible materials.
b. Class B Fire – fire in flammable liquid & gases.
c. Class C Fire – fire in “live” electrical equipment or of electrical origin
d. Class D Fire – fire in combustible metals
e. Class K Fire – fire in cooking oils & fats
Knowing the classification of fires is important for the speedy extinguishment and
safety of the fire fighters. Using the wrong extinguishing medium may cause the
fire to spread and endanger the fire fighters.
Methods of Heat Transfer

a. Conduction – transfer of heat through contact. The transfer of heat from
molecule to molecule. Thermal conductivity is important in terms of fire
spread. A steel girder passing through an otherwise fireproof wall may
cause fire spread by conducted heat.
b. Convection – movement of heated gases produced by any burning
material that always occur in upward direction
c. Radiation – transfer of heat in straight rays or through air.
(Source:
https://www.toppr.com/guides/physics/ther
mal-properties-of-matter/heat-transfer/)
The Burning Process (Stages of Fire Development)

a. Ignition or Incipient: Fuel, oxygen and heat join together in a sustained
chemical reaction. At this stage, a fire extinguisher can control the fire.
b. Growth: With the initial flame as a heat source, additional fuel ignites.
Convection and radiation ignite more surfaces. The size of the fire
increases and the plume reaches the ceiling. Hot gases collecting at the
ceiling transfer heat, allowing all fuels in a room to come closer to their
ignition temperature at the same time.
c. Fully developed: Fire has spread over much if not all the available fuel;
temperatures reach their peak, resulting in heat damage. Oxygen is
consumed rapidly.
d. Decay (Burnout): The fire consumes available fuel, temperatures
decrease, fire gets less intense.
(Source:
https://slideplayer.com/slide/12573188/7
5/images/21/Figure+4-
17+The+four+phases+of+fire..jpg)

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(Part 1-B: Hazard Identification – Health Hazards)
Objective:
1. Explain the principles of Industrial Hygiene; and
2. Identify health hazards in their workplace.
OSH Situation - Occupational Diseases (Global Data)
According to ILO, each year 2.78 million workers die from occupational accidents and of
which 2.4 million are disease-related. About 6,500 workers die from work-related
diseases.
Estimates suggest that circulatory system diseases (31 per cent), work-related
cancers (26 per cent) and respiratory diseases (17 per cent) contribute to almost
three-quarters of the total work-related mortality. Diseases are the cause of the great
majority of work-related deaths (2.4 million deaths or 86.3 per cent), in comparison
to fatal occupational accidents (which make up the remaining 13.7 per cent).
Together, these account for 5 to 7 per cent of deaths globally
(Source: https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---
safework/documents/publication/wcms_687610.pdf)

Page 22 of 180
OSH Situation - Occupational Diseases (Local Data)
In 2017, there was 101,851 cases of occupational disease occurred in establishments

employing 20 or more workers. This was a decrease from 125,973 reported cases in
2015.
Shown in figure 4 is the top 5 occupational diseases in establishments employing 20 or

more workers.
In terms of cases of occupational diseases, the industry with the highest share is
administrative and support activities accounted to 31.8 percent followed by
manufacturing industry with 28.9 percent and wholesale and retail trade: repair of
motorcycles with 9.6 percent.
Workplace Health Hazards
Industrial hygiene is “the science and art devoted to the recognition, evaluation and
control of environmental factors or stresses arising in or from the workplace, which may
cause sickness, impaired health and well-being, or significant discomfort and
inefficiency among workers or citizens of the community.”

Page 23 of 180
Occupational Health has been defined by the ILO and the WHO as the:
• Promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental & social
well-being of workers of all occupations
• Prevention among its workers of departures from health caused by their working
conditions
• Protection of workers in their employment from risks usually from factors adverse
to health
• Placing & maintenance of the worker in an occupational environment adapted to

his/her physiological ability
Occupational Health is a discipline aiming at the prevention of work injuries (both

occupational diseases and accidents) & in the improvement of the working conditions &
environment.
Classification of Occupational Health Hazards
The various environmental stresses or hazards, otherwise known as occupational

health hazards can be classified as chemical, physical, biological, or ergonomic.
1. Chemical Hazards – means substance in solid, liquid or gaseous forms known

to constitute poison, fire, explosion or health hazards. Occupational health
hazards arise from inhaling chemical agents in the form of vapors, gases, dusts,
fumes, and mists, or by skin contact with these materials. The degree of risk of
handling a given substance depends on the magnitude and duration of exposure.
a. Gases means normally aeroform fluid, which have neither shape nor
specific volume but tend to expand indefinitely and which can be changed
to the liquid or solid state by the effects of increased pressure or
decreased temperature. Examples are chlorine, hydrogen sulfide,
ammonia, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, phosgene and formaldehyde.
One of the examples of chemical hazards is ammonia. Ammonia is a

colorless gas with distinct odor and it has many uses. It is used in fertilizer
manufacturing industry and as refrigerant to ice plant or cold storage
industries. Workers in those industries have higher risk of exposure to
ammonia if there is a sudden gas leak or gas release.
b. Vapor means gaseous form of substances which are normally in the liquid
or solid state, and which can be changed to these states by increasing the
pressure or decreasing the temperature. Examples are the components of
organic solvents such as benzene, toluene, acetone, and xylene.

Page 24 of 180
Benzene is a chemical that is colorless or light yellow liquid at room

temperature. It has a sweet odor and is highly flammable. Benzene is
formed both natural processes and human activities. Workers in oil and
gas industry are highly exposed to benzene because benzene is a natural
part of crude oil and gasoline.
c. Mist means suspended liquid droplets generated by condensation from

the gaseous to the liquid state or by breaking up of a liquid into a
dispensed state, such as by atomizing, foaming or splashing. Examples:
nitric acid and sulfuric acid.
Aerosol spray of chemicals can form mist. Industry such as automotive

uses aerosol spray to perform painting works resulting to workers exposed
to chemical hazard in form of mist.
d. Dust means solid particles capable of being blown about or suspended in

the air generated by handling, crushing, cutting, drilling, grinding, rapid
impact, spraying, detonations, or disintegration of inorganic or organic
materials and are of a composition similar to the substance or substances
from which derived. Examples are metal dusts and asbestos.
Asbestos is used in a wide range of manufactured products. Commonly

uses of asbestos are in industrial furnaces and heating systems because
of its heat-resistant and insulating properties. Repair, renovation or
removal activities of industrial furnaces may break the asbestos to
become dust particles having workers be exposed to hazard. To prevent
such exposure DOLE issued DO 154 series of 2016 Safety and Health
Standards on the Use and Management of Asbestos in the Workplace.
e. Fume means suspended solid particles, which are generated by

condensation from gaseous state, generally after volatilisations from
molten metals. Examples are oxides generated from molten metal such as
cadmium oxide, beryllium oxide, etc.
Welding works is an activity that produces fume in which exposing the

welders and those in the vicinity to chemical hazard.
2. Physical Hazards. Problems relating to such things as extremes of temperature,

vibration, radiation, abnormal air pressure, illumination, noise, and vibration are
physical stresses. It is important that the employer, supervisor, and those
responsible for safety and health are on guard to these hazards due to the
possible immediate or cumulative effects on the health of the employees.
a. Extreme temperature. Extreme temperatures (extreme heat and extreme

cold) affect the amount of work that people can do and the manner in

Page 25 of 180
which they do it. In industry, the problem is more often high temperatures
rather than low temperatures.
Example of industry with low temperature is food industry, ice plant and
cold storage. For industry with high temperature is metal manufacturing
industry and glass manufacturing industry. Workers assigned to machine
which produces extreme temperature have a risk of being hurt.
b. Radiation. Electromagnetic waves are produced by the motion of

electrically charged particles. These waves are also called
“electromagnetic radiation” because they radiate from the electrically
charged particles. They travel through empty space as well as through air
and can penetrate some other substances. Radio waves, microwaves,
visible light and X-rays are all examples of electromagnetic waves.
Types of Radiation or Electromagnetic Spectrum

1) NON-IONIZING RADIATION
2) IONIZING RADIATION.
Types of Non-Ionizing Radiation

1) Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation
2) Infrared (IR) Radiation
3) Laser Radiation
4) Microwave Radiation
Occupational Exposure to Radiation is present to Health Care Industry

(i.e. X-ray). It is also present in
c. Extreme pressure. Hyperbaric (greater than normal pressures)

environments are also encountered by divers operating under water,
whether by holding the breath while diving, breathing from a self-contained
underwater breathing apparatus (SCUBA), or by breathing gas mixtures
supplied by compression from the surface.
Mining industry is one of the industries which risk workers encountering

extreme pressure. Another example is deep sea fishing industry.
d. Inadequate illumination. The measure of the stream of light falling on a

surface is known as illumination. The key aspects of illumination include
lux, luminance, reflectance, glare and sources of lighting.
Key aspects of illumination:

1) Lux - unit of measurement.
2) Luminance - measure of light coming from a source
3) Reflectance - ability of a surface to return light.

Page 26 of 180
4) Glare is caused by bright light sources which can be seen by

looking in the range from straight-ahead to 450 above the
horizontal. There are two types of glare: direct and reflected.
o Direct Glare is produced when light is positioned at the surface.
It can be prevented by correct installation of lighting fittings,
installing louvers below the light source, enclosing the lamps in
bowl reflectors, and opaque or prismatic shades.
o Reflected Glare is produced when light is reflected off a shiny
surface. It may be addressed by providing indirect lighting.
Sources of light
There are two sources of light:
1) Daylight, also called natural light depends on the availability at the
location and weather condition.
2) Electric Light can come from:
o Incandescent lamps or bulbs
o Fluorescent lamps or tubes
o High intensity discharge or mercury
Types of Lighting
Illumination can also be viewed in terms of:
1) General lighting illuminating the entire premises
2) Local lighting directing light on a particular object that you are
working with.
Factors in determining the quantity of light:

1) Nature of work - more light will be required if one is working with
small objects.
2) Environment - the ability of the surrounding surfaces to reflect light.
3) Eyesight of the workers - the ability of the eye to adjust rapidly to
different distances declines as people grow older.
Workers during night and inside confined spaces have risk of exposure to
inadequate illumination. And also present in mining activity.
e. Vibration. A body is said to vibrate when it is in an oscillating motion about

a reference point. The number of times a complete motion cycle takes
place during the period of one second is called the frequency and is
measured in hertz (Hz). Vibration usually refers to the inaudible acoustic
phenomena, which are recognized by through touch and feeling. It is a
vector quantity described by both a magnitude and direction.
Portable meters are available for vibration measurements. These usually

provide readouts that must be compared to the appropriate standards.
Example of occupation exposure is use of tools and equipment producing

vibration such as jackhammer.

Page 27 of 180
f. Noise or unwanted sound is a form of energy conducted through solids,

liquids, or gases. The level of noise in an industrial operation can
constitute a physical hazard to the exposed workers. The extent of the
hazard depends not only on the overall noise level but also on the time
period and frequency and type of noise to which the worker is exposed.
Types of noise
1) Continuous noise is a steady state noise with negligible level
fluctuations during the period of observation.
2) Intermittent noise levels shift significantly during observation.
3) Impact noise consists of one or more bursts of sound energy, each
lasting less than one second.
(Source: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378595516302866)
Factors that can influence noise exposure

A number of factors can influence the effects of the noise exposure. These
include:
1) variation in individual susceptibility
2) the total energy of the sound
3) the frequency distribution of the sound
4) other characteristics of the noise exposure, such as whether it is
continuous, intermittent, or made up of a series of impacts
5) the total daily duration of exposure
Example of occupational exposure is signalman in aviation industry to

provide traffic assistance.
3. Biological Hazards. Biological hazards are any virus, bacteria, fungus, parasite,
or living organism that can cause a disease in human beings. They can be a part
of the total environment or associated with certain occupations such as medical
professions, food preparation and handling, livestock raising, etc.
Diseases transmitted from animals to humans are commonly infectious and

parasitic which can also result from exposure to contaminated water, insects, or
infected people.

Page 28 of 180
Biological hazards will be discussed further during the occupational health

portion of this workshop.
Example of Occupational Exposure of biological hazards is hospital works.
4. Ergonomic Hazards. “Ergonomics” literally means the customs, habits, and laws
of work. According to the International Labor Organization it is
“… The application of human biological science in conjunction with the

engineering sciences to achieve the optimum mutual adjustment of man [sic] and
his [sic] work, the benefits being measured in terms of human efficiency and well-
being.”
The ergonomics approach goes beyond productivity, health, and safety. It

includes consideration of the total physiological and psychological demands of
the job upon the worker. It deals with the interaction between humans and
traditional environmental elements as atmospheric contaminants, heat, light,
sound, and all tools and equipment used in the workplace.
The human body can endure considerable discomfort and stress and can
perform many awkward and unnatural movements for a limited period of time.
However, when awkward conditions or motions are continued for prolonged
periods, the physiological limitations of the worker can be exceeded. To ensure a
continued high level of performance, work systems must be tailored to human
capacities and limitations.
Examples of ergonomic hazards are:

• Poor workplace design – cramped leg area, crowded worktable, distant
work materials
• Awkward body postures – prolonged sitting, twisted body while bending
• Repetitive movements – sewing, cutting, stamping
• Static posture – prolonged standing without motion
• Forceful motion – extreme pulling and pushing
• Manual handling – improper carrying of materials, use of pliers.
• In a broad sense, the benefits that can be expected from designing work
systems to minimize ergonomic stress on workers are as follows:
• more efficient operation;
• fewer accidents;
• lower cost of operation;
• reduced training time; and
• more effective use of personnel.
Example of occupational exposure is hauler or workers performing movement of

materials.

Page 29 of 180
Health Hazards Identification
1. Walk-through/ocular inspection – this is necessary in identifying the potential

hazards and determining the critical conditions in the workplace. It will be good to
make a checklist for inspection.
2. Review of the process involved – The identity of the chemical intermediates

formed in the course of an industrial process and the toxicological properties of
these intermediates may be difficult to establish. Undesirable chemical by-
products such as carbon monoxide resulting from the incomplete combustion of
organic material may be formed.
3. Knowing the raw materials, by-products and finished products – Knowing

about the raw materials used and the nature of the products manufactured will
help you determine the specific contaminants to which workers are actually
exposed. Possible impurities in raw materials such as benzene in some solvents
should be considered.
4. Gathering workers’ complaints – the actual chemicals or substances handled

may be determined by interviewing the workers. More so, their complaints can
also be gathered and assessed in the clinic record.
5. Safety Data Sheet (SDS) is a summary of important health, safety and

toxicological information on the chemical or the mixture ingredients. It should
contain:
a. identification
b. hazard(s) identification
c. composition/information on ingredients
d. first-aid measures
e. fire-fighting measures
f. accidental release measures
g. handling and storage
h. exposure control/personal protection
i. physical and chemical properties
j. stability and reactivity
k. toxicological information
l. ecological information
m. disposal considerations
n. transport information
o. regulatory information
p. other information
The SDS should conform to the Globally Harmonized System (GHS) of

classification and labelling of chemicals.

Page 30 of 180
The GHS is an international standard for classifying chemicals and

communicating its hazards. It is a basis for establishing a comprehensive
national chemical safety program, and a comprehensive approach to defining
and classifying hazards and communicating information on labels and safety data
sheets.
The GHS was developed in Agenda 21 of the United Nations Conference on

Environment and Development (UNCED) held in Brazil in 1992.
Benefits of GHS – All countries, international organizations, chemical producers,

and users of chemicals will benefit from the GHS as it will:
• enhance the protection of humans and environment
• facilitate international trade in chemicals
• reduce the need for testing and evaluation of chemicals
• assist countries and international organizations to ensure the sound
management of chemicals
DO No. 136-14: Guidelines for the Implementation of GHS
1. Legal Authority
a. Pursuant to the provisions of Article 162 an 165 of the Labor Code of the
Philippines;
b. Joint Administrative Order (JAO) No 1. Series of 2009 on the Adoption
and Implementation of GHS
c. Serves as Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) to implement the
provisions of GHS in the industrial workplace sector;
d. Amends the chemical labelling provisions in Rule 1090 of the OSHS;
e. Issued by DOLE with tripartite partners
2. Coverage: All workplaces engaged in the manufacture, use, storage of industrial

chemicals, in the private sector, including their supply chain.
3. Objectives
a. To protect the workers and properties from the hazards of chemicals
b. To prevent and reduce the incident of chemically induced accidents,
illnesses and death resulting in the misuse of chemicals
4. Elements of GHS
a. Hazard Classification Criteria has three major hazard groups namely
physical, health and environmental hazards. Based on the three
classifications of hazards, the following compose the GHS criteria:
• Physical hazards – explosives, flammable gases/aerosols,
oxidizing gases, corrosive to metal, substances and mixtures
which, in contact with water, emit flammable gases, and others.

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•
Health hazards – acute toxicity, skin corrosion/ irritation, serious
eye damage/eye irritation, respiratory or skin sensitization,
carcinogenicity, reproductive toxicity, aspiration hazards, and
others.
• Environmental hazards – hazardous to aquatic environment,
hazardous to the ozone layer, and others.
b. Hazard Communication – composed of SDS and Labels. GHS Labels
must include specific:
• Signal words – warning or danger
• Hazard statements – flammable liquids, fatal if swallowed
• Symbols/pictograms
(Source: https://www.general-data.com/about/blog/ghs-compliant-labels-what-are-essential-components)

Page 32 of 180
WORKSHOP 1: HAZARD IDENTIFICATION

Objective:
Upon completion of the workshop, participants will be able to effectively identify specific
safety and health hazards.
Workshop 1 Template:
1. Hazard Identification
No. Work Activity Hazard
Safety Hazards
1.
2.
3.
1
Health Hazards
1.
2.
3.
Safety Hazards
1.
2.
3.
2
Health Hazards
1.
2.
3.
Safety Hazards
1.
2.
3.
3
Health Hazards
1.
2.
3.
4
5
6

Page 33 of 180

(Part 2-A: Workplace Environment Measurement)
Objectives:
1. Discuss Work Environment Measurement (WEM) and its importance in
evaluating the hazards in the workplace and monitoring exposure of workers;
2. Comply with industrial hygiene – related OSHS provisions and other issuances,
laws and guidelines; and
3. Explain the Threshold Limit Values (TLV) and its importance in evaluating
workers’ exposure.
Work Environment Measurement (WEM) refers to the sampling and analysis carried
out in respect of the atmospheric working environment and other fundamental elements
of working environment for the purpose of determining actual conditions wherein (Rule
1077.0, OSHS)
WEM is conducted for the following purposes:

• determine magnitude of harmful environmental agents.
• physically check the environment through measurement.
• predict harmfulness of new facilities, raw materials, production processes and
working methods.
• monitor worker’s exposure to harmful substances.
• evaluate the effectiveness of environmental control measures adopted to
improve the workplace.
• maintain favorable environment conditions.
WEM is a requirement for all operations. Under Rule 1077.03 (3) which is in Rule 1070:
Occupational Health and Environmental Control of Occupational Safety and Health
Standards (OSHS), the WEM shall be performed periodically or at least once a year.
Employers shall exert effort to maintain, control and carry out WEM to their workplace. It
can be performed by:
• WEM Providers accredited by OSHC (DO 160-16 Guidelines on the Accreditation
of Consulting Organizations to Provide WEM Services)
• Occupational Safety and Health Center (OSHC)
There are several types of environmental monitoring. They are:
1. Personal Monitoring – the measurement of a particular employee’s exposure to

airborne contaminants. The measuring device is placed as close as possible to
the contaminant’s entry port to the body. For example, when monitoring a toxic
air contaminant, the measuring device is placed close to the worker’s breathing
zone. The data collected closely approximates the concentration of contaminants
to which the worker is exposed to.

Page 34 of 180
2. Area/Environmental Sampling – Environmental sampling is the measurement

of contaminant concentration in the workroom. The measuring device is placed
adjacent to the worker’s normal workstation or at fixed locations in the work area.
This kind of monitoring does not provide a good estimate of worker’s exposure
but helps to pinpoint work areas with high or low exposure levels of
contaminants.
Instruments used to measure the different hazards
• Lux Meter - illumination
• Psychrometer - humidity
• Anemometer - air movement
• Smoke Tester - air direction
• Globe Thermometer - heat
• Sound Level Meter - noise
3. Biological Monitoring – involves the measurement of changes in the

composition of body fluids, tissue or expired air to determine absorption of a
potentially hazardous material. Examples are measurement of lead and mercury
in blood or in urine.
The collected samples from the WEM are analyzed in the laboratory. Some of the
analytical instruments used are as follows: UV-VIS Spectrophotometer for analyzing
acids, AAS for heavy metals, Gas Chromatograph for organic solvents, and X-ray
Diffractometer, Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) Spectrocopy, and Phase Contrast
Microscope (PCM) for quantitative and qualitative analysis of asbestos and silica.
Analytical Equipment Sample

Gas Chromatograph Solvents
High Performance Liquid Inorganic chemicals
Chromatograph
Atomic Absorption Metals
Spectrophotometer
Phase Contrast Microscope Asbestos fibers / quantitative
(PCM)/ Fourier Transform (fiber count) and qualitative
Infra-red Spectrocopy (FTIR) analysis.
X-ray Diffractometer Mineral dust
UV-Vis Spectrophotometer Acids and Other Chemicals
Results of WEM are evaluated or compared with the local and international
standards. Among the standards being used as references are the Threshold Limit
Value (TLV) of the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienist (ACGIH)
and PEL (Permissible Exposure Limit) of Occupational Safety and Health Administration
of the United States of America. The Occupational Safety and Health Standards
(OSHS) of the Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE) adopted most of the TLVs
of the ACGIH.

Page 35 of 180
Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) are exposure guidelines that have been established for
airborne concentration of many chemical compounds. Concentrations of hazards that
exceed the TLVs can cause adverse effects to humans. There are three categories of
TLVs:
1. Time-Wighted Average (TLV-TWA) is the time-weighted average concentration

for a normal 8-hour workday or 40-hour workweek to which nearly all workers
may be repeatedly exposed, day after day, without adverse health effects
Computation for Time Weighted Average:

C1T1 + C2T2 + …… + CnTn
TWA Concentration = ——————————————————
T2 + T2 + …… + Tn
Where C1…..Cn = Different mass concentration obtained at different

sampling time
T1…..Tn = Sampling Time
Example: Exposure Level to Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) Gas
H2S Concentration (ppm) Sampling Time

5 2 hours
15 4 hours
2 1 hour
5 1 hour
(5 ppm x 2 hrs) + (15 ppm x 4 hrs) + (2 ppm x 1 hr) + (5 ppm x 1 hr)

TWA Concentration = ————————————————————————
(2 hrs + 4 hrs + 1 hr + 1 hr)
TWA Concentration of H2S = 9.625 ppm
TLV for H2S is 10 ppm. So, the exposure is below TLV
2. Short-Term Exposure Limit (TLV-STEL) is the maximum concentration to

which workers can be exposed continuously for 15 minutes without suffering from
any of the following:
a. Irritation
b. Chronic or irreversible tissue damage
c. Narcosis of sufficient degree to increase the likelihood of accidental injury,
impair self-rescue or materially reduce work efficiency
3. Ceiling (TLV-C) is the concentration that should not to be exceeded during any
part of the working exposure; otherwise, the exposed workers might be
vulnerable to serious risks.

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TLV Tables:
Table 8b: Permissible Noise Exposure of the OSHS

Duration per Sound Level,
day, hours dBA
8 90
6 92
4 95
3 97
2 100
1–½ 102
1 105
½ 110
1/4 115
Ceiling value: No exposure in excess of 115 dBA is allowed.
Selected Illumination Levels
Table 8c: Illumination Levels of the OSHS

ILLUMINATION LEVELS
Area of Exposure Minimum Lighting Level
and Task (Lux)
Cutting cloth 2000 and above (200 foot
Sewing cloth candles)
Finish inspection
Fine assembly
Color grading
Fine machining
Inspection and assembly 1000 (100 foot candles)
Clay enameling and glazing
Electric motor insulating
Coil winding and testing
Chipping
Grinding
Fine core making
Machine shop bench work
Transcribing handwriting
Indexing references
Accounting
Pattern making
Drafting
For TLVs of other environmental hazards and stresses may be found in the
Philippine Occupational Safety and Health Standards (OSHS) and in the ACGIH,
OSHA, and NIOSH web sites.

Page 37 of 180
Heat Stress Guidelines
Heat stress is the net load to which a worker is exposed. Physical exertion,
environmental factors, and clothing worn all contribute to heat stress. Heat strain is the
body’s physiological response to heat stress.
Heat-Related Illness
a. Heat Stroke
b. Heat Exhaustion
c. Heat Cramps
d. Heat Syncope
e. Heat Rash
f. Rhabdomyolysis
Screening Criteria for ACGIH TLV and Action Limit (AL) for Heat Stress Exposure
ACGIH’s Screening Criteria for TLV and Action Limit for Heat Stress tables are an initial
screening tool to evaluate whether a heat stress situation may exist based on Wet Bulb
Globe Temperature (WBGT), workload and work/rest regimen. These tables are more
conservative than the TLV or AL and are not intended to prescribe work and recovery
periods. This screening tool is used to help apply ACGIH’s flowchart on evaluating heat
stress and strain.
• Threshold Limit Values (TLV) or Acclimatized

Workload
Allocation of Work in a
Very
Work/Rest Cycle Light Moderate Heavy
Heavy
75 to 100% 31°C 28°C --- ---
50 to 75% 31°C 29°C 27.5°C ---
25 to 50% 32°C 30°C 29°C 28°C
0 to 25% 32.5°C 31.5°C 30.5°C 30°C
TLVs assume that workers exposed to these conditions are adequately hydrated,
are not taking medication, are wearing lightweight clothing, and are in generally
good health.
• Action Limits (AL) or Unacclimatized

Workload
Allocation of Work in a
Very
Work/Rest Cycle Light Moderate Heavy
Heavy
75 to 100% 28°C 25°C --- ---
50 to 75% 28.5°C 26°C 24°C ---
25 to 50% 29.5°C 27°C 25.5°C 24.5°C
0 to 25% 30°C 29°C 28°C 27°C

Page 38 of 180
Examples of Workload
• Rest - sitting (quietly or with moderate arm movements)

• Light work - sitting or standing to control machines; performing light hand or arm
work (e.g. using a table saw); occasional walking; driving
• Moderate work - walking about with moderate lifting and pushing or pulling;
walking at moderate pace; e.g. scrubbing in a standing position
• Heavy work - pick and shovel work, digging, carrying, pushing/pulling heavy
loads; walking at fast pace; e.g. carpenter sawing by hand
• Very Heavy - very intense activity at fast to maximum pace; e.g. shovelling wet
sand
References for Heat Stress Guidelines:
• https://www.osha.gov/dts/osta/otm/otm_iii/otm_iii_4.html#screening
• https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/phys_agents/heat_control.html
Difference between STANDARD and GUIDELINES
A standard is a regulatory requirement established to serve as criteria for measuring

compliance while guidelines are statement by which to determine a course of action.
Action Level
A key concept in industrial hygiene is the idea of an action level. The general idea of an
action level is that if employee exposure levels of a harmful chemical (or something else
that can cause harm at work, such as noise) reach the action level, the employer must
take some action to mitigate the risk of that exposure. This means that if the exposure
reaches the action level, the employer has to take action and implement exposure
control measures to reduce the exposure potential. This requires medical surveillance,
increased industrial hygiene monitoring, or biological monitoring.
Selected Chemical Agents - Action Levels for TLV for Chemical is 50% of its TLV.
Chemical TLV, Philippines (DOLE) PEL, U.S.A (OSHA)

Ammonia 50 ppm (TWA) 50 ppm (TWA)
Asbestos (all forms) 0.1 f/cc (TWA) 0.1 f/cc (TWA)
Benzene 25 ppm (Ceiling) 1.0 ppm (TWA)
Carbon Monoxide 50 ppm (TWA) 50 ppm (TWA)
Hydrogen Sulfide 10 ppm (TWA) 20 ppm (Ceiling)
Lead (inorganic) 0.15 mg./m3 (TWA) 0.05 mg/m3 (TWA)
Mercury (all forms) 0.05 mg/m3 (TWA) 1.0 mg/m3 (TWA)
Note that other references or guidelines may be used for health hazards that are not
specified in the OSHS.

Page 39 of 180

(Part 2-B: Medical Surveillance and Biological
Monitoring)
Objectives:
1. Discuss medical surveillance and biological monitoring as strategies in examining
health conditions of workers.
2. Explain the role of these strategies in preventing occupational illnesses.
3. Describe the different steps in conducting medical surveillance.
Biological monitoring is defined as “the measurement and assessment of agents or

their metabolites either in tissues, secreta, excreta, expired air or any combination of
these to evaluate exposure and health risk compared to an appropriate reference”.
Monitoring is a repetitive, regular and preventive activity designed to lead, if necessary,
to corrective actions; it should not be confused with diagnostic procedures.
Biological monitoring is one of the three important tools in the prevention of diseases
due to toxic agents in the general or occupational environment, the other two being
environmental monitoring and health surveillance.
The sequence in the possible development of such disease may be schematically

represented as follows: source-exposed chemical agent—internal dose—biochemical or
cellular effect (reversible) —health effects—disease. The relationships among
environmental, biological, and exposure monitoring, and health surveillance, are shown
in figure 1.
Figure 1: The relationship between environmental, biological and exposure monitoring, and health surveillance
(Source: https://www.iloencyclopaedia.org/contents/part-iv-66769/biological-monitoring-65407)
When a toxic substance (an industrial chemical, for example) is present in the
environment, it contaminates air, water, food, or surfaces in contact with the skin; the
amount of toxic agent in these media is evaluated via environmental monitoring.

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As a result of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion, a certain internal dose

of the toxic agent (the net amount of a pollutant absorbed in or passed through the
organism over a specific time interval) is effectively delivered to the body, and becomes
detectable in body fluids. As a result of its interaction with a receptor in the critical organ
(the organ which, under specific conditions of exposure, exhibits the first or the most
important adverse effect), biochemical and cellular events occur. Both the internal dose
and the elicited biochemical and cellular effects may be measured through biological
monitoring.
Health surveillance is defined as “the periodic medico-physiological examination of

exposed workers with the objective of protecting health and preventing disease”.
Biological monitoring and health surveillance are parts of a continuum that can range
from the measurement of agents or their metabolites in the body via evaluation of
biochemical and cellular effects, to the detection of signs of early reversible impairment
of the critical organ. The detection of established disease is outside the scope of these
evaluations.
Biological monitoring can be divided into (a) monitoring of exposure, and (b) monitoring
of effect, for which indicators of internal dose and of effect are used respectively.
The purpose of biological monitoring of exposure is to assess health risk through the
evaluation of internal dose, achieving an estimate of the biologically active body burden
of the chemical in question. Its rationale is to ensure that worker exposure does not
reach levels capable of eliciting adverse effects. An effect is termed “adverse” if there is
an impairment of functional capacity, a decreased ability to compensate for additional
stress, a decreased ability to maintain homeostasis (a stable state of equilibrium), or an
enhanced susceptibility to other environmental influences.
Factors Affecting Human Susceptibility
1. Age is an important factor. Build-up of toxic substances in normal adult can be

easily neutralized in most cases but on other hand elderly or young individuals
mostly have poor metabolic processes. This may allow build-up of toxic
substances
2. Sex/Gender is also important. Some hazardous agent may have an effect to
male individuals and not to female individuals or vice versa.
3. General Health of an individual should also be considered. Those with history of
pre-existing conditions like allergies will find it difficult to work in an environment
where their allergy may trigger.
4. Genetic Variability of an individual wherein a health condition (similarities or
differences) was taken from their parents or ancestor.
5. Anatomic Variability is the condition of human body itself.
6. Nutrition. Lifestyle factors such as smoking, alcohol consumption, unhealthy
diet, drug abuse, physical inactivity and others that can alter an individual’s

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natural defense mechanisms and increase the change of developing ill-effects.

For example, if an individual is exposed to asbestos fibers and also smoking that
individual has higher risk of getting lung cancer.
7. Exposure. The risk or likelihood that an individual may be harmed will depend on
the conditions of exposure.
For example:
a. Duration of exposure. The longer the exposure, the higher chance that
harm may occur.
b. Level of Exposure. As concentration or amount of hazard is increased so
is the likelihood of harm occur.
Under Rule 1960: Occupational Health Services of Occupational Safety & Health
Standards (OSHS), there are five (5) medical surveillance or health examination:
1. Entrance – Pre-employment/Pre-placement Physical Examination shall be

conducted to determine the physical condition of the prospective employee at the
time of hiring
2. Periodic – Periodic Annual Medical Examinations shall be conducted in order to
follow-up previous findings, to allow early detection of occupational and non-
occupational diseases, and determine the effects of exposure of employees to
health hazards.
3. Special Examination – may be required where there is undue exposure to
health hazards, such as lead, mercury, hydrogen sulfide, sulphur dioxide, nitro
glycol and other similar substances.
4. Transfer Examination – applicants examined for employment and accepted for
specific work or job shall not be transferred to another work or job until they have
examined by the physician and certified that the transfer is medically advisable.
5. Separation Examination – employee leaving the company shall be examined by
the OH physician to determine if the employee is suffering from any occupational
disease, determine whether the employee is suffering from any injury or illness
which has not completely healed; and to determine whether the employee has
sustained an injury
All examinations shall be complete and thorough, free of charge to the workers and
include x-ray or special laboratory examination when necessary due to the peculiar
nature of the employment.
Purposes of Medical Surveillance are prevention of illnesses which is also the aim of
occupational health, and early detection of work-related health problems and
determining its cause.
Steps in Conducting Medical Surveillance
1. Hazard Identification. Assess and identify the exposures to health hazards or

harmful substances.

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2. Identification of Health Effects of health hazards or harm substances.
3. Monitoring and Screening. Identify the degree of exposure.
4. Reading of Result of Monitoring and Screening.
5. Providing Control Measure (if found with adverse condition).
6. Documentation or Records Keeping
Proper documentation is needed. This will help the company address future
issued and concern. And also, company can comply with reportorial requirement
which is Annual Medical Report (AMR)
7. Review
Every year company shall review their OSH program to check if it is effective or
needs revision.
Special Considerations:
a. Confined Space is an enclosed or a partially enclosed space. It has restricted

entrance and exit (by location, size, and means) thus, the natural airflow is
limited. This can cause accumulation of “dead” or “bad” air” and airborne
contaminants. Confined spaces are not designed, and intended for human
occupancy.
Examples of confined space:

Storage tanks, sewers, boilers, manholes, tunnels, pipelines, trenches, pits, silos,
vats, utility vaults, culverts.
Hazards of confined space:

• Oxygen deficiency – air is considered oxygen deficient when the oxygen
content is less than 19.5% by volume. Oxygen level in a confined space
can decrease due to consumption or displacement by inert gases such as
carbon dioxide or nitrogen. Work processes such as welding, cutting or
brazing, and certain chemical reactions such as rusting and bacterial
reaction (fermentation) can also reduce oxygen concentration.
• Flammable/explosive atmosphere – may result from:
o Oxygen enriched atmosphere exists where oxygen in the air is greater

than 21%. An oxygen enriched atmosphere will cause flammable
materials such as clothing and hair to burn violently when ignited.
o Flammable gas, vapor, or dust in proper proportion.

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• Toxic atmospheres are those which contain toxic substances in

concentrations that exceed the Threshold limit Value (TLV), as specified in
the Occupational Safety and Health Standards or the Safety Data Sheet of
the substance used at work.
Toxic substances in the atmosphere may come from the following:

o Products stored in the confined space
o Work being performed in a confined space
o Areas adjacent to the confined space
• Mechanical and physical hazards

o Rotating or moving mechanical parts or energy sources can create
hazards within a confined space
o Physical factors such as extreme temperatures, noise, vibration and
fatigue
o Loose materials such as fine coal, sawdust or grains can engulf or
suffocate the workers
b. Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) refers to the quality of the air inside buildings as based
on the concentration of pollutants & thermal (temperature & relative humidity)
conditions that affect the health, comfort and performance of occupants.
Sources of IAQ problems:

• Ventilation system deficiencies, Overcrowding
• Tobacco smoke, Microbiological contamination
• Outside air pollutants
• Off gassing from materials in the office, furniture and mechanical
equipment.
• Poor housekeeping
Indoor air pollutants:

• Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
• Formaldehyde
• Carbon Dioxide, Carbon Monoxide
• Nitrogen Oxides, Sulfur Dioxide
• Ammonia , Hydrogen Sulfide
• Dust
Other factors affecting occupants:

• Comfort problems due to improper temperature and relative humidity
conditions
• Poor lighting, Unacceptable noise levels
• Adverse ergonomic conditions and

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• Job-related psycho-social stressors.
Most Common Adverse Health Effect of Health Hazards
Chemical Hazard – chemicals are used by workers in every workplace. These

chemicals can potentially harm them by entering the body through several routes such
as inhalation, absorption, injection and ingestion. Once the substances enter the body, it
can cause variety of harmful effects such as irritation of skin, eyes or upper respiratory
tract. The effects may be seen immediately (acute) or may show up months or years
after the exposure (chronic). The effect will depend on the type of the chemical, the
route of entry, and the degree of exposure.
Organ Specific Diseases that may arise from chemical exposures in the workplace:
Causative Agents Industry Target Organ Disease

Battery, Chemical
Mercury, Lead Chronic renal failure
Industries
Cadmium Battery Renal stones
Battery, Chemical Nephrotic
Mercury
Industries Syndrome
Solvents, Chemical
Chloroform Acute renal failure
Industries Kidney
Solvents, Chemical
Carbon tetrachloride Chronic renal failure
Industries
Solvents, Cosmetics
Ethylene glycol Chronic renal failure
Industries
Solvents, Pesticide
Carbon disulfide Chronic renal failure
Industries
Mining,
Sandblasting, Coal
Pneumoconiosis,
Inorganic dust Mining
Silicosis, Asbestosis
Construction
Respiratory system
Industry
Hemp, flax Textile Industries Byssinosis
Farmer's lung,
Bagasse Agriculture
Bagassosis
Allergic Contact
Plastics epoxies Plastic, Varnish
Dermatitis
Sodium Hydroxide, Chemical Industry, Irritant/ Contact
Immune system;
Acids laundry business Dermatitis
skin
Construction,
Burns. Irritation,
Cement Cement
Contact Dermatitis
manufacturing

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Causative Agents Industry Target Organ Disease

Chemical process,
Irritation,
Solvents, Ammonia, Plastics, Pulp and
Inflammation,
Formaldehyde Paper production, Immune system;
Edema
Laboratory lungs
Diisocyanates in Platinum jeyoulers,
Asthma
varnish Electroplating
Pigments, Plating
Nickel, Arsenic Industries
Lungs Cancer
Chromium Metal refining
industries
Machine-tool
Cutting oils, Grease Acne
operators
Chlorinated
Chemical processes Chloracne
hydrocarbons Skin
Arsenic, Tar Petroleum refinery Skin Cancer
Polycyclic
Asphalt workers Skin Cancer
Hydrocarbons
Battery
Lead manufacturing, Anemia
Lead Smelting
Solvent, Soap Blood
Benzene Aplastic anemia
manufacturing
Destruction of red
Arsine gas Chemical industries
blood cells
Cleaning fluids, Dry
Carbon tetrachloride Acute liver toxicity
cleaners
Smelting,
Arsenic Chlorinated
Insecticides Cirrhosis
hydrocarbons
Chemical Industries
Liver
Rubber, synthetic Acute obstructive
Epoxy resins
fabrics hepatitis
Plastics, Vinyl
Vinyl chloride chloride monomer Liver Cancer
manufacturing
Battery Recycling,
Lead Hypertension
Manufacturing
Degreasing, Dry
Carbon disulfide Atherosclerosis
Cleaning Cardio-vascular
Fluorocarbons Refrigeration, system
Arrhythmias
Trichloroethylene solvent workers
Angina, Myocardial
Nitrates Explosives
Infarction
Some chemicals affect numerous organ systems. Generally, the higher the exposure
and the absorbed dose, the worse are the adverse effects.

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Physical Hazard
• Noise – the louder the noise, the more likely noise-induced illnesses will occur.
This noise-induced illness is called Hearing Impairment.
Arm’s Length Rule – “If two (2) people with no hearing impairment have to raise
their voice or shout to be heard in a distance of less than arm’s length from each
other, the sound level is potentially hazardous.”
Shown below is the Table 8b: Permissible Noise Exposure of the OSHS
(Philippine Standard)
Duration per day, Sound Level,

hours dBA
8 90
6 92
4 95
3 97
2 100
1–½ 102
1 105
½ 110
1/4 115
Ceiling value: No exposure in excess of 115 dBA is allowed.
Hearing damage may be acute or immediate after exposure to very loud sounds
such as blasts, or chronic which would be secondary to long-term exposure to
hazardous noise levels.
• Extremes of Temperature: Heat and Cold
o Heat – individuals working on extremely high temperature area condition

are at higher risk of getting heat disorders. These disorders occur more
frequently to activity involved with furnaces, boilers, kilns and smelting.
Heat disorders may manifest as skin lesions termed as miliaria rubra, heat
cramps, heat exhaustion and heat stroke.
o Cold – individuals working on extremely low temperature area condition re

at higher risk of getting frostbite in the extremities or the entire body
causing general hypothermia. These effects mostly occur in Ice Plant
Company and in the food industry where they use freezers for their
products.

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• Radiation
o Ionizing Radiation – is capable of producing ion pars by interaction with

matter. Alpha & beta particles, neutrons, x-ray and gamma rays are
examples of ionizing radiation. Excessive exposure to ionizing radiation
may case cell death, genetic mutation or change in cell reproduction.
Injury for ionizing radiation may occur as a somatic effect (those that are
seen in the individual that receives the agent) that occurs immediately
after irradiation or after several months or years. Effects may also be
heritable, affecting the progeny or children of those with exposure during
pregnancy. It may also affect different organ systems in the body from skin
reddening or even death.
o Non-Ionizing Radiation – don’t have enough energy to cause ionization of

matter. Examples are Ultraviolet (UV) rays (i.e. sunlight and welding is
another source of UV), Infrared (IR), Lasers, Microwaves (MW), Radio
frequencies (RF), Extremely Low Frequency and Static Fields. Exposure
to Non-Ionizing Radiation may affect the body’s organ systems. The usual
target is the skin and cornea of the eye and effects may be skin redness,
premature skin ageing and skin cancer. Eye injuries may manifest as
cataract, retinal injury and a type of conjunctivitis known as welder’s flash.
Infrared affects the eyes and may cause corneal and conjunctive burns,
and retinal injury.
• Vibration – is a physical factor that causes mechanical oscillations. It affects

workers when the mechanical energy is transmitted to the body. There are two
types of vibration: general or whole body vibration and local or segmental
vibration. Workers operating heavy equipment or driving buses or tracks are
exposed to general or whole body vibration. Workers using pneumatic or
powered hand tools such as drills, grinders, chain saws are exposed to local or
segmental vibration.
Exposure to whole-body vibration can cause discomfort or cause injury. It is also

associated with elevated health risk for low back pain in workers exposed for
many years to intense whole-body vibration. Stomach problems, headache and
muscle pains have been reported among workers with occupational exposure to
whole-body vibration.
The harmful effect of vibration on the human body also arises from local or
segmental vibration. Prolonged exposure of the hands to vibrating tools may lead
to the development of vibration disease, or “Hand Arm Vibration Syndrome”
(HAVS). The risk of HAVS is increased in the presence of other factors such as
cold environmental temperature and long working duration. HAVS is
characterized by attacks of whitening (blanching) of one or more fingers when
exposed to cold; tingling and numbness in the fingers; and pain.

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• Illumination – working in poorly lighted areas can cause visual fatigue, double
vision, headaches, painful irritation, redness of the eyes or conjunctivitis and
frequent tearing or lacrimation.
Biological Hazard - are plants, animals and their products that may present risks to the
health of persons infected by biologic agents they carry. Such biologic agents are
classified as bacteria, virus, fungi, and parasites depending on their physical and other
cellular characteristics.
• Tuberculosis is a long-standing infection caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium

tuberculosis. The TB bacteria usually attack the lungs, but can also attack any
part of the body such as the kidney, spine, brain, bones and intestines. If not
treated properly, TB disease can be fatal.
TB is primarily an airborne disease. The bacteria are spread from person to

person in tiny microscopic droplets or aerosol when a TB sufferer forces air from
his/her lungs when coughing, sneezing, speaking, singing, or laughing. A person
then inhales the bacteria vigorously expelled from the lungs of an active TB
patient. A person needs only to inhale a small number of these to be infected.
Symptoms do not appear unless a patient has active TB. The most common
symptom of active pulmonary tuberculosis is coughing that lasts two or more
weeks. Other symptoms are low grade fever, night sweats, feeling weak and
tired, losing weight without trying, decreased or no appetite, chest pains and
coughing up blood.
The Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE) issued Department Order

(DO) No. 73-05: Guidelines for the Implementation on Policy and Program
on Tuberculosis Prevention and Control in the Workplace to assist
companies in strengthening TB prevention efforts through enterprise-level
policies and programs. This DO was signed on March 31, 2005.
• HIV and AIDS – The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is the cause of
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) - a condition in which progressive
failure of the immune system allows life-threatening opportunistic infections and
cancers to thrive.
HIV belongs to a group of viruses known as retroviruses. Once inside the human
body, the virus attacks the cells of the immune system, specifically the CD4+
helper cells. The virus uses the helper cells’ cellular material or genetic material
to replicate itself consequently filling the helper cell. The body tries to keep up by
making new cells or trying to contain the virus, but eventually the HIV wins out
and progressively destroys the body's ability to fight infections and certain
cancers. HIV is present blood, semen, vaginal fluids and breast milk of an
infected mother in infectious quantity.

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The government passed Republic Act 8504 otherwise known as The Philippine
AIDS Prevention and Control Act of 1998 to prevent the spread of the virus
among the working population. The DOLE D.O. No. 102-10: Guidelines for the
Implementation of HIV and AIDS Prevention and Control in the Workplace
Program strengthens the workplace response in implementing provision of the
law.
• Tetanus - commonly called lockjaw, is another illness caused by a bacterial toxin

or poison from the spore of the bacterium Clostridium tetani.
Tetanus affects the nervous system and is characterized by an increase in

muscle tone causing painful spasms. Lockjaw is one of the usual manifestations
of untreated tetanus infection. Severe spasms and convulsions may occur which
can lead to death if not treated early.
Common first signs of tetanus include muscular stiffness in the jaw (lockjaw)
followed by stiffness of the neck, difficulty in swallowing, rigidity of abdominal
muscles, generalized spasms, sweating and fever. Symptoms usually begin 7
days after bacteria enter the body through a wound, but this incubation period
may range from 3 days to 3 weeks. Tetanus is not transmitted from person to
person.
• Hepatitis B – is a potentially life-threatening liver infection caused by the hepatitis

B virus (HBV). It is a viral infection that attacks the liver and can cause both
acute and chronic disease.
Hepatitis B is most commonly spread from mother to child at birth (perinatal

transmission), or through horizontal transmission (exposure to infected blood),
especially from an infected child to an uninfected child during the first 5 years of
life. The development of chronic infection is very common in infants infected from
their mothers or before the age of 5 years. It is also spread by needlestick injury,
tattooing, piercing and exposure to infected blood and body fluids, such as saliva
and, menstrual, vaginal, and seminal fluids. Sexual transmission of hepatitis B
may occur, particularly in unvaccinated men who have sex with men and
heterosexual persons with multiple sex partners or contact with sex workers.
Most people do not experience any symptoms when newly infected. However,
some people have acute illness with symptoms that last several weeks, including
yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice), dark urine, extreme fatigue, nausea,
vomiting and abdominal pain. A small subset of persons with acute hepatitis can
develop acute liver failure, which can lead to death.
In some people, the hepatitis B virus can also cause a chronic liver infection that
can later develop into cirrhosis (a scarring of the liver) or liver cancer. There is no

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specific treatment for acute hepatitis B. However, is can be prevented by

vaccines that are safe, available and effective.
DOLE issued Department Advisory on Hepatitis B (DA 05-10) to reduce or

prevent the risk of transmission of Hepatitis B in the workplace and eliminate
discrimination against Hepatitis B positive workers.
Ergonomic Hazard – define as the scientific discipline concerned with the

understanding of the interactions among human and other elements of a system, and
the profession that applies theory, principles, data and methods to design in order to
optimize human well-being and overall system performance.
Effects on worker’s performance and their health occurs which may lead to low product
quality, high rate of errors, material and equipment loss or wastage, including
musculoskeletal and other systemic disorders. An example of musculoskeletal disorders
arising from ergonomic stresses is carpal tunnel syndrome, which arises from median
nerve compression in the wrist and secondary to repetitive flexion of the wrist.
Numbness and pain of the wrist joint are experienced by those with carpal tunnel
syndrome.
Drug-Free Workplace
Problems relating to drugs may arise as a consequence of personal, family or social

factors, or from certain work situations, or from a combination of these elements. Such
problems not only have an adverse effect on the health and well-being of workers, but
may also cause many work-related problems including deterioration in job performance.
Given that there are multiple causes of drug-related problems, there are consequently
multiple approaches to prevention, assistance, treatment and rehabilitation. While the
elimination of substance abuse is a highly desirable goal, experience has shown the
difficulty of achieving this. However, workplace policies to assist individuals with drug-
related problems would seem to yield the most constructive results for workers and
employers alike.
Drug-related problems should be considered as health problems, and therefore should

be dealt with, without any discrimination, like any other health problem at work and
covered by the health care systems (public or private) as appropriate.
Drug policies and programmes should promote the prevention, reduction and
management of drug-related problems in the workplace.
The government passed Republic Act 9165 otherwise known as Comprehensive

Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002 to provide protection to individuals from the use of
dangerous substance. The DOLE D.O. No. 53-03: Guidelines for the Implementation
of a Drug-free Workplace Policy and Program to strengthen the workplace response
in implementing provision of the law.

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Mental Health in the Workplace
Work is good for mental health but a negative working environment can lead to physical
and mental health problems.
There are many risk factors for mental health that may be present in the working
environment. Most risks relate to interactions between type of work, the organizational
and managerial environment, the skills and competencies of employees, and the
support available for employees to carry out their work. For example, a person may
have the skills to complete tasks, but they may have too few resources to do what is
required, or there may be unsupportive managerial or organizational practices.
Risks to mental health include:

• inadequate health and safety policies;
• poor communication and management practices;
• limited participation in decision-making or low control over one’s area of work;
• low levels of support for employees;
• inflexible working hours; and
• unclear tasks or organizational objectives.
Risks may also be related to job content, such as unsuitable tasks for the person’s
competencies or a high and unrelenting workload. Some jobs may carry a higher
personal risk than others (e.g. first responders and humanitarian workers), which can
have an impact on mental health and be a cause of symptoms of mental disorders, or
lead to harmful use of alcohol or psychoactive drugs. Risk may be increased in
situations where there is a lack of team cohesion or social support.
Bullying and psychological harassment (also known as “mobbing”) are most commonly
the causes of work-related stress by workers and present risks to the health of workers.
They are associated with both psychological and physical problems. These health
consequences can have costs for employers in terms of reduced productivity and
increased staff turnover. They can also have a negative impact on family and social
interactions.
A healthy workplace can be described as one where workers and managers actively
contribute to the working environment by promoting and protecting the health, safety
and well-being of all employees. Organizations have a responsibility to support
individuals with mental disorders in either continuing or returning to work.
DOLE issued Department Order on Mental Health (DO 208-20) to give a start of
creating a healthy workplace. As per WHO, an important element of achieving a healthy
workplace is the development of governmental legislation, strategies and polices.

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Stress at Work
For the ILO stress is the harmful physical and emotional response caused by an
imbalance between the perceived demands and the perceived resources and abilities of
individuals to cope with those demands. Work-related stress is determined by work
organization, work design and labour relations and occurs when the demands of the job
do not match or exceed the capabilities, resources, or needs of the worker, or when the
knowledge or abilities of an individual worker or group to cope are not matched with the
expectations of the organizational culture of an enterprise.
Work-related stress is determined by psychosocial hazards found in:

• work organization,
• work design,
• working conditions, and
• labour relations.
The workplace factors that can cause stress are called psychosocial hazards. A
negative interaction between occupational conditions and human factors may lead to
emotional disturbances, behavioural problems, biochemical and neuro-hormonal
changes, presenting added risks of mental or physical illness.
The term has evolved over the years, from stressors, stress factors to psychosocial
factors, psychosocial hazards or psychosocial risks. Ten types of stressful work
characteristics (psychosocial hazards), which are divided into two groups: “content of
work” and “context of work”.
(Source: https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---
safework/documents/publication/wcms_466547.pdf)
“Content of work”, refers to psychosocial hazards related to working conditions and

work organization.
“Context of work”, concerns psychosocial hazards in the organization of work and labour
relations, such as organizational culture and function, role in the enterprise, career
development, decision latitude and control, home-work interface, and interpersonal relationships
at work.

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(Part 2-C: Workplace Risk Assessment)
Objectives:
1. Discuss the importance and goal of risk assessment;
2. Determine how to use the risk matrix and risk ratings upon identifying hazards in
the workplace;
3. Conduct workplace risk assessment;
4. Determine classification of risk level of workplace
Risk Assessment is a term used to describe the overall process or method of

identifying hazards and risk factors that have the potential to cause harm, analyse and
evaluate the risk associated with that hazard and determine the appropriate ways to
eliminate the hazard or control the risk.
Risk Assessment is very important as they form an integral part of OSH Management
Plan. They help to create awareness of hazards and risk, and identify who may be at
risk. It help identity best way how to handle the hazard and also meet legal
requirements where applicable.
Steps to Conduct Risk Assessment
Around the globe, almost all countries have different steps in conducting risk
assessment. This difference is only minimal and sometimes it can be viewed that their
steps are comparable or almost identical to each other.
Generally, the steps are:

1. Identify the Hazard – safety hazards and health hazards.
2. Recognize who might be harmed and how
3. Evaluate the risk and provide prioritization
4. Make action plan or control measure
5. Monitor, review and update
Risk Prioritization
Risk can be prioritized by identifying the probability and severity. Probability means
chances of person to be injured if exposed to hazard, and severity is the degree of
damages that may happen.
Risk prioritization can help company address problems in a systematic way. By doing
this, the company will determine which problem to control first. Lots of problem may
overwhelm the company if not properly prioritized.

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There are many different methods used to determine severity and likelihood. In some
cases,
Probability Severity
High: likely to be experienced once or High: major fracture, poisoning, significant
twice a year by an individual loss of blood, serious head injury, or fatal
disease
Medium: may be experienced once Medium: sprain, strain, localized burn,
every five years by an individual dermatitis, asthma, injury requiring days
off work
Low: may occur once during a working Low: an injury that requires first aid only;
lifetime short-term pain, irritation, or dizziness
The combination of probability and severity in Table 1 will define the risk rating in Table
2. Risk ratings correspond to recommended actions such as:
• Immediately dangerous: stop the process and implement controls

• High risk: investigate the process and implement controls immediately
• Medium risk: keep the process going; however, a control plan must be
developed and should be implemented as soon as possible
• Low risk: keep the process going, but monitor regularly. A control plan should
also be investigated
• Very low risk: keep monitoring the process
Risk Classification of Establishments:
• Low risk establishment – refers to a workplace where there is low level of

danger or exposure to safety and health hazards and not likely or with low
probability to result in accident, harm, injury, or illness.
• Medium risk establishment – refers to a workplace where there is moderate

exposure to safety and health hazards and with probability of an accident, injury
or illness, if no preventive or control measures are in place.

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• High risk establishment – refers to a workplace where there is high level of

exposure to safety and health hazards, and probability of a major accident
resulting to disability, death or major illness is likely to occur if no preventive or
control measures are in place. o The following are workplaces commonly
associated with potentially high-risk activities:
1. Chemical works and chemical production plants;
2. Construction;
3. Deep sea fishing;
4. Explosives and pyrotechnics factories;
5. Firefighting;
6. Healthcare facilities;
7. Installation of communication accessories, towers and cables;
8. LPG filling, refilling, storage and distribution;
9. Mining;
10. Petrochemical works and refineries;
11. Power generation, transmission and distribution in the energy sector;
12. Storage and distribution center for toxic or hazardous chemicals;
13. Storage of fertilizers in high volume;
14. Transportation;
15. Water supply, sewerage, waste management, remediation activities;
16. Works in which chlorine is used in bulk; and
17. Activities closely similar to those enumerated above and other activities as
determined by DOLE in accordance with existing issuances on the
classification of establishments.
As per DOLE Labor Advisory 04-19: Guide for Compliance of Establishments to DO

198-18, the establishment shall be responsible in determining its own level of
classification (low risk, medium risk, high risk) based on Hazards Identification and Risk
Assessment and Control (HIRAC) conducted by the company.
Performing Risk Assessment is a team effort. More members will result to a more
comprehensive risk assessment.

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WORKSHOP 2: RISK ASSESSMENT

Objective:
Upon completion of the workshop, participants will be able to conduct a sample
assessment using the DOLE prescribed template.
2. Risk Assessment
Possible Existing Risk
Probability Severity Risk
Effects Control (if any)

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(Part 3-A & 3-B: Control Measures of Hazards)
Objectives:
1. Explain the value of practicing good workplace housekeeping;
2. Explain the principles of fire prevention, suppression and control;
3. Enumerate ways of machine safeguarding;
4. Demonstrate safe method of manual lifting and handling of materials;
5. Identify the appropriate and approved types of PPE needed in a workplace; and
6. Enumerate the steps in conducting job hazard analysis.
Workplace control principles comprise identification, evaluation and control.
Control Measures
Control Measure provide a means by which risks can be systematically evaluated

against a set of control options, known as the hierarchy of controls, to determine the
most effective control methods for the risks associated with each hazard. This process
involves:
• Analyzing the data collected during the hazard identification & risk assessment
processes, and
• Developing a strategic plan to control the risks identified.
General Diagram of Controlling Hazard
Control measures are applied by either eliminating or reducing the exposure. There are
three (3) major areas where hazard can be eliminated or controlled
• Source – the hazard itself

• Path – route of hazard
• Receiver – worker

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Hierarchy of Controls
The hierarchy of controls is a list of control measures, in priority order, that shall be
used to eliminate or minimize exposure to the hazard. The hierarchy of controls
provides a sequence of options which offer a number of ways to approach the hazard.
Controlling exposures to occupational hazards is the fundamental method of protecting
workers.
(Source: Serafin S. Delos Reyes, PPT

Presentation)
The idea behind this hierarchy is that the control methods at the top of graphic are
potentially more effective and protective than those at the bottom. Following this
hierarchy normally leads to the implementation of inherently safer systems, where the
risk of illness or injury has been substantially reduced.
There are many representation of hierarchy of controls. In some country or company or

other standards, they are using five (5) control measures: Elimination, Substitution,
Engineering Controls, Administrative Controls and PPE. Others use six (6) control
measures, adding Isolate in between of Substitution and Engineering Controls. And
there are companies using the ERICPD (Elimination, Reduce, Isolate, Control, PPE and
Discipline) control measures.
The simplified hierarchy of controls have three (3) general classifications:

1. Engineering Controls – are strategies designed to protect workers from hazard
and involve a physical change to the workplace itself. Also, considers as the
most effective in preventing or reducing hazard because it mostly control the
hazardous condition at the source.
Approaches Considered as Engineering Controls:

a. Elimination – the most effective approach. Elimination means physically
removing the hazard, completely removing a material or process causing
a hazard. For example, risk of fall can be eliminated by eliminating the
process of working in a high area.by using extending tools from the
ground instead of climbing.

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b. Substitution – a hazard control strategy in which a material or process is

replaced with another that is less hazardous. Substitution can involve not
only changing one chemical for another, but also using the same chemical
in a less hazardous form. In making a substitution, the hazards of the new
materials should be considered and monitored, so that a new hazard is
not unwittingly introduced causing “regrettable substitution”.
For example:
• In chemicals, common substitution is to replace a toxic chemical
with a less toxic chemical; switching from organic solvents to water-
based detergents or replacing paints containing lead with those
containing non-leaded pigments.
• In equipment, purchasing or renting less noisy equipment.
Elimination and substitution, while most effective at reducing hazards, also

tend to be the most difficult to implement in an existing process. If the
process is still at the design or development stage, elimination and
substitution of hazards may be inexpensive and simple to implement. For
an existing process, major changes in equipment and procedures may be
required to eliminate or substitute for a hazard.
c. Isolation and Containment – refers to the physical isolation of a process

or a piece of equipment to prevent the release of the hazard or to prevent
the exposure of worker to hazard. For example, using sound proof barrier
to enclose the sound within the area.
d. Redesign / Modification / Automation – to change the physical

operating condition.
For example:
• Use wet methods when grinding, sanding or using other tools to
reduce dust levels.
• Using mechanical transportation device or equipment rather than
manual methods.
e. Ventilation – the process of strategically supplying or removing air in the

work environment. There are two (2) types of ventilation: Local Exhaust
Ventilation and General Ventilation.
1) Local Exhaust Ventilation – is the application of an exhaust system
at or near the source of contamination. For example, fume hoods,
vented balance enclosures and biosafety cabinets.
2) General Ventilation – also called dilution ventilation. Instead of
capturing emissions at their source it allows the contaminant to be
emitted into the workplace air and then dilutes the concentration of
the contaminant to an acceptable level. For example, exhaust fans.

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The purpose of the ventilation is:

• To ensure condition of thermal comfort
• To renew the air in the workplace, therefore diluting eventual air
contaminants to acceptable levels.
• To prevent hazardous air contaminants from generating into the
work environment and reaching the workers breathing zone.
2. Administrative Controls - are training, procedure, policy, or shift designs that

lessen the threat of a hazard to an individual. Administrative control require
workers or employers to actively think or comply with regulations and do not offer
permanent solutions to problems
Approaches Considered as Administrative Controls:

a. Work Practices – developing and implementing safe work procedures or
standard operating procedures.
b. Education and Training – inform workers on how to conduct their work
safely and ensure that they understand the hazards and risks of the job.
Training must provide them information on how to protect themselves and
others. Education and training must also cover the entire workforce (from
the top to rank-and-file).
c. Job Rotation – rotate employees between a hazardous task and a non-
hazardous ask to reduce the length of exposure.
d. Good Housekeeping – maintaining cleanliness and orderliness. It is
essential in preventing accumulation of hazardous or toxic materials.
3. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) – is a control directed to the receiver

(workers). PPE is any device/equipment that is constructed or manufactured
accordance with OSH standards or law and used by individuals to reduce the
injury potential of the hazard.
PPE is used:
a. To reduce exposures, while other controls are being implemented
b. To provide protection during activities, such as, maintenance & repairs
when controls are not feasible
c. To provide protection during emergencies and to supplement other
controls
PPE can be used in conjunction with engineering controls and other methods.
However, PPEs protective devices have one serious drawback - they do nothing
to reduce or eliminate the hazard. The fact that a protective device may become
ineffective is when the wearer lacks sufficient knowledge on how to use it.
PPE varies in design, equipment specifications, application and protective

capability. Proper selection depends on the toxic substance involved, conditions
of exposure, human capabilities and equipment fit.

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Types of PPE:
a. Eye and Face Protection (i.e. Face Shield, Goggles, Spectacles,
Welding Masks) – a device that provides eye and face protections from
hazards caused by:
• Flying particles
• Sparks
• Light radiation
• Splashes
• Gases
Goggles come in a number of different styles for a variety of uses such as

protecting against dust and splashes: eye cups, flexible or cushioned
goggles, plastic eye shield goggles and foundry men’s goggles.
Eye protectors must meet the following minimum requirements:

• Provide adequate protection against the particular hazards for
which they are designed
• Be reasonably comfortable when worn under the designated
conditions
• Fit snugly without interfering with the movements or vision of the
wearer
• Be durable
• Be capable of being disinfected
• Be easily cleaned
• Be kept clean and in good condition
Face shields should only be used as eye and face protection in areas
where splashing or dusts, rather than impact resistance is the problem. In
the case of grinding operations (plus other operations), a face shield is
only secondary protection to other protective devices, such as safety
goggles.
b. Head Protection (i.e. Hard Hat, Bump Caps, Hairnet) - a device that
provides head protection against impact from falling objects and protection
against electrocution. Safety hats should be inspected prior to each use.
Any one of the following defects is a cause for immediate removal of the
PPE from service:
• Suspension systems that show evidence of material cracking,

tearing, fraying or other signs of deterioration. Suspension should
provide a minimum clearance of 1 to 1.25 in. (2.5 – 3.2 cm)
between the top of the worker’s head and the inside crown of the
hat.

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• Any cracks or perforations of brim or shell, deformation of shell,

evidence of exposure to excessive heat, chemicals or radiation.
Shells made of polymer plastics are susceptible to damage from
ultraviolet light and gradual chemical degradation. This degradation
first appears as a loss of surface gloss called chalking. With further
deterioration, the surface will begin to flake away.
c. Hand & Arm Protection (i.e. Gloves, Mitts)
Hand and arm protection is required when workers’ hands are exposed to
hazards such as harmful substances that can be absorbed by the skin,
severe cuts or lacerations, severe abrasions, chemical burns, thermal
burns, and temperature extremes.
Examples of hand protection

• appropriate gloves
• hand pads
• barrier cream
• sleeves (for arm protection)
Hazards:
• Pinch points
• Hot surfaces
• Chemical substances
• Sharp objects
• Electrical
Selection of hand PPE shall be based on an evaluation of the

performance characteristics of the hand protection relative to the task(s) to
be performed, conditions present, duration of use, and the hazards
identified.
The following is a guide to the most common types of protective work

gloves and the types of hazards they can guard against.
• Metal mesh, leather or canvas gloves - Provide protection against
cuts, burns, and sustained heat.
• Fabric and coated fabric gloves - These gloves are made of cotton
or other fabric to provide varying degrees of protection.
• Chemical and liquid-resistant gloves - Gloves made of rubber
(latex, nitrile, or butyl), plastic, or synthetic rubber-like materials
such as neoprene protect workers from burns, irritation, and
dermatitis caused by contact with oils, greases, solvents, and other
chemicals. The use of rubber gloves also reduces the risk of
exposure to blood and other potentially infectious substances.

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d. Foot and Leg Protection (i.e. Safety Shoes, Foot guard)
Hazards:
• Falling or rolling objects
• Sharp objects
• Hot surfaces
• Wet, slippery surfaces
• Electricity
Commonly, electrical hazard is being forgotten when choosing the right

foot and leg protection. Conductive shoes and electrical hazard safety
shoes are the best example for ftot and leg protection against electrical
hazard
• Conductive Shoes protect against the buildup of static electricity or
equalize the electrical potential between personnel and the ground.
• Electrical Hazard Safety Shoes are non-conductive and protect
against open circuits of 600 volts or less under dry conditions.
e. Hearing Protection (i.e. Earplug, Earmuffs)
Hazard:
• excessive noise - Noise exceeding 85-90 dB or more on eight hour
exposure.
The prevention of excessive noise exposure is the only way to avoid

hearing damage. Engineering and administrative controls must be used if
acceptable sound levels are exceeded. If such controls fail to reduce the
sound levels to acceptable limits, personal hearing protection must be
used.
Examples of Hearing Protection:
• Earplugs – Hearing protectors placed inside the ear to block out

noise. To work effectively, they should fit snugly into the ear canal.
Types:
(1) Reusable, Washable
(2) Pre-formed Earplugs
• Earmuffs – a device composed of a headband with two cushioned

ear cups that form a seal around the outer ear, covering it
completely and blocking out the noise.
NRR (Noise Reduction Rating) is a rating system used to determine the

effectiveness of hearing protection devices to decrease sound exposure
within a given working environment. This can be seen on the PPE
marking.

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• The higher the NRR number, the more hearing protection it can
provide to the end-user.
• Formula
o Earplugs: Approximate Noise Protective Level = Noise Level
– [ (NRR – 7) x 0.5 ]
o Earmuffs: Approximate Noise Protective Level = Noise Level
– [ (NRR – 7) x 0.75 ]
f. Respiratory Protection (i.e. SCBA, Respirators, Masks)
Respiratory protection is required when engineering improvements and

administrative controls can’t eliminate risk. Engineering controls include,
isolation of the source of contaminants; design process or procedural
changes, etc. Administrative controls on the other hand include,
monitoring, limiting worker exposure, training and education, etc.
Hazards:
• Mists or Vapors
• Gases
• Smoke
• Fumes
• Particulates or dust
• Insufficient oxygen supply
Types of respirators are divided into two categories:

• Air purifying respirators
o Particulate respirators or mechanical filters - screen out dust,
fog, fume, mist spray or smoke. Such filters need to be
replaced at frequent intervals.
o Chemical cartridge devices - remove contaminants by
passing the tainted air through material that traps the
harmful portions. There are specific cartridges for specific
contaminants. These should be used and no substitutions
should be made.
Respirator Filter
o N-Series Filters: Filters restricted to use in those atmosphere
free of oil aerosols
o R-Series Filters: Filters intended for removal of any particle
including oil based liquid aerosol. Used only for single shift
(8 hours of continuous or intermittent use)
o P-Series Filters: Filters intended for removal of any particle
including oil based liquid aerosols. Should be used and re-
used for no more than 40 hours or 30 days whichever occurs
first

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• Air supplying devices

o Self-contained are those where the air supply is easily
transportable and they protect against toxic gases and lack
of oxygen. A common example is the self-contained
breathing apparatus (SCBA), where the air tank is strapped
to the wearer’s back.
o Supplied-air respirators get air through an air-line or hose.
The breathable air is supplied by an air compressor or
uncontaminated ambient air.
Criteria for Selection of Respirators

• Identification of contaminants
• Maximum possible concentration of contaminants in the work area
• Acceptability in terms of comfort
• Compatibility with the nature of job
• Proper fit to the face of user to prevent leakage
Air Contaminants – are divided into four types, gaseous, particulate,

combination of gaseous and particulate and oxygen deficiency.
• Gaseous contaminants include gases and vapors.
• Particulate contaminants include dust, fumes, mist, fog and smoke.
• Combination contaminants usually consist of gaseous materials
and particulates and result from operations such as paint spraying.
• Oxygen-deficient atmospheres are those that have less than 19.5
percent by volume. They often occur in confined spaces and are
considered to be immediately dangerous to life and health.
g. Torso or Full Body Protection (i.e. coverall, hazard resistance clothing)

must be provided for employees if they are threatened with bodily injury of
one kind or another while performing their jobs, and if engineering, work
practices, and administrative controls have failed to eliminate these
hazards.
Workplace hazards that could cause bodily injury include the following:
• Intense heat
• Splashes of hot metals and other hot liquids
• Impact from tools, machinery, and other materials
• Cuts
• Hazardous chemicals
• Contact with potentially infectious materials, like blood
• Radiation

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As with all protective equipment, protective clothing is available to protect

against specific hazards. Depending upon the hazards in the workplace, it
may be needed to provide the workers with one or more of the following:
• Vest
• Jacket
• Apron
• Coverall
• Surgical gowns
• Full-body suits
These protective clothing come in a variety of materials, each suited to

particular hazards. These materials include the following:
• Paper-like fiber - Disposable suits made of this material provide
protection against dust and splashes.
• Treated wool and cotton - Adapts well to changing workplace
temperatures and is comfortable as well as fire resistant.
• Duck - This closely woven fabric protects employees against cuts
and bruises while they handle heavy, sharp, or rough materials.
• Leather - Leather protective clothing is often used against dry heat
and flame.
• Rubberized fabrics, neoprene, and plastics - protective clothing
made from these materials protect against certain acids and other
chemicals.
h. Fall Protection (i.e. Full Body Harness)

• Travel restraint system is an assembly composed of body belt and
proper accessories that prevent a worker in a high elevation
working area from traveling to an edge where the occurrence of fall
may happen.
• Fall arrest system is an assembly composed of full-body harness,
safety lanyard and proper accessories or a safety net which protect
a worker after a fall by stopping the fall before hitting the surface
below.
• Lifelines shall be secured above the point of operation to an
anchorage or other structural member.
Selecting PPE
The need for PPE must be established. Present the need for the device, based
on exposure and nature of work. When selecting PPE, the following criteria
should be used:
a. the degree of protection (must be proportional to seriousness of hazard)

which a particular piece affords under varying conditions,

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b. the ease (balance between protection & interference) with which it may be
used,
c. The first factor to consider is the Quality of PPE and the last factor is the
Cost of PPE.
These will prevent the problem of having workers wear the PPE.
According to Rule 1080 of OSHS and DO 198-18 (IRR of RA 11058), all

necessary PPE shall be provided by the employer and the cost of PPE shall be
at the expense of the employer.
The employer shall be responsible for the adequacy and proper maintenance of
personal protective equipment used in his workplace. No person shall be
subjected or exposed to hazardous environmental condition without protection.
PPE shall be of approved design and construction appropriate for the exposure
and work to be performed. Testing of PPE is conducted by the Occupational
Safety and Health Center (OSHC).
To ensure that PPE is properly implemented, it is essential to have a complete

PPE program in place.
Personal Protective Equipment Program – Outline
1. Purpose – indicate the reason for the program

2. Scope – state the coverage of PPE program
3. References – mention the standards used to formulate the program
4. Responsibilities – enumerate the responsibilities of all concern individuals
5. PPE Standards
a. Management Directives – top management instruction to comply.
b. Hazard Assessment and Equipment Selection – to establish the
need for the device and determine which PPEs to use.
c. Rules and Regulation – policy for the use of PPE.
d. Communication and Training – conduct of training. This shall
include proper use and maintenance of PPE.
6. PPE Documentation and Recordkeeping
a. Issuance Procedure and Form
7. Other Standards
a. Employee Owned PPE – provide statement if allowed or not. And if
allowed, ensure that the PPE followed the program and standard.
b. Defective and Damaged PPE – provide the procedure for defective
and damaged PPE.
8. Enforcement – state the responsible persons in enforcing the program.
Include that improper or failure to use PPE shall be considered as
violation and may result to disciplinary action.

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Developing Control Measures for Health Hazards
One of the most common health hazards are hazardous substances. A hazardous
substance is any substance that has one or more inherent hazardous property. This
includes flammability, explosiveness, toxicity, and the ability to oxidise.
Common hazardous substances in the workplace include:

• acids
• caustic substances
• disinfectants
• glues
• heavy metals, including mercury, lead, cadmium and aluminium
• paint
• pesticides
• petroleum products
• solvents.
Health effects depend on the type of hazardous substance and the level of exposure
(concentration and duration). A hazardous substance can be inhaled, splashed onto the
skin or eyes, or swallowed. Some of the possible health effects can include:
• poisoning
• nausea and vomiting
• headache
• skin rashes, such as dermatitis
• chemical burns
• birth defects
• disorders of the lung, kidney or liver
• nervous system disorders.
Reason for control of hazardous substances

• Protecting workers health from exposure to substances
• Protecting workers comfort
• Complying with the standards implemented
To achieve these, the DOLE issued DO No. 136-14: Guidelines for the
Implementation of GHS in Chemical Safety Program in the Workplace. It covers all
workplaces engaged in the manufacture, use, storage of industrial chemicals, in the
private sector, including their supply chain. In which the DO 136-14 requires them to
provide Safety Data Sheet (SDS).
Safety Data Sheet (SDS) is a summary of important health, safety and toxicological
information on the chemical or the mixture ingredients. It should contain:
1. identification
2. hazard(s) identification
3. composition/information on ingredients

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4. first-aid measures
5. fire-fighting measures
6. accidental release measures
7. handling and storage
8. exposure control/personal protection
9. physical and chemical properties
10. stability and reactivity
11. toxicological information
12. ecological information
13. disposal considerations
14. transport information
15. regulatory information
16. other information
Developing Control Measures for Safety Hazards
Hazard is a source or situation that may cause harm to people, damage to property or
damage to environment. All hazards must be eliminated or controlled by providing
control measures based on Hierarch of Controls. In every hazard identified, numerous
control measures may be given. It means one (1) hazard is not equal to one (1) control
measures. More control measures means more approaches to eliminate or control the
hazard.
Selected Safety Hazards and their Control Measures:
1. Poor housekeeping is when the surrounding shows the following:

a. Untidy piling of materials,
b. Improperly piled-on materials,
c. Items no longer needed,
d. Blocked aisles and passageways,
e. Materials getting dirty, etc.
Common control measure for poor housekeeping is good housekeeping. Good

housekeeping means cleanliness and orderliness. To achieve these, the 5S must
be adopted and implemented.
The 5S, a Japanese concept that aims to optimize time for production, is a
system for organizing spaces so work can be performed efficiently, effectively,
and safely. This system focuses on putting everything where it belongs and
keeping the workplace clean, which makes it easier for people to do their jobs
without wasting time or risking injury.
Over time, the 5S leads to many benefits, including reduced costs, higher quality,
increased productivity, greater employee satisfaction and a safer work
environment. It also reflects a well-run organization.

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What are the 5S?
Each “S” represents one part of a five-step process that can improve the overall
function of a business.
I. Seiri/Sort/Suriin – is the first step of 5S involves going through all the

tools, furniture, materials, equipment, etc. in a work area to determine
what needs to be present and what can be removed.
Some guide questions to ask during this phase are:

• What is the purpose of this item?
• When was this item last used?
• How frequently is it used?
• Who uses it?
• Does it really need to be here?
The ones who can answer these questions the best is the people who
work in that area. After determining that some items are unnecessary,
consider these options: give the item to different department if they need
it, try to recycle or sell the items, put the items into storage, or throw it
away.
Sometimes people think the item might be needed in the future; for
example, a tool or equipment hasn’t been used recently, and uncertain if
the item still has value to the company. The company can use a red tag
method. Red tags are usually cardboard tags or stickers that can be
attached to the items in question. Basic information in the red tag is
location, description, name of person placing the tag and date of
placement of tag.
All items with red tag shall be placed together in one area. The company
must set a designated amount of time (i.e. a month or two) as deadline for
the red tagged items. This will indicate if the item will be used or not. After
the deadline, if the item still not used, consider throwing it away.
II. Seiton/Systematize/Sinupin – is the second step of 5S. All necessary

items shall be arranged in systematic order by following the seiton
principles such as:
• Follow the first-in/first-out (FIFO) method for storing items.

• Providing organized layout of tools and equipment by providing
markings, labels, signs and exclusive separation.
• Strategically placing of items according to weight and size.
• Considering the frequency of use of each item.

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III. Seiso/Sweep/Simutin – is the third step of 5S. Seiso focuses on cleaning

and sanitize the work area. It also involves performing regular
maintenance on equipment and machinery.
Sweeping or in some case shining shouldn’t just be left up to the janitorial

staff. Everyone must take responsibility for cleaning up their workplaces,
ideally on a daily basis.
IV. Seiketsu/Standardize/Siguruhin – is the fourth step of 5S. Developing

procedures, schedules and practices for the first three step of 5S. Doing
so will turn 5S into habits.
In addition, to ensure it doesn’t fail, regular audit using checklists can be

considered.
V. Shitsuke/Self-Discipline/Sariling-kusa – is the fifth step of 5S. Refers to

the process of keeping 5S running smoothly, but also of keeping everyone
in the organization involved. Running smoothly means all members
practice the 5S spontaneously and willingly as a way of life.
Illustration before and after 5S
(Source: https://www.5stoday.com/what-is-5s/)
2. Improper material handling – is an example of hazards in Material Handling.

Other examples, among others, are failure of the lifting equipment, falling load,
collision and trapped between objects.
There are two (2) types of material handling:

a. Manual handling means moving or handling things by lifting, lowering,
pushing, pulling, carrying, holding, or restraining using one’s physical
strength.
b. Mechanical handling pertains to use of rigid, manually or mechanically-
powered equipment mainly for handling bulky and heavy items.
For manual handling, the most common control measures for improper material
handling:
a. Use of Mechanical Handling rather manual handling. Because it eliminates
or reduces the exposure to hazard. There are two (2) classification of
mechanical handling which are:

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• Manually-Powered Material Handling Equipment reduces

physical effort, making material handling easier and safer. Here are
some sample equipment:
i. Rolling platforms
ii. Hand trucks
iii. Shelf truck
iv. Platform truck
v. Semi-live skid
vi. Rack or bin
vii. Stair climbing truck
viii. Frame hand truck
ix. Pump truck
x. Manual dump trucks
xi. “A” frame hand truck or dolly
Here are some tips when using mechanical aid:
i. Check for the availability of mechanical aids before lifting or

moving loads.
ii. Do not operate any equipment if you are not trained to use it.
iii. Keep the equipment in good operating condition. It saves
effort while transporting loads.
iv. Select the right equipment to complete the task.
v. Specific tasks or objects require specialized equipment.
Do not operate any equipment if you are not trained to use
that equipment.
Keep the equipment in good operating condition. It saves
effort while transporting loads.
• Mechanically-Powered Material Handling Equipment

i. Lifting Equipment includes a variety of items for lifting
heavy and bulky items with minimal human intervention. For
example, mobile/locomotive crane and tower crane
ii. Transporting Equipment consists of forklifts, trailers,
conveyors, pay-loader, dump truck, etc.
To ensure safe operation of mechanically-powered handling

equipment, the following precautions must be observed:
i. A worker must not operate an equipment if he is not trained
to use it;
ii. Operators must be certified and authorized;
iii. Operators must be trained in safety and health involving
handling equipment operation; and,
iv. Equipment must be properly maintained and regularly
inspected.

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In both manually-powered and mechanically-powered materials handling

equipment, you can use accessories such as ropes, chains or steel/plastic
straps to secure loads and prevent them from sliding or falling from the
equipment.
b. If manual handling can’t be avoided, the following guidelines must be

observed.
Reminders:
• Inspect materials for sharp edges, burrs, rough or slippery surfaces.
• Get a firm grip on the object.
• Keep fingers away from pinch points, especially when setting down
materials.
• Wipe off greasy, wet, slippery, or dirty objects before trying to
handle them.
• Never attempt to lift that are either too heavy or bulky to handle
safely.
Actions:
• Stand close to the load and face the way you intend to move
• Keep feet apart
• Be sure you have a good grip on the load
• Look forward to keep back straight
• Keep arms straight
• Tighten abdominal muscles
• Tuck chin into the chest
Wear:
• lightweight, flexible, tear and puncture-resistant clothing,
• safety boots with toe caps and slip-resistant soles, and
• protective gloves, appropriate for the materials being handled
Following the material handling hazard is the material storage hazards. Here are
the general requirements for material storage:
• Stored materials must not create a hazard.
• Should be properly illuminated and ventilated.
• Materials are properly identified and labelled (including hazard labels).
• Should have proper danger or warning signs.
• Must have a smooth flow of materials, material handling equipment and
people.
• Storage areas must be kept free from accumulated materials that may
cause tripping, fires, or explosions, or that may contribute to the harboring
of rats and other pests.
• When stacking and piling materials, it is important to be aware of such
factors as the materials' height and weight, how accessible the stored

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materials are to the user, and the condition of the containers where the
materials are being stored.
• Materials & material handling equipment should not obstruct emergency
equipment such as fire alarm buttons, evacuation map, first aid kits, fire
extinguishers (portable or fixed) etc.
3. Mechanical hazards may occur on three (3) different areas. Those three (3) are:
point of operation, power transmission apparatus and other moving parts.
In general rule, any machine part, function, or process which may cause injury
must be guarded. Under Rule 1200 of OSHS, requirements of effective
safeguards are as follows:
a. Must prevent contact – prevent human contact with any potentially
harmful machine part.
b. Must be secured and durable – to prevent any unauthorized or
disapproved tampering and disassembling of guards.
c. Must provide protection against falling objects – foreign objects fall into
moving machine parts can be thrown out, creating dangerous projectile
motion which increases the risk of accidents, property damage and injury.
d. Must not create new hazards – guard purpose is to isolate the hazards
without creating new ones.
e. Must not create interference – interference with the progress of work may
result to removal or disabling of guard.
f. Must allow safe maintenance – equipment maintenance is needed to
prolong the usage life of the machine. Guard must not hinder the safe
maintenance.
Control measures for mechanical hazards, among others, are as follows:
i. Machine Guard – Guards are barriers which prevent access to danger

areas. There are four general types of guards:
• Fixed Barriers - a fixed guard is a permanent part of the machine.
It is not dependent upon moving parts to perform its intended
function. It may be constructed of sheet metal, screen, wire cloth,
bars, plastic, or any other material that is substantial enough to
withstand whatever impact it may receive and to endure prolonged
use. This guard is usually preferable to all other types because of
its relative simplicity and performance.
(Source:
https://www.osha.gov/Publications/ (Source:
Mach_SafeGuard/gif/mach13.gif) OSHC Manual)

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• Interlocking Guard – When this type of guard is opened or

removed, the tripping mechanism and/or power automatically shuts
off or disengages, and the machine cannot cycle or be started until
the guard is back in place. An interlocked guard may use electrical,
mechanical, hydraulic, or pneumatic power or any combination of
these. Interlocks should not prevent "inching" by remote control if
required. Replacing the guard should not automatically restart the
machine. To be effective, all movable guards should be interlocked
to prevent occupational hazards.
(Source:
OSHC Manual)
• Adjustable Guard - Adjustable guards are useful because they

allow flexibility in accommodating various sizes of stock.
(Source:
https://www.osha.gov/Publications/
Mach_SafeGuard/gif/mach21.gif)
• Self-Adjusting Guard - The openings of these barriers are

determined by the movement of the stock. As the operator moves
the stock into the danger area, the guard is pushed away, providing
an opening which is only large enough to admit the stock. After the
stock is removed, the guard returns to the rest position. This guard
protects the operator by placing a barrier between the danger area
and the operator. The guards may be constructed of plastic, metal,

Page 76 of 180
or other substantial material. Self-adjusting guards offer different

degrees of protection.
(Source:
ii. Safety Device – A safety device may perform one of several functions. It
may stop the machine if a hand or any part of the body is inadvertently
placed in the danger area; restrain or withdraw the operator's hands from
the danger area during operation; require the operator to use both hands
on machine controls, thus keeping both hands and body out of danger; or
provide a barrier which is synchronized with the operating cycle of the
machine in order to prevent entry to the danger area during the hazardous
part of the cycle. Example of this device are as follows:
• Presence Sensing Device – The photoelectric (optical) presence-

sensing device uses a system of light sources and controls which
can interrupt the machine's operating cycle. If the light field is
broken, the machine stops and will not cycle. This device must be
used only on machines which can be stopped before the worker
can reach the danger area. The design and placement of the guard
depends upon the time it takes to stop the mechanism and the
speed at which the employee's hand can reach across the distance
from the guard to the danger zone.
i. A photoelectric presence-sensing device used with a

press brake. The device may be swung up or down to
accommodate different production requirements.
(Source:
OSHC Manual)

Page 77 of 180
ii. The radiofrequency (capacitance) presence-sensing

device uses a radio beam that is part of the machine control
circuit. When the capacitance field is broken, the machine
will stop or will not activate. Like the photoelectric device,
this device shall only be used on machines which can be
stopped before the worker can reach the danger area. This
requires the machine to have a friction clutch or other
reliable means for stopping.
(Source:
iii. The electromechanical sensing device has a probe or

contact bar which descends to a predetermined distance
when the operator initiates the machine cycle. If there is an
obstruction preventing it from descending its full
predetermined distance, the control circuit does not actuate
the machine cycle.
(Source:
https://www.labtrain.noaa.gov/osh
a600/mod14/images/1413-d--.gif)
• Pull Device - Pullback devices utilize a series of cables attached to

the operator's hands, wrists, and/or arms. This type of device is
primarily used on machines with stroking action. When the
slide/ram is up between cycles, the operator is allowed access to

Page 78 of 180
the point of operation. When the slide/ram begins to cycle by

starting its descent, a mechanical linkage automatically assures
withdrawal of the hands from the point of operation.
(Source:
• Restrain Device - The restraint (holdout) device utilizes cables or

straps that are attached to the operator's hands at a fixed point.
The cables or straps must be adjusted to let the operator's hands
travel within a predetermined safe area. There is no extending or
retracting action involved. Consequently, hand-feeding tools are
often necessary if the operation involves placing material into the
danger area.
(Source:
• Safety Trip control - Safety trip controls provide a quick means for
deactivating the machine in an emergency situation.
i. A pressure-sensitive body bar, when depressed, will

deactivate the machine. If the operator or anyone trips, loses
balance, or is drawn toward the machine, applying pressure
to the bar will stop the operation. The positioning of the bar,

Page 79 of 180
therefore, is critical. It must stop the machine before a part of

the employee's body reaches the danger area.
(Source:
http://www.ehsdb.com/machine-
and-equipment-1.php)
ii. Safety triprod – When pressed by hand, the safety

deactivates the machine. Because the triprod has to be
actuated by the operator during an emergency situation, its
proper position is also critical.
(Source:
iii. Safety tripwire – Safety tripwire cables are located around

the perimeter of or near the danger area. The operator must
be able to reach the cable with either hand to stop the
machine.
(Source: OSHC Manual)

Page 80 of 180
All of these tripwire rods or other safety devices must be manually

reset to restart the machine. Simply releasing the tripwire to restart
the machine will not ensure that the employee is out of danger
when the machine restarts.
• Two-Hand Trip/Control – The two-hand control requires constant,

concurrent pressure by the operator to activate the machine. This
kind of control requires a part-revolution clutch, brake, and a brake
monitor if used on a power press
(Source:
• Safety Mats – These devices are used to guard a floor area around
a machine. Interconnected mats are laid around the hazard area
and any pressure will cause the mat controller unit to send a stop
signal to the guarded machine.
• Emergency Stops – Wherever there is a danger of an operator

getting into trouble on a machine there must be a facility for fast
access to an emergency stop device. The usual way of providing
this is in the form of a mushroom headed push-button which the
operator strikes in the event of an emergency. The emergency
stops must be strategically placed, in sufficient quantity around the

Page 81 of 180
machine to ensure that there is always one in reach at the

occurrence of hazard.
• Automation / Robotics Application (Feeding and Ejection

Methods) – Many feeding and ejection methods do not require the
operator to place his or her hands in the danger area. In some
cases, no operator involvement is necessary after the machine is
set up. In other situations, operators can manually feed the stock
with the assistance of a feeding mechanism. Properly designed
ejection methods do not require any operator involvement after the
machine starts to function.
Some feeding and ejection methods may even create hazards

themselves. For instance, a robot may eliminate the need for an
operator to be near the machine but may create a new hazard itself
by the movement of its arm.
Using these feeding and ejection methods does not eliminate the
need for guards and devices. Guards and devices must be used
wherever they are necessary and possible in order to provide
protection from exposure to hazards.
Types of Feeding and Ejection Methods:

i. Automatic Feed - Stock is fed from rolls, indexed by
machine mechanism, etc.
ii. Semiautomatic Feed - Stock is fed by chutes, movable
dies, dial feed, plungers, or sliding bolster.
iii. Automatic Ejection - Work pieces are ejected by air or
mechanical means.
iv. Semiautomatic Ejection - Work pieces are ejected by
mechanical means which are initiated by the operator.
v. Robots - They perform work usually done by operator.
Sample Illustration:

Page 82 of 180
(Source:
iii. Training - Even the most elaborate safeguarding system cannot offer
effective protection unless the worker knows how to use it and why.
Specific and detailed training is therefore a crucial part of any effort to
provide safeguarding against machine-related hazards. Thorough operator
training should involve instruction or hands-on training in the following
• a description and identification of the hazards associated with

particular machines;
• the safeguards themselves, how they provide protection, and the
hazards for which they are intended;
• how to use the safeguards and why;
• how and under what circumstances safeguards can be removed,
and by whom (in most cases, repair or maintenance personnel
only); and
• what to do (e.g., contact the supervisor) if a safeguard is damaged,
missing, or unable to provide adequate protection.
This kind of safety training is necessary for new operators and

maintenance or setup personnel, when any new or altered safeguards are
put in service, or when workers are assigned to a new machine or
operation.
iv. LOTOTO System – this system is effective for preventing accidents

during maintenance works. It is a method that is especially designed to
protect against the unexpected startup of a machine that is supposed to
be turned off. The LOTOTO System is designed to protect against the
unexpected startup of machine that is supposed to be "OFF" or an
unexpected release of energy (hazardous energy).

Page 83 of 180
• Lock-Out – a lock is used to prevent the power source from being

switched on.
• Tag-Out – a tag affixed to the locked device gives cautions that it
should not be turned on.
• Try-Out – testing before starting the job to ensure no power and
testing after the job to ensure no fault to the system.
v. Personal Protective Equipment - Engineering controls, that eliminate the

hazard at the source and do not rely on the worker's behavior for their
effectiveness offer the best and most reliable means of safeguarding.
Therefore, engineering controls must be the employer's first choice for
eliminating machine hazards. But whenever engineering controls are not
available or are not fully capable of protecting the employee (an extra
measure of protection is necessary), operators must wear protective
clothing or personal protective equipment.
If it is to provide adequate protection, the protective clothing and

equipment selected must always be:
• appropriate for the particular hazards;
• maintained in good condition;
• properly stored when not in use, to prevent damage or loss; and
• kept clean, fully functional, and sanitary.
Protective clothing is, of course, available for different parts of the body.
Hard hats can protect the head from the impact of bumps and falling
objects when the worker is handling stock; caps and hair nets can help
keep the worker's hair from being caught in machinery. If machine
coolants could splash or particles could fly into the operator's eyes or face,
then face shields, safety goggles, glasses, or similar kinds of protection
might be necessary. Hearing protection may be needed when workers
operate noisy machines. To guard the trunk of the body from cuts or
impacts from heavy or rough-edged stock, there are certain protective
coveralls, jackets, vests, aprons, and full-body suits. Workers can protect
their hands and arms from the same kinds of injury with special sleeves
and gloves. Safety shoes and boots, or other acceptable foot guards, can
shield the feet against injury in case the worker needs to handle heavy
stock which might drop.
It is important to note that protective clothing and equipment can create

hazards. A protective glove which can become caught between rotating
parts, or a respirator facepiece which hinders the wearer's vision, for
example, require alertness and continued attentiveness whenever they
are used.

Page 84 of 180
Other parts of the worker's clothing may present additional safety hazards.
For example, loose-fitting shirts might possibly become entangled in
rotating spindles or other kinds of moving machinery. Jewelry, such as
bracelets and rings, can catch on machine parts or stock and lead to
serious injury by pulling a hand into the danger area.
4. Electrical hazards are considered as serious workplace hazard. It can be lethal

to anyone who came in contact with.
Control measure for electrical hazards:

a. Use of Grounding System - Grounding or earthing is any means of
absorbing any leakage current and making it flow directly to earth by using
an electrical conductor. It is a process of connecting metal parts/casing of
the electrical equipment to earth through grounding wires. The voltage
exists on the metal casing and earth resistance. Grounding means safety.
There are two types of grounding:
• System Grounding – means grounding the neutral point iron
terminal of electrical circuits on power transformer of electrical
system;
• Equipment Grounding – grounding of a non-charged metal part of
electrical equipment.
Illustration of Grounding: (Source:

https://en.wikipedia.org/
(Source: wiki/Ground_(electricity)
http://www.ncwhomeins
pections.com/3+prong+
grounding+type+recepta
cles+on+2+wire+ungrou
nded+syste)
b. Use double insulating materials - Insulating materials have extremely

high resistance values, virtually to prevent flow of electric current through
it. The principle of insulation is used when work must to be carried out
near un-insulated live parts. Work on un-insulated parts are carried out by
using protective devices such as insulating stands, mats or screens, or
rubber insulating gloves to protect workers from electric shock.
(Source: http://lawfilesext.leg.wa.gov/law/wsr/2012/10/12-10-063.htm)
(Source: http://www.asia.ru/en/ProductInfo/995778.html)

Page 85 of 180
c. Use appropriate disconnection means

• Fuse - is essentially a strip of metal that melts at a pre-determined
value of current flow, and therefore cuts off the current to that
circuit. In the event of abnormal conditions such as faults or when
excess current flows, the fuse would blow and protect the circuit or
apparatus from further damage. In effective and safe operation, the
fuse should be placed in a live conductor and never in the neutral
conductor. Otherwise, even with the fuse blown or removed, parts
of the circuit such as switches or terminals will be affected.
(Source:
https://www.teachoo.co
m/10754/3117/Fuse-
Wire/category/Extra-
Questions/)
• Circuit Breaker - has several advantages for excess current circuit

protection. The principle of the operation is that excess current flow
is detected electromagnetically and the mechanism of the breaker
automatically trips and cuts off electric supply to the circuit it
protects.
(Source:
https://s3.amazonaws.c
om/igsphotos/comping/
M-639-MX533845.jpg)
• Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker (ELCB) - ELCB may detect both

over-current and earth leakage currents and thereby give very good
circuit protection.
d. Safe Practices and Procedures
• Always assume that a circuit is energized.

• Use the appropriate instrument for testing circuits.
• Use protective devices (ELCB, fuse, rubber mats, etc.).
• Use personal protective equipment (rubber gloves, boots, safety
devices).

Page 86 of 180
• Inspect tools, power cords, and electrical fittings for damage or

wear prior to each use. Repair or replace damaged equipment
immediately.
• Use warning signs and isolate dangerous areas.
• Observe proper maintenance schedules of electrical equipment,
loads and wires.
• Always tape cords to walls or floors when necessary. Nails and
staples can damage cords causing fire and shock hazards.
• Use cords or equipment rated for the level of amperage or wattage
that you are using.
• Always use the correct size fuse. Replacing a fuse with one of a
larger size can cause excessive currents in the wiring and possibly
start a fire.
• Conduct regular electrical inspections for the electrical circuit.
• Be aware that unusually warm or hot outlets may be a sign that
unsafe wiring conditions exists. Unplug any cords to these outlets
and do not use until a qualified electrician has checked the wiring.
• Place halogen lights away from combustible materials such as
cloths or curtains. Halogen lamps can become very hot and may be
a fire hazard. Risk of electric shock is greater in areas that are wet
or damp. Install Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters (GFCIs) as they
will interrupt the electrical circuit before a current sufficient to cause
death or serious injury occurs.
• Make sure that exposed receptacle boxes are made of non-
conductive materials.
• Know where the breakers and boxes are located in case of an
emergency.
• Label all circuit breakers and fuse boxes clearly. Each switch
should be positively identified as to what outlet or appliance it is for.
• Do not use outlets or cords with exposed wiring.
• Do not use power tools when protective guards are removed.
• Do not block access to circuit breakers or fuse boxes.
• Do not touch a person or electrical apparatus in the event of an
electrical accident. Always disconnect the current first.
• Ensure that only qualified personnel work on any part of an
electrical circuit or equipment/apparatus.
• Always replace a fuse with the same kind and rating. Never bridge
a fuse using metal wires or nails, etc.
• Make sure that there is someone to look after you whenever you
work with any part of the electrical circuit.
• Observe lock-out/tag-out (LOTO). Always lock safety switches and
place tags before working on a circuit. Before energizing a circuit,
ensure all personnel are clear of the circuit or the equipment
concerned.

Page 87 of 180
• Ensure that temporary electrical installations do not create new

hazards.
• Always use ladders made of wood or other non-conductive
materials when working with or near electricity or power lines.
• Adhere to strictly established regulations of the Philippine Electrical
Code.
e. Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI) - works by detecting any loss of

electrical current in a circuit. When a loss is detected, the GFCI turns the
electricity off before severe injuries or electrocution can occur. A painful
shock may occur during the time that it takes for the GFCI to cut off the
electricity so it is important to use the GFCI as an extra protective
measure rather than a replacement for safe work practices.
(Source:
https://www.frontenacpr
operty.com/tipsfortenant
s-reset-gfci/)
f. LOTOTO System – this system is effective for preventing accidents

during maintenance works. It is a method that is especially designed to
protect against the unexpected startup of a machine that is supposed to
be turned off. The LOTOTO System is designed to protect against the
unexpected startup of machine that is supposed to be "OFF" or an
unexpected release of energy (hazardous energy).
• Lock-Out – a lock is used to prevent the power source from being

switched on.
• Tag-Out – a tag affixed to the locked device gives cautions that it
should not be turned on.
• Try-Out – testing before starting the job to ensure no power and
testing after the job to ensure no fault to the system.
(Source: Creative Safety

Supply)

Page 88 of 180
g. Proper Maintenance of Power Tools - The necessity to use flexible

cables to supply electricity to the tools introduces hazards. Such cables
are often misused and abused resulting in damaged insulation and broken
or exposed conductors. The tool itself could also become charged with
electricity due to a fault. Constant care and adequate maintenance and
storage are essential to safe use.
h. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) – use of adequate and approved

type of PPE which counters electrical hazards. For example, rubber
insulating gloves, hoods, sleeves, matting and blanket, hard hat (insulated
– nonconductive, etc.)
5. Fire hazards are considered as threat to fire safety. Fire safety refers to:
a. Life Safety: The primary goal of fire safety efforts is to protect building
occupants from injury and to prevent loss of life.
b. Property Protection: The secondary goal of fire safety is to prevent
property damage.
c. Protection of Operations: By preventing fires and limiting damage we
can assure that work operations will continue.
There are two (2) elements of fire safety program. They are: (a) Fire Prevention
and (b) Fire Protection.
Fire Prevention
For better prevention technique, determine first the causes of fire. According to
2019 Philippine Statistical Yearbook released by PSA, see the table below:
Causes and number of cases of Fire Incidence

Causes 2015 2016 2017 2018
Faulty Electrical Wiring /
4,011 4,947 4,872 5,319
Connection
Neglected Cooking / Stove 837 838 711 877
Open Flame
Cigarette Butt 1,180 1,571 1,002 1,128

Unattended
Torch / Sulo 1,440 1,119 427 858

Candle / Gasera 637 648 463 521
Matchstick / Lighter 394 581 320 439
Direct Flame Contact /
25 32 45 69
Static Electricity
LPG Related 137 130 124 104
Neglected Electrical Appliances /
456 461 412 432
Devices
Electrical Machineries 88 66 82 110

Page 89 of 180
Chemicals 80 135 137 93

Incendiary Device / Mechanism
111 138 139 138
or Ignited Flammable Liquid
Spontaneous Combustion 446 603 228 370
Pyrotechnics 61 30 25 22
Bomb Explosion 0 3 1 2
Lightning 18 14 7 14
Under Investigation / Unknown 3,567 4,102 3,401 3,821
Others 3,650 3,874 1,801 2,358
Total Cases: 17,138 19,292 14,197 16,675
a. The best defense against fire is to prevent a fire from starting by

preventing the three elements (Heat, Oxygen and Fuel) to combine at the
right proportion. Among the three elements, oxygen is the most difficult to
control because air contain oxygen and is a necessity of life. Therefore,
fuel and heat are the most practical to be controlled. In this sense,
controlling just means keeping them separated.
b. Faulty Electrical Wiring / Connection are determined as the top cause of

fire in the Philippines. Control measures are:
• Design of all electrical wiring and connection must be done by a
licensed professional related to electricity (Electrical Engineer).
• Conduct of Regular Inspection and Maintenance of Electrical
Installation including Mechanical Equipment.
• Avoid overloading
• Employ trained and licensed electrician and electrical engineer.
• Comply with Philippine Electrical Code (PEC) and Electrical Safety
of OSHS.
c. Unattended Open Flames. One of the most common open flame hazards
is the cigarette butts. It can also include the use of matchstick or lighter
because of their association with each other. Control measures are:
• Prohibition of smoking in the workplace
• Provision of “No Smoking” signage.
• Provision of Designated Smoking Area to prevent worker from
hiding while smoking and carelessly disregarding the cigarettes or
matchsticks.
d. Removal of unnecessary things, which is part of good housekeeping, can

also help improve prevention of fire. Unnecessary things are prone to
become fuel because of their condition which is being unattended.
e. Compliance with the Republic Act No. 9514 otherwise known as Fire
Code of the Philippines and its Revised IRR 2019. For example,
permits and fire safety clearance.

Page 90 of 180
f. Provision of Hot Work Permit System. All companies who perform hot
work operation must develop in-house hot work permit system as part of
OSH program for hot works operation. Hot work means work that might
generate sufficient heat, sparks or flame to cause a fire. Hot work includes
welding, flame cutting, soldering, brazing, grinding, and other equipment
incorporating a flame.
The fire code of the Philippines requires all companies to secure a Fire
Safety Clearance prior to any hot works operation. Duration of fire safety
clearance for hot works operation shall be:
• Annual – for business establishments requiring almost daily repair
or maintenance
• Per Project Duration – for new construction or renovation. Project
exceeding one (1) year, new FSC valid for one (1) year or a fraction
thereof.

Page 91 of 180
g. Proper Storage of materials (combustible and flammable) – store

flammable and combustible liquids in areas that are:
• well ventilated to reduce vapour concentrations.
• free of ignition sources.
• cool (temperature controlled) and dry.
• supplied with adequate firefighting and spill clean-up equipment.
• away from elevators, building and room exits, or main aisles
leading to exits.
• accessible by firefighters.
• labelled with suitable warning signs. For example: "No Smoking".
Avoid storing flammable and combustible liquids in basements. Ground

floor storage is usually preferred as it provides easier access for
emergency situations.
Fire Protection
Even with the highest technique in fire prevention, fire outbreak can still happen.
Establishments must be ready if in case of fire.
a. Fire Detection and Alarm with annunciators - are designed to discover

fires early in their development when time will still be available for the safe
evacuation of occupants. Early detection also plays a significant role in
protecting the safety of emergency response personnel. Property loss can
be reduced and downtime for the operation minimized through early
detection because control efforts are started while the fire is still small.
Type of Detection:
• Manual – means using human observer.
• Automatic – such as smoke, flame and heat detectors.
i. Smoke detectors
o Monitor changes within the area
o Provide early warning
o Changing stages in the development of fire
o When smoke is produced
ii. Heat detectors

o Fixed temperature types – which responds when the
detection element reaches a predetermined temperature
o Rate-of-rise temperature – which respond to an increase in
heat at a rate greater than some predetermined value.
iii. Flame detectors

o Infra-red – sensing elements responsive to radiant energy
outside the range of human vision; useful in detecting fire
in large areas, e.g. storage areas

Page 92 of 180
o Ultra-violet – sensing elements responsive to radiant

energy outside the range of human vision
The one major limitation is that they do nothing to contain or control the
fire.
b. Prevent the Spread of Fire – is the next step after the discovery of fire.
Fire can spread by heat transfer methods such as conduction, convection
and radiation.
Barriers or fire compartmentation can be used to prevent the spread of

fire. It means that limit the area of a fire or at least retard its spread.
Examples are: firewalls, fire doors, shutters or louvers, fire stops, baffles,
fire dampers, fire windows, parapets, dikes and enclosures of vertical
openings.
c. Provision of Fire Extinguishment – there are two (2) categories of fire

extinguishments, they are: permanent or “built-in” fire extinguisher and
portable fire extinguisher.
• Permanent or “built-in” fire extinguishers – examples are:

standpipe and hose, automatic sprinkler system, fire hydrant, fire
pump, fire truck, etc.
• Portable fire extinguishers – also called as “first-aid fire
extinguisher” are used extensively to lessen the danger of fire.
They contain a limited supply of extinguishing agent, because of
this they are mostly intended to be used for incipient fires or starting
fire.
According to Section 10.2.6.9 of RA 9514 RIRR Rev. 2019, all

buildings, structures and facilities shall be installed with portable fire
extinguisher that are designed, installed and maintained in
accordance with the RA 9514 RIRR Rev. 2019, even if the property
is equipped with automatic sprinkler, standpipe and hose, or other
fixed fire protection equipment.
Fire extinguisher shall be selected for the classification of fire to be

protected. Example of the most commonly used extinguishing
agent:
i. Water type
ii. Multipurpose dry chemical type
iii. Wet Chemical type
iv. Aqueous Film-Forming Foam (AFFF)
v. Film-Forming Fluoro-protein Foam (FFFP)
vi. Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
vii. And others agents…

Page 93 of 180
There are extinguishing agents considered as obsolete. Always

ensure the right type of fire extinguisher and that of approved type.
Fire extinguishers manufactured locally shall be classified, tested

and rated in accordance with the PNS No.27:1984 Rules for
Classification, Fire Testing and Rating of Portable Fire
Extinguishers. If made and imported from other countries, they shall
be considered acceptable when manufactured in accordance with
any of the following standards:
i. International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
ii. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
iii. Underwriter Laboratory Incorporated (UL)
iv. Factory Manual Incorporated (FM)
v. American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
vi. And other standards.
Fire extinguishers except wheeled-type shall be securely installed

on the hanger or in the bracket supplied or placed in cabinets or
wall recesses. If in cabinet, it shall not be locked unless where fire
extinguishers are subject to malicious use and the cabinet must
include means of emergency access.
Mounting of Fire Extinguishers:

i. Extinguishers with a gross weight not exceeding 18 kg (40 lbs.)
should be installed not more than 5 ft (1.5 m) above the floor.
ii. Extinguishers with a gross weight greater than 18 kg (40 lbs.)
except wheeled type extinguishers, should be installed not more
than 3.5 ft (1 m) above the floor
iii. In no case must the clearance between the bottom of the
extinguishers and the floor be less than 4 inches.
Fire extinguishers shall be maintained in a fully charged and

operable condition, and kept in their designated places at all times
when they are not being used. Also, be conspicuously located
where they will be readily accessible and immediately available in
the event of fire. Preferably, they shall be located along normal
paths of travel including exits from areas.
Number of fire extinguisher shall be computed based on the floor

area, the class of fire and the classification of hazard.
Classification of Hazards (RA 9514)

i. Low Hazard – Light hazard occupancies are locations where the
total amount of Class A combustible materials, including
furnishings, decorations, and contents, is of minor quantity. This

Page 94 of 180
classification anticipates that majority of content items are either

noncombustible or so arranged that a fire is not likely to spread
rapidly.
For example: some buildings or rooms occupied as offices,

classrooms, churches, assembly halls, guest room areas of
hotels/motels
ii. Moderate Hazard – are locations where the total amount of

Class A combustibles and Class B flammables are present in
greater amounts than low hazard.
For example: could consist of dining areas, mercantile shops,

and allied storage; light manufacturing, research operations,
auto showrooms, parking garages, workshop or support service
areas of light (or low) hazard occupancies; and warehouses
iii. High Hazard – Extra hazard occupancies are locations where

the total amount of Class A combustibles and Class B
flammables present, in storage, production, use, finished
product, or combination thereof, is over and above those
expected in occupancies classed as ordinary (or moderate)
hazard.
For example: woodworking, vehicle repair, aircraft and boat

servicing, cooking areas, individual product display showrooms,
product convention center displays, and storage and
manufacturing processes such as painting, dipping, and coating,
including flammable liquid handling.
Tables below are used to determine the number of fire extinguisher.

Page 95 of 180
Sample Problem
60 meters
30 meters
Building AD
(50 Floors, Low
Hazard)
(1) Determine the minimum number of fire extinguishers to be

installed in the Building AD using Table 7 of RA 9514?
(2) If one unit of 2.5 gallon water-type fire extinguisher is
equivalent to one unit of 15 lbs. dry chemical fire extinguisher,
how many units of 10 lbs. dry chemical fire extinguisher will be
installed in Building AD?
Assume: 2.5 gallons of water = 15 lbs. dry chemical or CO2
Solution:
(1) Floor Area = Length x Width = 60 meters x 30 meters

Floor Area = 1800 square meters
“Given: For Low Hazard, one (1) unit of 2-A rated fire
extinguisher for every 200 square meters of floor area”
Floor Area 1800 sq. m.
No. of units per floor = ———————— = ——————
Given Floor Area 200 sq. m.
No. of units per floor = 9 units of 2-A rated fire extinguisher per
floor
Total number of units for Building AD = 9 units per floor x 50

floors = 450 units of 2-A rated fire extinguishers
(2) Floor Area = Length x Width = 60 meters x 30 meters

Floor Area = 1800 square meters
“Given: For Low Hazard, one (1) unit of 2-A rated fire
extinguisher for every 200 square meters of floor area”
Floor Area 1800 sq. m.
No. of units per floor = ———————— = ——————
Given Floor Area 200 sq. m.

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No. of units per floor = 9 units of 2-A rated fire extinguisher per
floor this is also equal to 9 units of 15 lbs. dry chemical fire
extinguisher per floor.
Total weight of dry chemical per floor = 9 units x 15 lbs. dry

chemical fire extinguisher = 135 lbs of dry chemical
Number of 10 lbs. dry chemical fire extinguisher per floor =

135 lbs. of dry chemical divided by 10 lbs. dry chemical per
fire extinguisher = 13.5 units of 10 lbs. dry chemical fire
extinguisher…. say 14 units.
Total units needed for Building AD = 14 units of 10 lbs. dry

chemical fire extinguisher per floor x 50 floors = 700 units of
10 lbs. dry chemical fire extinguisher.
To maintain fire extinguisher in operable condition, inspection

and maintenance must be performed.
o Inspection – a quick check that visually determines

whether the fire extinguisher is properly placed and will
operate. Inspection must be done at least monthly and
must be properly documented.
Inspection can be done by a trained employee of the

company. It must cover all the parts of extinguisher
(Source: Serafin S. Delos Reyes, Fire Safety PPT Presentation)

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o Maintenance – a complete and thorough examination of

each extinguisher
Preventive maintenance audit of the fire extinguisher

shall be conducted periodically by the building owners
or persons responsible at least once every twelve
months (once a year).
If after inspection it shows that servicing is necessary, it

shall be performed by the legitimate supplier or
manufacturer duly licensed by DTI.
Use and operation of fire extinguisher shall be done by the trained

area personnel.
When using fire extinguisher, always remember the PASS.
Bear in mind that fire extinguisher only has limited capacity.

Typically will lasts only 8 to 20 seconds and should be used
correctly.
Once fire has started, the process of combustion creates a fourth

side to the fire triangle – the chemical process involved in burning.
The four (4) side triangle is called tetrahedron.
(Source: Serafin S. Delos

Reyes, PPT Presentation)

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Fire can be extinguished by removing one of the sides of the

tetrahedron. These methods are called:
(1) Isolation or Starvation – removal of fuel. For example, LPG
tank flame at the nozzle of the valve is best extinguished by
shutting off the valve. When there is no fuel supply the flame
will die out.
(2) Smothering – limiting oxygen or by cutting off the oxygen
supply. For example: a fish is being cooked and it caught on
fire. The fire can be extinguished by covering it. Another
example is light candle and cover with glass until the fire dies.
(3) Quenching – removal of heat or by cooling to a point below
flashpoint temperature. For example, splashing water to
charcoal which was used to cook barbeque.
(4) Inhibition – by inhibiting the rapid oxidation of the fuel or
interrupting chemical chain reaction. For example, using dry
chemical.
d. Provide for prompt and orderly evacuation – evacuation is needed to

ensure that all employees be safe from dangers of fire. All employees
must be trained evacuation procedure through fire drills.
Fire drill means to practice for the orderly and safe evacuation of
occupants in the buildings. Also, in fire drill, all available fire and life
safety equipment, devices and tools for fire suppression and medical and
rescue operation must be operated. Drills shall be held at unexpected
times and under varying conditions to simulate the unusual conditions
obtaining in case of fire.
Fire drills shall be conducted regularly or at least:

• Four (4) times a year for educational occupancies
• Once every quarter for day care occupancies
• Quarterly on each shift for health care
• Quarterly basis with not less than two (2) drills conducted during
the night for residential board and care occupancies
• Twice a year for residential occupancies (hotel emergency
organization and, dormitories, lodging and rooming houses)
• Twice a year for mercantile, business and industrial occupancies
Emergency Evacuation Plan shall be drawn with a photo-luminescent

background to be readable in cases of power failure and be posted on
strategic and conspicuous locations in the building containing the following
basic information:
• “You Are Here/ room number/ building” Marking
• Fire Exits
• Primary Route to Exit (Nearest to the viewer)

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• Secondary Route to Exit (Second nearest to the viewer)

• Fire alarm pull stations and annunciators
• Fire extinguishers/ hose cabinets
• Emergency Light
• First Aid Kits locations (if applicable)
• Emergency Call stations (if applicable)
• Areas of safe refuge (for high-rise building)
• Assembly areas instructions
• “In Case of Emergency” instructions
e. Organization of Fire Brigades – a group of employees organized and

trained to respond to fire emergency in the job site. Fire brigade is also a
part of Emergency Response Team (ERT).
According to Section 6.0.2.1 of the Fire Code of the Philippines (revision

2019), all business establishments that can accommodate at least fifty
(50) persons shall establish and maintain an organization of fire brigade to
deal with fire and other related emergencies.
All members of the fire brigade shall undergo training on fire prevention,
fire suppression, rescue, emergency medical services and related
emergency response such training shall be conducted by BFP.
Fire Safety Program

A. Engineering Design & Construction of Buildings & Structures, Operations,
Processes, etc.
B. Proper Installation & Distribution of Fire Protection Systems
1. Automatic Wet Sprinkler System
2. Automatic Fire Suppression System/s
3. Fire Detection & Alarm System/s
4. Fire hydrant & Standpipe system/s
5. Portable Fire Extinguishers
6. Other fire equipment
C. Fire Safety Inspection & Audits
1. HIRARC & Hierarchy of Controls
2. Fire Protection System/s
3. Fire Hazards
4. Critical Areas (Storage facilities & Fuel Storages)
D. Emergency Preparedness (Organization of Fire Brigade)
1. All industrial/commercial establishments employing at least fifty (50)
personnel shall establish an organization of FIRE BRIGADE to deal
with fire and other related emergencies, Rule 6, Division 2 of the Fire
Code.
2. Members of the fire brigades shall be afforded opportunities to improve
their knowledge on FIRE PREVENTION & SUPPRESSION through
attendance in seminars and special training classes.

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E. Maintenance & Testing of FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS.

F. Fire Safety Permit System (Hot Work Permit System)
G. Fire Safety Education and Training (mandatory requirements for Fire
Safety Practitioners, etc.)
H. Compliance to Regulatory Requirements (Fire Code)
I. Fire Safety Promotions Programs
1. Good Housekeeping Contest
2. Fire Brigade Competition
3. Safety Posters/Slogan Contest, etc.
J. PROGRAM EVALUATION & BUDGET
6. Job Hazard Analysis (JHA) - is the process of studying & recording each step
of a job, identifying existing or potential hazards, and determining the best way to
perform the job to reduce or eliminate the hazards
Every workingman has the right to know every possible hazard that exist or may
exist in his workplace. Thus comes a need for means of identifying & controlling
this hazard.
One of the most available management tools that can really help is a job hazard
analysis (JHA), a program element of the OSH Program and sometimes referred
to as Job Safety Analysis.
JHA helps integrate accepted safety and health principles and practices into a
particular task or job operation. JHA can be used as a basis for:
a. Developing or updating standard operating procedure (SOP)
b. Training employees & Observing employee performance
c. Conducting inspections
d. For investigating accidents
Basic Steps of JHA:

a. Select the job for JHA. All task or job must have JHA. Establishing
prioritization on which job should be analysed first can help company
cover all the job or task. In determining priorities, the following criteria
must be observed:
• Jobs with High Frequency of accidents
• Jobs with history of serious accidents or fatalities
• Jobs with potential to cause serious harm
• New jobs
• Jobs already analysed but are still causing accident
b. Selecting JHA Team. A team will lessen or reduce the possibility of

overlooking important information and also increase the likelihood of
identifying the best measure to prevent accident. An effective JHA team
usually includes:
• The supervisor of selected job

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• The employee of selected job

• Safety Officer
• Health Officer
• Other individual who may contribute to JHA
• Experts or specialist when necessary
c. Breaking the selected job into sequence of steps. This shall be

conducted by the team. The team’s objective is to identify the basic steps
occurred in the selected job. Basic steps can be determined by either
observing the job being performed or by discussion with the team.
In this step, there are common errors may occur:

• Listed step is too general – missed important step
• Listed step is too detailed – too many steps or an unnecessary step
is included. (i.e. more than ten steps)
• Safety Procedure already included in the listed step
d. Identify hazards. Simple technique to make sure that each step is

examined thoroughly is to consider four (4) focus areas:
• The physical actions
• The materials
• The equipment
• The conditions
In every identified step, list the things that could go wrong or the hazards.
e. Recommending corrective measures. The same four (4) factors used to

identify hazards can be used to develop an effective corrective measure.
All hazards must have corrective measures. Corrective measure must be
specific and be based on hierarchy of control – engineering control,
administrative control and PPE.
Job Hazard Analysis Sample Format:

PPT Presentation)

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WORKSHOP 3: CONTROL MEASURES

Objective:
Upon completion of the workshop, participants will be able to recommend specific
control measures based on the hierarchy of controls
3. Risk Control
Proposed Control Measure Due Date / Status

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MODULE 3: ACCIDENT CAUSATION (RISKY

WORKPLACE & RISKY WORKERS)
ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION
Objectives:
1. Discuss the importance of accident investigation.
2. Enumerate the types of accidents to be reported.
3. Explain the basic procedure in the conduct of accident investigation.
4. Know how to document an accident investigation.
• Accomplish the Work Accident/Illness Report (WAIR) and Annual
Accident/ Illness Exposure Data Reports (AEDR) based on cases given
• Compute sample Severity Rate (SR) and Frequency Rate (FR)
What is an Accident?
An accident is an unexpected, unforeseen, unplanned and unwanted occurrence or

event that causes damage or loss of materials or properties, injury or death. The causes
of accident are unsafe acts and unsafe conditions – both hazards.
What is Accident Investigation?
• A methodological effort to collect and interpret the facts of accident.

• An inquiry as to how and why accident occurred in order to explore actions that
should be taken to prevent recurrence of the accident.
According to Rule 1050 of OSH Standards, all work accidents or occupational illnesses
in place, resulting in disabling condition or dangerous occurrence shall be reported by
the employer to eh Regional Labor Office.
Types of Accident:
1. Disabling Accident – shall mean a work injury which results in death, permanent
total disability, permanent partial disability or temporary disability.
• Death or Fatal – loss of life
• Permanent Total Disability – any injury or sickness other than death
which permanently and totally incapacitates an employee from engaging
in any gainful occupation or which results in the loss or the complete loss
of use of any of the following in one accident: both eyes; one eye and one
hand, or arm, or leg or foot; any two of the following not in the same limb,
hand, arm, foot, leg; permanent complete paralysis of two limbs; brain
injury resulting in incurable imbecility or insanity.
• Permanent Partial Disability – any injury other than death or permanent
total disability which results in the loss or loss of use of any member or

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part of a member of the body regardless of any pre-existing disability of

the injured member or impaired body function.
• Temporary Total Disability – any injury or illness which does not result in
death or permanent total or permanent partial disability but which results
in disability from work for a day or more.
2. Non-disabling Accident – a work accident that result in medical treatment Injury.
• Medical Treatment Injury – an injury which does not result in a disabling
injury but requires first aid and medical treatment of any kind.
3. Near Miss – an event where no injury or property damage has occurred but
where a slight difference in position or timing could mean the occurrence of
damage or injury.
4. Dangerous Occurrence – an occurrence which may or may not cause serious
bodily harm to workers, or seriously damage the premises of employment. These
include: fire; explosion of boilers and pressure vessels, collapse of equipment or
structures; etc.
Investigation and reporting of accident is mandatory to all companies. All companies

must have a strong commitment or formal company policy for the proper and consistent
reporting of all accidents. It is one of the most important principles of accident
investigation program.
Accident Investigation is conducted to:

• Prevent recurrence (root cause identification and provision of recommendations)
• Comply with policies and regulatory requirements
• Establish all facts (i.e. cost of accident)
• Improve supervisors’ management approach
• Maintain employee awareness
Immediately conduct accident investigation because:

• Operations are disrupted
• Memories fade or may change
• Employees are at risk
• Delay of investigation will result on more losses
Members of investigation team can include:

• Immediate Manager
• Immediate Supervisor
• HSC Chairman and Members
• Safety Officer
• OH Personnel (Physician and Nurse)
• First Aiders
• Security Officers
• Union Members
• Workers
• “Outside” experts (optional)

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Accident Investigation Process:
1. Scene Management must be done by performing the following:

a. Immediate care and treatment of the injured.
b. Control the remaining hazards. Hazards in the scene must be controlled to
prevent further injury or damage.
c. Isolate the site of the accident. Provision of barricade must be done to
prevent entry of unauthorized workers and also the preservation of items
that may be considered as evidence.
2. Gather Information. Information may be obtained from:

a. Physical Evidence – investigation team must physically visit the scene of
accident to gather information about the accident such as
• Time of accident
• Equipment and tools used
• Safety devices in use
• Housekeeping of area
• Position of several items such as machine guards.
• Environment – identify the condition of environment.
o Location of Accident
o Lighting Level
o Noise Level
o Weather Condition
b. Witnesses – a witness is any person who has information relating to the
accident. General guidelines in interviewing witnesses:
• Interview witnesses immediately
• Prevent witnesses from discussing the event before interview
• Interview witnesses individually & privately
• Put the witness at ease
• Explain the objectives of the investigation
• Avoid all forms of abusive language
• Document the conversation
• Seek cooperation – ask for input
• End on positive note
c. Existing Records – such as technical sources and relevant records. For
example:
• Employee Record
• Equipment Technical Record
• Job/Task Method Statement
• Record of previous accident investigation reports.
3. Analysis of Information – is done in order to determine cause of accident. All

gathered information shall initially represent statement of facts. To determine the
causes of accident, the investigation team should apply root cause analysis.

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Root cause analysis (RCA) is defined as a collective term that describes a wide
range of approaches, tools, and techniques used to uncover causes of problems.
RCA is also an integral part of continuous improvement.
Some of root cause analysis methodologies are:

a. Ishikawa “Fishbone” Diagram
b. Apollo Root Cause Analysis
c. Change Analysis
d. Events & Causal Factor Analysis
e. Barrier Analysis
f. Multi-Linear Events Sequencing
g. Fault Tree Analysis
h. Management Oversight Risk Tree
i. Event Tree Analysis
j. Safety Management Oversight Risk Tree
k. Cause-Consequence Analysis
l. 5 “Why?” Analysis - The most commonly used RCA. Because it is
effective and easy-to-use. It is by repeated asking “Why?” five (5) times.
How to complete the 5 Whys?

a. Write down the specific problem.
b. Ask Why the specific problem happens (first why) and write the answer
down below the problem.
c. Using the answer from the “first why”, ask why again (Second why) and
write the answer below the second why.
d. Repeat the step C until fifth why.
e. Always ensure that the answers are based on facts, not from guesses.
f. The answer from fifth why shall serve as the root cause of the accident.
The investigation team must be in agreement that the root cause has been
identified (see Figure: Single Lane).

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g. If the investigation team is not in agreement, for the reason that there are
several possible answers in a single why. The team can broaden the 5
whys analysis and chose the most possible root cause. (see Figure:
Multiple Lane).
4. Recommending Corrective Actions – its goal is to prevent recurrence of

similar accident. Corrective Actions must be based on Hierarchy of Controls
(Engineering Controls, Administrative Controls and PPE). Make sure that the
corrective action will aim to control the causes of accident.
5. Write Report – the investigation team, data gathered, causes identified and
corrective actions should be properly reported and formally recorded in Accident
Investigation Report. There is no established industry-standard format for the
accident investigation report form; each company will generally develop its own
format. Generally, minimum component of an accident investigation report should
be:
a. Description of the Accident
b. Causes of the Accident
c. Corrective Actions
Basically, here are the basic questions that must be answered in Accident
Investigation Report:
a. How did the accident happen?
b. Who was injured?
c. When did it happen?
d. Where did it happen?
e. What where the materials, machine, equipment or conditions involved?
f. Why did it occur?
g. How can similar accident be prevented?
• Description of the accident must contain the answers from letter a to e

mentioned above;
• Causes of the accident must contain the answer to letter f mentioned above;
• And, letter g for corrective actions.
6. Record Keeping and Monitoring – ensure that all reports be kept for future
references and that all recommended corrective actions be enforced and
maintained at all times.
An accident investigation is not complete until a report is prepared and submitted to the
proper authorities.

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Reporting Requirements
• All work accidents or occupational illnesses in places of employment shall be

reported by the employer to the Regional Office using form IP-6 or WAIR.
• Where an accident result in death or permanent total disability, the employer

shall notify the Regional Labor Office within twenty-four (24) hours after the
occurrence using the fastest available means of communication, and within forty-
eight (48) hours upon receipt of the initial report shall be investigated by the
Regional Office.
In OSH Standards, there are two (2) prescribed report form in relation to Accident. They
are:
1. Employer’s Work Accident/Illness Report (WAIR) – this report shall be

submitted by the employer for every accident or illness to Regional Office having
jurisdiction on or before 20th day of the month following the date of the accident.
2. Annual Work Accident/Illness Exposure Data Report (AEDR) – shall be

submitted to Regional Labor Office having jurisdiction on or before the 30 th day of
the month following the end of each calendar year. AEDR must be submitted with
or without accident. In AEDR, there are formula to compute for Frequency Rate
and Severity Rate.
a. Frequency Rate (FR) – is the total number of disabling injuries per one (1)
million-employee hours of exposure.
Total No. of Disabling Injuries x 1,000,000

FR = ———————————————————
Total Employee Hours of Exposure
The total employee hours of exposure are the hours worked by all employees
in each establishment during the exposure date. It is the combination of
regular time and overtime (OT).
For example, assuming the total number of disabling injuries is 7 and total
employee hours of exposure is 141,000.
7 x 1,000,000 7,000,000
FR = ——————— = ————— = 49.64
141,000 141,000
This means that: based on 7 disabling injuries for 141,000 hours of exposure,
this company would experience 49.64 or 50 (round-up) disabling injuries by
the time they reached 1,000,000 employee hours of exposure.

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b. Severity Rate (SR) – is the total number of days lost or charged per one (1)
million-employee hours of exposure.
Total No. of Days Lost or Charged x 1,000,000

SR = ——————————————————————
Total Employee Hours of Exposure
The total numbers of days lost shall mean the combined total, for all injuries
or illnesses of:
• All days of disability resulting from temporary total injuries or illnesses;
and/or
• All scheduled charges assigned fatal, permanent total and permanent
partial injuries or illnesses.
Selected portion of scheduled charges in OSHS
The total employee hours of exposure are the hours worked by all employees
in each establishment during the exposure date. It is the combination of
regular time and overtime (OT).
For example, assuming the total number of days lost is 120 and total
employee hours of exposure is 141,000.
120 x 1,000,000 120,000,000

SR = ———————— = ——————— = 851.06
141,000 141,000
This means that: based on 120 days lost or charged for 141,000 hours of
exposure, this company would experience 851.06 or 852 (round-up) days lost
or charged by the time they reached 1,000,000 employee hours of exposure.

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EC Logbook
Pursuant to Art. 205 of PD626, as amended, otherwise known as The Employees’

Compensation and State Insurance Fund, all employers are required to keep a logbook
to record chronologically the sickness, injury or death of their employees setting forth
therein their names, dates and places of contingency and absences.
Entries in the logbook shall be made with 5 days from notice or knowledge of the
contingency. Within 5 days after the entry in the logbook, the employer shall report to
the System (SSS/GSIS) only those contingencies he deems to be work-connected.
All entries in the employer’s logbook shall be made by the employer or any of his/her
authorized official after verification of the contingencies or the employee’s absences for
a period of a day or more. Upon request by the System (SSS/GSIS), the employer shall
furnish the necessary information about the contingency appearing in the logbook, citing
the entry number, page number and date. Such logbook shall be made available for
inspection to the duly authorized representative/s of the System (SSS/GSIS).
Mere absence of a logbook shall not result in the suspension of evaluation of the claim.
In the event that a claim for disability or death has been declared as work-connected,
the amount of claim shall be provided fully by the Systems (SSS/GSIS) which shall
impose the penalty to the employer as provided under paragraph (c) of Art. 21 of PD
626, as-renumbered.
Manual or electronic recording of such contingencies is acceptable, for as long as the

information or date entered into and recorded by the employer is accurate and sufficient
Sample format of EC Logbook
In case of non-compliance and the incident has been declared as work-connected, the
erring employer shall be held liable to 50% of the lump sum equivalent of the income
benefit to which the employee may be found to be entitled. (Article 211 (c) of PD 626, as
re-numbered)

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MODULE 4: INTEGRATING ACTIVITY

Objectives:
1. Discuss the high-value of giving attention to occupational safety, health and
environment issues and concerns;
2. Identify safety and health hazards in an actual workplace situation; and
3. Determine prevention or control measures appropriate to the hazards identified.
OSH Inspection
OSH Inspection is a monitoring tool in an organization used to locate & report existing &
potential hazards that, if left uncontrolled, have the capacity to cause accident in the
workplace.
It is a central part of most safety, health and environmental protection programs. They
provide a reliable way for identifying and eliminating conditions that could contribute to
accident, illness or environmental damage.
It also provides a reliable way for identifying and eliminating or controlling hazard to
prevent accident.
Purpose of OSH Inspection:

• To maintain a safe work environment thru hazard recognition & removal.
• To determine that people are behaving & working in a safe manner.
• To determine that operations meet or exceed acceptable safety & government
standards.
• To maintain product quality & operational profitability.
For OSH inspection to work, both management and workers must realize that they have
respective roles to play.
1. Management must:
• Design and schedule inspection procedures for all work areas, processes and
procedures.
• Conduct routine inspection
• Ensure that audits are conducted by employees who understand the various
safety programs and policies
2. Supervisors/Employees must:
• Conduct informal daily inspections and ensure all unsafe conditions are
corrected
• Participate in all planned and regular inspections and ensure all unsafe
conditions are corrected

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Types of OSH Inspection
1. Informal or Unplanned Safety Inspection or continuous on-going

inspection – is conducted by employees, supervisors, & maintenance personnel
as part of their job responsibilities.
Supervisors will routinely conduct informal inspections in the workplace and

should discuss the inspection process during regularly scheduled safety
meetings. In the course of normal daily activities, supervisors & employees shall
visually inspect the work area to identify unsafe conditions and/or acts & initiate
corrective action as deemed necessary or appropriate. It can be conducted with
minimum documentation, but any and all deficiencies, no matter how minor, must
be documented along with the steps taken to correct the situation. Supervisors
shall record the specific findings & corrective actions taken, including the dates
corrections were made and/or scheduled
2. Formal or Planned Safety Inspection - a “real safety & health inspection”.

Formal or planned inspection is deliberate, thorough, & systematic by design.
Formal safety inspection requires a walk-through of a facility or worksite for the

purpose of identifying unsafe conditions and/or acts. It must be documented.
The documentation must include the specifics of an observed hazard and the
dates by which the hazard will be corrected.
There are three (3) types of formal safety inspection:

a. Periodic Inspection – include those inspections at regular intervals. They
can target the entire facility, a specific area, a specific operation or a
specific type of equipment. Management can plan this inspection weekly,
monthly, semi-annually, annually or at other suitable intervals.
For example:
• Specific type of equipment: Fire Extinguishers inspected, as
recommended, on a monthly basis.
The more serious the potential injury or the damage might be, the more
often the items should be inspected.
Period inspections can be of several different types:

• Inspections by the safety professional, industrial hygienist, and joint
Health & Safety Committee (HSC)
• Inspections performed by the electricians, mechanics, machine
operators and maintenance personnel
• Inspections by especially trained certified or licensed inspectors,
often from outside the organization
• Inspections done by outside investigators or, government
inspectors

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The advantage of periodic inspections is that it covers a specific area and

allows detection of unsafe conditions in time to provide effective counter
measures. Its disadvantage however, is that deviations from accepted
practices are rarely discovered because employees are prepared for
inspectors.
b. Intermittent Inspection – are those made at irregular intervals:
• If there is unusual number of accidents.

• When construction or remodelling is going on.
• When the department installs new equipment, institutes new
processes, or modifies old ones.
• Made by industrial hygienist when health hazards is suspected.
c. General Inspection is planned and cover places not inspected

periodically. This includes those areas no one ever visits and where
people rarely get hurt, such as:
• Parking lots,
• Sidewalks,
• Fencing and similar outlying regions.
3. Special Safety Inspection - are performed in response to reports of alleged

unsafe acts and/or conditions or to evaluate the hazards or health risks that may
be associated with existing and/or new substances, processes, procedures, or
equipment.
Planning for Inspection
1. A Safety & Health Inspection requires:
• sound knowledge of the facility.

• knowledge of relevant standards, regulations and codes.
o DOLE/BWC – Occupational Safety & Health Standards (As
Amended)
o DILG/BFP – Fire Code of the Philippines, R.A. No. 9514
o Philippine Society of Mechanical Engineering Code (PSME Code)
o Philippine Electrical Code (PEC) or formerly National Electrical
Code (NEC)
o National Building Code (NBC)
o National Sanitation Code, etc.
• systematic inspection steps.
• a method of reporting, evaluating, and using the data.

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2. The Hazard Control Inspection Inventory
• Management should divide the entire facility (yards, buildings, equipment,

machinery, vehicles, etc.) into areas of responsibility.
3. Before instituting an inspection program, these five (5) questions should be

answered:
• What items need to be inspected?

o Environmental Factors
o Hazardous Supplies and Materials
o Production & related Equipment
o Power Source Equipment
o Electrical Equipment
o Hand Tools
o PPE
o Fire Protection Equipment
o Personal Service & First-Aid
o Material Handling Equipment
o Etc.
• What aspects of each item need to be examined?

o Parts of an item most likely to become a serious hazard to health
and safety because of stress, wear, impact, vibration, heat
corrosion, chemical reaction, and misuse.
o For example: Safety Devices, Guards, Controls, Work or Wear
Point Components, etc.
• What conditions need to be inspected?

o The unsafe conditions for each part to be inspected should be
described specifically and clearly. It can be indicated by such words
as jagged, exposed, broken, frayed, leaking, rusted, corroded,
missing, vibrating, loose, or slipping.
o A checklist serves as reminders of what to look for and as records
of what has been covered. A checklist should have columns to
indicate compliance or action date, specific violation, a way to
correct it and a recommendation, and space for the inspector’s
signature & inspection date.
• How often must items be inspected?

Four (4) factors to consider:
(1) What is the loss severity potential of the problem?
(2) What is the potential for injury to employees?
(3) How quickly can the item or part become unsafe?
(4) What is the past history of failures?

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• Who will conduct the inspection?

o Supervisor or manager (incl. Machine Operators & Maintenance
Crew).
o Health & Safety Committee (HSC)
o Internal Auditor (ISO 9001, 1SO 14001, OHSAS 18001 & ISO
45001, etc.)
o Safety Officer (Safety Engineer)
o Representative from Management Office
o Insurance Company Safety Engineers
o CLIENTS’ Specialist or Expert (Customer Satisfaction)
o Third Party Auditors (Safety Consultants)
o Government Safety Inspector/Representative
Integrating Activity Template
1. Hazard Identification 2. Risk Analysis 3. Risk Control

Existing Proposed Due
Work Possible
No Hazard Risk Probability Severity Risk Control Date /
Activity Effects
(if any) Measures Status
Sample Workplace

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MODULE 5: COMMUNICATING OSH

Objectives:
1. Explain the roles of safety officers in the conduct of OSH trainings;
2. Enumerate and discuss the stages of the training cycle;
3. Discuss basic presentation and facilitating skills; and
4. Prepare a training plan for their company.
Training of Trainers on OSH
Efficient OSH communication helps in achieving a safe and healthy workplace. The
company must communicate to DOLE and other government agencies which is the
implementers of various standards in relation to OSH and also to the client which
provide additional OSH requirement.
OSH Communication to Employers
1. Employers respond to:

• Compliance requirement and status of compliance
• Costs
• Productivity Indicators
• “Need to know” and what can be done
• Efficient, effective way to implement OSH
2. Details to communicate to Employers:

• Duties of Employers (as per Chapter 3, Section 4a (1-9) of DOLE DO 198-18)
o Equip a place of employment for workers free from hazardous condition
that are causing or are likely to cause death, illness or physical harm to
the workers;
o Provide complete job safety instructions and proper orientation to all
workers including, but not limited to, those relating to familiarization with
their work environment;
o Ensure that, so far as is reasonably practicable, the chemical, physical
and biological substances and agents, and ergonomic and psychosocial
stresses under their control are without risk to health when the appropriate
measures of protection are taken;
o Use only approved specific industry set of standards of devices and
equipment for the workplace, as applicable
o Comply with OSH standards including training, medical examination, and
when necessary, provisions on protective and safety devices such as PPE
and machine guards. Training for workers shall include health promotion,
hazard associated with their work, health risks involved or to which they
are exposed to, preventive measures to eliminate or minimize risks, steps

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to be taken in case of emergency, and safety instructions for the jobs,

activities and tasks to be handled by workers;
o Make arrangements for workers and their representatives to have the time
and resource to participate actively in the processes of organizing,
planning and implementing, monitoring, evaluation and action for
improvement of the OSH management system;
o Provide, when necessary, for measures identifying trainings and drills,
evacuation plans, etc., to deal with emergencies, fires and accidents
including first-aid arrangements;
o Comply with all reportorial requirements of the OSH standards; and
o Register establishment to DOLE as provided under the OSH Standards
• Compliance to legislations (OSH Standards, etc.)
• OSH Data/Profile (OSH Situation of the Company)
• Accident data and productivity indicators
• Risk Assessment
• OSH Committee Meetings
OSH Communication to Employees
1. Employees respond to:

• How to keep themselves safe and healthy
• Linking OSH to their productivity
• Contributing to the achievement of the company
2. Details to communicate to Employees:

• Duties of Workers (as per OSH Standards)
o Participate in capacity building activities on safety and health and other
OSH related topics and programs;
o Proper use of all safeguards and safety devices furnished for workers’
protection and that of others;
o Comply with instructions to prevent accidents or imminent danger
situations in the workplace;
o Observe prescribed steps to be taken in cases of emergency including
participation in the conduct of national or local disaster drills; and
o Report to their immediate supervisor or any other responsible safety and
health personnel any work hazard that may be discovered in the
workplace.
• Company Policies (OSH Programs)
• Administrative controls (OSH-related issuances)
• New SOPs, operations and production processes
• Rights of Workers (as per DOLE DO 198-18)
o Section 5: Workers’ Right to Know
Workers, including new hires, shall be appropriately trained, education,
oriented and informed by the employer about all types of hazard in the

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workplace in a language and dialect that workers can understand.

Materials used shall be made readily available and accessible to workers.
o Section 6: Workers’ Right to Refuse Unsafe Work
Workers have the right of refusal to work without threat or reprisal from the
employer if an imminent danger situation exists.
o Section 7: Workers’ Right to Report Accidents
Workers and their representatives shall have the right to report accidents,
dangerous occurrences, and hazards to the employer, to DOLE and to
other concerned competent government agencies. Workers shall be free
from any form of retaliation for reporting any accident.
o Section 8: Workers’ Right to Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Every employer shall provide, free of charge, PPE to all his/her workers
needing such equipment.
• Roles in OSH Committee (OSH Program)
• Risk Assessment
• WEM Results and Accident Investigation Reports
• Biological Monitoring and Medical Surveillance
• Actions Taken
3. Ways to Communicate OSH to Employees:

• Workers’ OSH seminar, Specific OSH Learning Sessions and Re-orientation
• Group Meetings in OSH (OSH committee meetings and Toolbox Meetings)
• OSH Bulletin Boards, Posters, IEC Materials
• Email Brigades, Reports
Safety Officer as OSH Trainers
Roles of Safety Officers

1. Oversee the overall management of the OSH program in coordination with the
OSH committee:
a. Serves as SECRETARY to the HSC. As such, he shall:
b. Acts in an ADVISORY CAPACITY on all matters pertaining to health & safety
for the guidance of the employer & the workers.
c. Coordinates all OSH TRAINING PROGRAMS for the employer and
employees.
d. Conducts investigation of accidents as member of the Health & Safety
employer
e. Helps in the maintenance of an efficient accident record system & coordinates
actions taken by supervisors to eliminate accident causes.

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2. Frequently monitor and inspect any health or safety aspect of the operation being
undertaken with the participation of supervisions and workers.
3. Assist government inspectors in the conduct of safety and health inspection at
any time whenever work is being performed or during the conduct of an accident
investigation by providing necessary information and OSH reports as required by
the OSH standards.
4. Issue Work Stoppage Order (WSO) when necessary based on the requirements
and procedures provided by the OSH standards.
Workers’ OSH Seminar under Sec. 3. Definition of Terms (cc) DO 198-18
• Workers’ OSH seminar is the mandatory 8-hour module conducted by the safety
officer of the workplace as prescribed by the OSH Standards
• include management (discuss company policies)
• all workers including new hires (focus: Rights of Workers)
• no cost to employees considered as compensable working time
• For high risk establishments: quarterly re-orientation
Group Meetings in OSH
1. Toolbox Meetings / Talks - is a short meeting usually held before starting to work
to provide or give reminders to workers be EFFICIENT and SAFE during their
working time.
Types of TBM
a. General Toolbox Meeting or Mass Toolbox Meeting
• Speaker: Safety Officer of the Company or Client
• Listeners: All Personnel in the Company (including Service Providers’
Workers)
• Topic: Any OSH Topic
• Guest: Top Man in the Company, Client, etc.
• Frequency: Depend on company program. (Weekly or Daily)
b. Supervisor’s Toolbox Meeting or Group Toolbox Meeting

• Speaker: Supervision of the Group (Manager, Superintendent, Supervisor,
etc.)
• Listener: Workers of the Group
• Topic/Sequence:
o Activity for the Day
o Safety Measures
• Guest: Safety Officer, Health Officer, etc.
• Frequency: DAILY

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2. OSH Committee Meetings (Rule 1040: Health and Safety Committee or HSC)
• Plans and develops accident prevention programs for the establishment.
• Directs the accident prevention efforts of the establishment in accordance with
the safety programs safety performance and government regulations in order to
prevent accidents from occurring in the workplace.
• Conducts safety meetings at least once a month.
• Review reports of inspection, accident investigations and implementation of
program.
• Initiates and supervises safety training for employees.
• Serve as a means of communication in all issues relating to OSH.
Type and Composition of HSC: (DO 198-18 Section 13: OSH Committee)
Type Composition
of Establishment
HSC Chairperson Secretary Member
Low to High Risk
Establishment with
less than ten (10) At least one (1)
workers • Company owner • Safety Officer of worker, preferably
(A)
Low Risk or manager the workplace a union member if
Establishment with organized
ten (10) to fifty (50)
workers
• Certified First-
Medium to High aider, OH nurse,
Risk Establishment OH dentist, and
with ten (10) to fifty OH physician, as
(50) workers • Company Owner applicable
or Employer or
his/her • Safety Officer of • Safety Officers
(B)
representative the workplace representing the
Low to High Risk contractor or
• (Ex-Officio) subcontractor
Establishment with
fifty-one (51) • Representative/s
workers and above of Workers (union
member or not)
• At least two safety
For two (2) or more • Building owner or officers from any
• Safety Officer of
establishments his/her of the
the building or
housed under one representative establishment
(C) complex
building or such as the
appointed by the • At least two
complex including building
Chairperson workers’
malls. administrator
representatives
For type A, the safety officer of the workplace may also be the owner, manager or
his/her designated representative.

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Training
• Is a learning intervention;
• Improves match between job requirements and individual’s knowledge, skills,
and attitudes;
• After training, the individual is able to apply learning immediately
o Examples: BOSH, COSH, PCO Training etc.
• The Goal of Training: Learning
• Aims for a favorable change in perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors in a positive
direction of an individual, group or organization.
o Learning → Improved Performance
• Training Roles within the Training Cycle
Training Cycle
1. Training Needs Analysis (TNA)

• Determines whether training is needed in the first place
• Training should be based on sound, clearly identified requirements
o identify the problem (compliance etc.)
o is training the best way to respond to the problem?
o identify the learners
2. Curriculum Development ▪ Course Outline / Training Activity Plan

• Identify/define good, sound learning objectives
• Determine, selecting the (most appropriate) methodologies
• Specify the training dates (half-day, one day or whole week etc.)
• Mandatory 8-hour Safety and Health Seminar for Workers (see handout)

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3. Development of Training Materials

• Conversion of the Course Outline / Training Activity Plan into a complete
set of materials:
o detailed lesson plans
o learner materials – workbooks, hand-outs
o audiovisual aids –slides, flip charts, etc.
o assessment and evaluation sheets
• Others - making arrangements for the course, selecting the facilitators,
etc.
4. Training Implementation
As resource speaker and facilitator:
• Conduct of training
• Take care of logistics
• Keep records of learner progress
• Evaluate training instructor performance
• Make adjustments when needed
5. Monitoring and Evaluation

• Check-questions if the learner has retained the main points/key messages
• Written evaluations
• Quizzes/Exercises
• Summarizing hand-outs, checklists
• Connecting questions: questions which connect the new with the old
subject
Presentation Skills
• Think of your audience in advance;
• Anticipate questions;
• Take a breath, pause!
• Speak slowly especially when you have participants who are non native speakers
• Make eye contact; use appropriate hand gestures
• Sweep the room as you enter and deliver your opening spiel
• Stand confidently, dress neatly and appropriately
• Smile and the world will smile with you
Body Language
• Eye contact
• Posture
• Hand gestures
• Arms
• Legs
• Check your position (vis-à-vis the LCD projector, laptop, audience)

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Basic Skill of OSH Trainer

• Good Communication Skills
• Thorough Subject Understanding
• Experience
• Patience
• Interest in being a Trainer
• Genuine respect for other people
Every OSH Trainer has to conduct training the first time. It is called “paying your dues”.
First time OSH Trainer normally experiences some degree of anxiety. Symptoms
include:
1. Nervous stomach
2. Sweating
3. Tremors in the hands and legs
4. Faster breathing
5. Increased heart rate
The good news is that every time your present a topic, it gets easier because you
become more familiar with it; we call that developing a mental script. Eventually you’re
so familiar with the topic, most feelings of stress disappear.
Tips to Reduce Anxiety
To help ease your nervousness, make sure you are totally finished setting up and ready
to start the training. This will help you feel "in control" of the event. You're on top of
things. Below are some ways to help you do this while preparing to train
• Arrive at least 30 minutes early or earlier than any student
• Give the room a quick scan.
• Look for the audio-visual equipment. Make sure it's working.
• Set up your equipment and determine the location from which you will be
presenting.
• Go through your lesson plan once again.
• Check all slides, etc. to make sure nothing is missing
• Greet each student as he or she arrives with a big smile!
Doing all this prior to each training session will increase your confidence and your
students will be impressed with how "organized" you are.
“Fear of presenting or public speaking is universal! Rooted in our fear of failing”
Practice Makes Perfect
Be sure to get ready by practicing your presentation. The idea is that you need to create
a "mental script" so that you are not expressing ideas, concepts, principles, or
instructions for the first time. Each time you practice, your mental script will improve.

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MODULE 6: RESPONSES TO OSH ISSUES AND

CONCERNS
1. Workplace Emergency Preparedness
Objectives:
1. Define what is emergency (natural / man-made) and disaster
2. Identify the elements of an effective Emergency Preparedness Program;
3. Enumerate basic preparations for common emergencies; and
4. Discuss the concept on Fire Brigade Organization.
Workplace Emergency Preparedness

A workplace emergency is an unforeseen situation that threatens workers, client, or the
public; disrupts or shuts down operations or causes physical or environmental damage.
Types of Emergency:
1. Natural Emergencies – events that are caused by the force of nature
a. Flood
b. Typhoon
c. Earthquake
d. Tsunami
e. Volcanic Eruption
2. Man Made – can be result of human error, fatigue, poor housekeeping, poor
maintenance of equipment, lack of adequate training, or in some cases, a wilful
intent.
a. Industrial Fires
b. Chemical Leaks/Spills
c. Structure Collapse
d. Bomb Threats
e. Riot
Agencies Involved in Dealing with Emergencies

• Police – deal with security of person and property, which can cover all the
categories of emergency. They also to some extent deal with punishment of
those who cause an emergency through their deliberate actions.
• Fire service – deal with potentially harmful fires, but also often rescue operations
such as dealing with road traffic collisions. Their actions help to prevent loss of
life, damage to health and damage to or loss of property.
• Emergency Medical Service (Ambulance / Paramedic service) – The services
attempt to reduce loss of life or damage to health. This service is likely to be
decisive in attempts to prevent loss of life and damage to health. In some areas
"Emergency Medical Service" is abbreviated to simply EMS.

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Four (4) Phases of Emergency Preparedness
1. Mitigation
Mitigation is the cornerstone of emergency management. It’s the continuing effort to

lessen the impact that disasters have on people and property. Mitigation is defined
as “sustained action that reduces or eliminates long-term risk to people and property
from natural hazards and their effects.”
Mitigation efforts attempt to prevent hazards from developing into disasters

altogether or to reduce the effects of disasters. The mitigation phase of emergency
management differs from the other phases in that it focuses on long-term measures
for reducing or eliminating risk. The implementation of mitigation strategies is a part
of the recovery process if applied after a disaster occurs.
Mitigation measures can be structural or non-structural. Structural measures use

technological solutions like flood levees. Non-structural measures include legislation,
land-use planning (e.g. the designation of nonessential land like parks to be used as
flood zones), and insurance. Mitigation is the most cost-efficient method for
reducing the effect of hazards, although not always the most suitable.
Any cost-effective action taken to eliminate or reduce the long-term risk to life and
property from natural and technological hazards

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The phrase “cost-effective” is added to this definition to stress the important,

practical idea that, to be beneficial, a mitigation measure should save money in the
long run. If the cost of a mitigation project is less than the long-term costs of disaster
recovery and repair for the project area, the mitigation is considered cost-effective.
Through effective mitigation practices we can ensure that fewer people and
communities become victims of natural disasters. MITIGATION can take many
forms. It can involve such actions as:
• Promoting sound land use planning based on known hazards
• Buying flood insurance to protect your belongings
• Relocating or elevating structures out of the floodplain
• Developing, adopting and enforcing building codes and standards
• Using fire-retardant materials in new construction
• Developing and implementing a plan in your business or community to reduce
your susceptibility to hazards
2. Preparedness
Preparedness takes the form of plans or procedures designed to save lives and to
minimize damage when an emergency occurs. This is a continuous cycle of
planning, organizing, training, equipping, exercising, evaluation and improvement
activities to ensure effective coordination and the enhancement of capabilities to
prevent, protect against, respond to, recover from and mitigate the effects of natural
disasters, acts of terrorism and other man-made disasters. These activities ensure
that when a disaster strikes, emergency managers will be able to provide the best
response possible.
In the preparedness phase, emergency managers develop plans of action to

manage and counter their risks and take action to build the necessary capabilities
needed to implement such plans. Common preparedness measures include:
• communication plans with easily understandable terminology and methods
• proper maintenance and training of emergency services
• development and exercise of emergency population warning methods
• preparing shelters and evacuation plans
• stockpiling, inventory, and maintain disaster supplies and equipment
Emergency Managers in the planning phase should be flexible and all

encompassing – carefully recognizing the risks and exposures of their respective
regions and employing unconventional and atypical means of support. Depending on
the region – municipal or private sector emergency services can rapidly be depleted
and heavily taxed. The Federal Emergency Management Agency recommends that
each person should be prepared to be self-sufficient - able to live without running
water, electricity and/or gas, and telephones - for at least three days following a
disaster.

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3. Response
The response phase includes the mobilization of the necessary emergency

services and first responders in the disaster area. This is likely to include a first
wave of core emergency services, such as firefighters, police and
ambulance crews. Response is defined as the actions taken to save lives and
prevent further damage in a disaster or emergency situation. Response is putting
preparedness plans into action. Response activities may include damage
assessment, search and rescue, fire fighting and sheltering victims.
Organizational response to any significant disaster is based on existing emergency

management organizational systems and processes.
4. Recovery (Rehabilitation)
Recovery is defined as the actions taken to return the community to normal following
a disaster. Repairing, replacing, or rebuilding property are examples of recovery.
The aim of the recovery phase is to restore the affected area to its previous state. It
differs from the response phase in its focus; recovery efforts are concerned with
issues and decisions that must be made after immediate needs are
addressed. Recovery efforts are primarily concerned with actions that involve
rebuilding destroyed property, re-employment, and the repair of other essential
infrastructure. Efforts should be made to “build back better," trying to reduce the
pre-disaster risks inherent in the community and infrastructure.
Elements of Emergency Preparedness Program
1. Hazard Assessment
• Identify the existing and potential hazard that may cause emergency.
• Identify the consequences if emergency occur.
2. Develop Emergency Plan and Procedure

• Every emergency that may occur must have procedure on how to prevent
it from occurring and how to handle the situation.
3. Assign Responsibilities
• Identify the team responsible in emergency prevention and in handling the
emergency situation.
For example: the person who will be responsible to:

• Systematic shutdown of machines, utilities, etc.;
• Perform search and rescue
• Control unauthorized entry
• Prompt communication to all concerned,
• and, more…

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4. Conduct Training
• Provide specialized training to Emergency Response Team (ERT). For
example, fire brigade training, search and rescue training, etc.
• Training about the emergency procedures
• Training for emergency prevention such as Good Housekeeping and 5S.
• Evacuation Training
5. Regular Conduct of Drill and Exercise

• Evacuation drill on every emergency that may occur.
• Search and Rescue
• Different scenario of emergency
• First Aid
• Fire Suppression using permanent system
• Fire Suppression using portable system or fire extinguishers
6. Means of Communication
• A procedure for providing public information to appropriate agencies in the
event of an emergency shall be developed for the control of information
releases & coordination of information releases with Safety, Legal &
Corporate Affairs.
• Information to neighboring companies about the company’s program in
emergency preparedness.
• Information to the community or local officers.
• Up-to-date phone numbers of all concerned (company management,
external services, etc.)
7. Evaluation of Resources
• Post-emergency activities such as repair, insurance claim, investigation,
etc.
• Provision to budget as management support to emergency preparedness
program.
• Provision of additional equipment needed for emergency preparedness.
Basic Preparation for Common Emergencies
• Identify all exits, stairways and existing floor plans of the work area. Also identify
the location of all fire extinguishers, pull stations and any other fire adjunct
alarms and fire suppression equipment.
• Be sure that all emergency phone numbers are clearly listed and are readily
available next to telephone.
• Report all potentially hazardous conditions to your supervisor immediately.
Especially focus on conditions or materials, which, in the event of an emergency,
might block evacuation routes or in some manner further contribute to the
emergency.

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• Do not block or wedge any stairwell doors in the open position at any time.
• Establish a meeting point or safe refuge area away from the building and other
hazards such as overhead power lines.
• Assign someone the responsibility of accounting for all employees in the event of
an emergency.
• Identify First Aid Attendants. Inform and train all personnel on the established
and agreed upon means of reporting a medical emergency.
• Test your plan to make sure that it works.
In case of fire:
• Activate appropriate alarms.
• Stay calm and do not panic. Alert others in your area.
• Evacuate as directed by your supervisor to your designated evacuation area.
Walk, do not run. Remain in the evacuation area until the supervisor has
accounted for everyone and you have been instructed otherwise.
• Never use an elevator during a fire. Always use the stairwell.
• If there is smoke in the room, stay low (the air is cooler and cleaner closer to the
floor); hold a wet clothe over your mouth and nose; and only break windows as a
last resort.
• If a door is hot, do not open it. Use an alternate door if one is available and safe
to use. If an alternate door is not available, contact someone (if possible) and
give them your exact location.
• Close all doors as you leave. Do not lock them.
• If trained to use a fire extinguisher, and the fire is in the incipient stage, you may
attempt to extinguish the fire. Remember that your own safety is of primary
concern.
• Never attempt to put out a fire alone.
In case of earthquake:
• Duck under something sturdy and cover your head.
• Stay away from windows and objects which may fall on you.
• Do not dash for stairway exits. Do not use elevators.
• If you are inside a building, remain inside until directed otherwise.
• Do not be surprised if the electricity goes out. This is common during an
earthquake.
• If an evacuation is necessary, follow the established routes and procedures.
• If you are outside, stay in an open area, which is clear from hazards. When the
shaking stops, do not re‐enter any building.
• Workers shall remain in the safe refuge area until they have been directed by the
appropriate authority to leave the safe refuge area or to return to their workplace
Before an earthquake
• Store heavy objects near ground or floor.
• Secure tall objects, like bookcases to the wall.

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• Learn where your exits, evacuation route, and meeting places are.
• Keep emergency items, such as a flashlight, first aid kit and spare clothes in your
car or office.
After an earthquake:
• Be prepared for aftershocks. Do not panic, stay calm.
• Check for injured persons and assist as necessary.
• If indoors, your supervisor may initiate an evacuation.
• Replace the telephone hand set if it has fallen off the hook. Use telephones for
emergency calls only.
In case of a chemical spill:

• Stay clear of the spill and warn others in the immediate area of the emergency
and potential danger.
• If persons are injured, provide first aid if you or another available individual are
trained to do so. However, do not put yourself at risk.
• Assess the situation and determine if it’s an emergency. If it is an emergency,
then activate appropriate alarms.
• Get appropriate Safety Data Sheet (SDS) and have it available for the
responders.
• If an evacuation is required, evacuate as directed by your supervisor to your
designated evacuation area. Walk, do not run. Remain in the evacuation area
until the supervisor has accounted for everyone and you have been instructed
otherwise.
• Do not re‐enter the building until the emergency response team leader has
deemed it safe and supervisory personnel have given permission to go back into
the facility.
In case of severe weather:

• Monitor the local government weather service for announcements including
warnings and any other information provided by officials, such as the appropriate
actions in the event of an emergency.
• Learn the history of flooding in your area. If possible, strive to know the elevation
of your facility in relation to streams, rivers, and dams.
• Inspect areas in your facility subject to flooding. Identify records and equipment
that can be moved to higher location. Make plans to move records and
equipment in case of flood
• Identify the community's evacuation routes. Know where to find higher ground in
case of a flood. Be prepared to evacuate to designated safe areas.
• Keep a portable radio, flashlights, whistle, spare batteries and other emergency
supplies ready.
If a flood occurs:
• If you are inside, turn off main electrical power.

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• Follow the established evacuation procedures for the facility. Make plans for
assisting employees who may need transportation.
• If you are outside, never attempt to walk across a flooded area. The water could
sweep you away.
• If you are in your car, do not try to drive through flood waters. If your car stalls in
rising water, abandon it.
Fire Code Requirement
Reference standard is Republic Act No. 9514 The Fire Code of the Philippines Revised
Implementing Rules and Regulations 2019 (RA9514 and its RIRR of 2019)
1. Fire Brigade – a collective term that refers to a group of firefighters, primarily

performing fire suppression activities.
Division 2. Organization of Fire Brigades

Section 6.0.2.1 Requirements
A. All business establishments that can accommodate at least fifty (50) persons
shall, in addition to the requirements set forth under Section 7 of this Code for the
grant of Fire Safety Inspection Certificate (FSIC), establish and maintain an
organization of fire brigade to deal with fire and other related emergencies. The
head of the company, through its duly designated safety officer shall evaluate the
potential magnitude of a fire emergency within the company, and the availability
of firefighting assistance from the BFP to determine the nature of the
organization to be established.
B. For buildings having various occupancies, the Building Administrator and/or
owner shall initiate the organization of a fire brigade in the premises irrespective
of the number of occupants.
C. In cases where a fire brigade is already established for a building, said fire
brigade shall be sufficient to comply with the requirements of para “A” of this
Section.
D. All barangays shall likewise endeavor to organize their own fire brigades.
E. All fire volunteer organizations, barangay fire brigades, and company and
industrial fire brigades may be incorporated in the Bureau of Fire Protection
Auxiliary (BFPA) subject to the form and function established by the BFP.
Section 6.0.2.2 Composition
• The organization of company fire brigades shall consist of the Fire Brigade Chief,
which shall be designated by the head of the company, and shall be assisted by
selected personnel. In companies where more persons are available, they must
be organized into teams to function as a fire brigade established according to its
needs. The organization shall be such that a fire brigade is on duty or on call at
all times.

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Section 6.0.2.3 Components
• The equipment that must be put into service during fire or other related
emergencies will determine the number of men required for each operating unit
or company into which the brigade is organized, and the total number may be
composed of two (2) or more individuals to operate a specific item of equipment
or a larger group to perform more complicated operations. Each fire brigade shall
have a Leader or a Chief. In his/her absence, an Assistant Chief shall be
appointed.
Section 6.0.2.4 Duties and Responsibilities of a Fire Brigade Chief
A. He/She shall be responsible for the development of fire prevention programs and
plans of action for the company or organization to address possible fire situation
in the plant or community, subject to the approval of the company or
establishment head or fire prevention officer;
B. He/She shall initiate the procurement of necessary firefighting equipment and
supplies for use of the brigades;
C. He/She shall conduct periodic evaluation of all equipment available for firefighting
and be responsible for setting in motion necessary procedures for replacing
missing equipment or correction of inoperative equipment;
D. He/She shall also bring to the immediate attention of the company or
establishment head, or his/her fire prevention officer, any situation that would
likely reduce the effectiveness of firefighting operations;
E. He/She shall ensure that the brigades are suitably staffed, conduct periodic
review of the fire brigade roster and prepare recommendations on the need for
additional members to be selected, appointed and made available to beef up the
team;
F. He/She shall prepare training programs for the members of the fire brigade and
supervise its implementation.
In his/her absence, the Deputy Fire Brigade Chief shall assume and perform the
duties and responsibilities of the Fire Brigade Chief.
All members of the fire brigade shall undergo training on fire prevention, fire
suppression, rescue, emergency medical services and related emergency response.
The training program shall be adapted to the purpose of the particular brigade. It
shall include fire suppression strategies, tactics, techniques and the use of portable
fire extinguishers and other equipment, devices and tools.
For establishment, members of fire brigade must be taken from the roster of its own
workforce. The head of the company shall identity the persons who are fit to perform
fire operation activities and further assign them to specific fire suppression positions.
Sometimes refer to as Emergency Response Team (ERT).

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Fire Brigade Organizational Chart: Sample

PPT Presentation)
• Fire Brigade Chief / Deputy Fire Brigade Chief – overall monitoring and
supervision of the situation.
• Safety Coordinator – shall have close coordination to fire brigade chief or
deputy fire brigade chief and be the leader of utility control team, security team
and communication team. Primarily direct the systematic shutdown of all utilities,
route of evacuation and communication.
• Utility Control Team – team assigned to systematically shutdown all available
utilities such as but not limited to:
o Power Generators
o Electrical Systems
o Fuel oil and LPG systems
o Compressed air system
o Pump & water lines
o Boilers & steam lines
o Elevator systems
• Security Team – team assigned to:
o Assist the evacuation flow of personnel.
o Ensure that all evacuation areas are free from any obstruction
o Prevent entry of unauthorized individual
o Direct the traffic flow away from the emergency scene for the easy access
of arriving fire department apparatus and other government agencies.
• Communication Team – proper dissemination of information, both internally and
externally.
o To be the only communicator to press & media
o To call for outside assistance
o Ensure that all phone numbers are up-to-date
• Fire Fighting Captain – shall have close coordination to fire brigade chief or
deputy fire brigade chief and supervise the firefighting team.
• Fire Extinguisher Team – shall be the team assigned to collect and use the fire
extinguisher as first responder to starting fire.
• Hose Handler Team – shall be responsible in using the fire pump and fire hoses
in response to fire that can’t be handled by the fire extinguisher team.

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• Bucket Handler Team – shall act as support to provide water supply or fire
extinguishment using water relay technique.
• Support Group Leader – shall have close coordination to fire brigade chief or
deputy fire brigade chief and supervise the support group.
• Search & Rescue Team – shall perform the following:
o Search/locate missing persons & ensure prompt personnel evacuation.
o Transfer victims to designated safe locations for medical treatment
• Salvage Team – a team responsible to save properties as listed in the priority list
for evacuation.
• First Aid Team – also called Medical Team whose primary activity is to provide
proper and immediate application of basic first aid.
2. Practice Drills
Fire drill means to practice for the orderly and safe evacuation of occupants in the
buildings. Also, in fire drill, all available fire and life safety equipment, devices and
tools for fire suppression and medical and rescue operation must be operated. Drills
shall be held at unexpected times and under varying conditions to simulate the
unusual conditions obtaining in case of fire.
Fire drills shall be conducted regularly or at least:

• Four (4) times a year for educational occupancies
• Once every quarter for day care occupancies
• Quarterly on each shift for health care
• Quarterly basis with not less than two (2) drills conducted during the night for
residential board and care occupancies
• Twice a year for residential occupancies (hotel emergency organization and,
dormitories, lodging and rooming houses)
• Twice a year for mercantile, business and industrial occupancies
3. Emergency Evacuation Plan shall be drawn with a photo-luminescent background

to be readable in cases of power failure and be posted on strategic and conspicuous
locations in the building containing the following basic information:
• “You Are Here/ room number/ building” Marking
• Fire Exits
• Primary Route to Exit (Nearest to the viewer)
• Secondary Route to Exit (Second nearest to the viewer)
• Fire alarm pull stations and annunciators
• Fire extinguishers/ hose cabinets
• Emergency Light
• First Aid Kits locations (if applicable)
• Emergency Call stations (if applicable)
• Areas of safe refuge (for high-rise building)
• Assembly areas instructions
• “In Case of Emergency” instructions

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CONCERNS
2. Employees’ Compensation Program
Objectives:
1. Discuss the employee’s compensation programs, entitlement and benefits.
The Employees’ Compensation Commission (ECC) is a government agency

mandated by law to provide meaningful and appropriate compensation and related
benefits that can be claimed from the Employees’ Compensation Commission’s (ECC)
administering agencies - the Government Service Insurance System (GSIS) for the
public sector workers or the Social Security System (SSS) for the private sector
employees, for injury, disease or death due to work-related contingencies. ECC is an
attached agency of Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE)
The Employees’ Compensation Program is designed to provide employees and their

families with income benefits and medical and other benefits in the event of work-
connected sickness, injury or death.
Who are covered?

• All compulsory members of SSS, including seafarers.
o Self Employed are now covered according to http://ecc.gov.ph/self-
employed-sss-members-now-covered-under-the-ec-program/
• All GSIS members
• Uniformed Personnel: AFP, PNP, BFP and BJMP
Legal Basis
PD 626, as amended. Employees’ Compensation and State Insurance Fund (March 17,
1975)
Contributions
• For a covered employee in the private sector, his employer shall remit to the SSS
a monthly contribution in accordance with the following schedule:
• For a covered employee in the public sector, his employer shall remit to the GSIS
a monthly contribution of P100 per employee per month,

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Compensable Diseases
For an occupational disease and the resulting disability or death to be compensable, all
of the following conditions must be satisfied:
1. the employee’s work and/or the working conditions must involve risk/s that
caused the development of the illness;
2. the disease was contracted as a result of the employee’s exposure to described
risks;
3. the disease was contracted within a period of exposure and under such factors
necessary to contract it; and
4. there was no deliberate act on the part of the employee to disregard the safety
measures or ignore established warning or precaution.
List of compensable diseases can be viewed in

http://ecc.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/List_Compensable_Diseases.pdf
• Other diseases not in the list may still be compensable if employee can establish
causal connection with:
o The nature of his work or the working environment. It is called “Increased
Risk Theory”. The degree of proof required varies on a case to case basis.
Compensability of Injuries
For the injury and the resulting disability or death to be compensable, the injury must be
the result of an accident arising out of and in the course of employment.
The injury or the resulting disability or death sustained by reason of employment are
compensable regardless of the place where the incident occurred, if it can be proven
that, at the time of the contingency, the employee was acting within the scope of
employment and performing an act reasonably necessary or incidental to it.
Seven Instances where Injury can be Compensable:
1. Happened at the workplace

Injuries, and its resulting disability or death, sustained by employees who are
required to stay in the premises or in quarters furnished by the employer
regardless of the time of its occurrence are also compensable
2. Happened while performing official function
3. Outside of workplace but performing an order of his employer

An injury sustained by an employee outside the company premises is
compensable if it is covered by an office order, locator slip, or a pass for official
business. The injury is likewise compensable where the employee was
performing official functions outside regular working hours and beyond the place
of work.

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4. When going to or coming from work

An injury or death of a covered employee in an accident while he is going to, or
coming from, the workplace shall be considered compensable under the ECP
provided that the act of the employee in going to, or coming from, the workplace
must have been a continuing act; that he had not been diverted therefrom by any
other activity, and he had not departed from his usual route to, or from, his
workplace.
5. While ministering to personal comfort

Acts performed by an employee within the time and space limits of his
employment, to minister to personal comfort such as satisfaction of his thirst,
hunger, or other physical demands, or to protect himself from excessive cold, are
deemed incidental to his employment. Injuries sustained by the employees as a
result of an accident while performing such acts are considered compensable
and arising out of and in the course of employment.
6. While in a company shuttle bus
7. During a company sponsored activity
Excepting Circumstances
No compensation shall be allowed to the employee or his/her dependents in cases

when the sickness, injury, disability, or death was occasioned by any of the following:
1. Intoxication – refers to a person’s condition in being under the influence of liquor

or prohibited drugs to the extent that his acts, words, or conduct is impaired
visibly, as to prevent him from physically and mentally engaging in the duties of
his employment.
2. Notorious Negligence – is something more than mere or simple negligence. It
signifies a deliberate act of the employee to disregard his own safety or ignore
established warning or precaution.
3. Willful Intent to Injure Oneself or Another - this contemplates a deliberate
intent on the part of the employee to inflict injuries on himself or another.
ECP Benefits
1. Loss of Income Benefit – under the ECP, it is the disability, or the incapacity to
work, which is being compensated and not the illness or the injury. There are
three types of loss of income benefits:
a. Temporary Total Disability (TTD) – for a disability that prevents an
employee from performing his work for a continuous period not exceeding
120 days. The amount of daily income benefit shall be ninety percent
(90%) of the employee’s average daily salary credit as determined by the
Systems (i.e. 200/day).

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b. Permanent Total Disability (PTD) – a monthly income benefit granted for

disabilities, such as, but not limited to, complete loss of sight of both eyes,
loss and function loss of both limbs, and brain injury resulting to imbecility
or insanity. Guaranteed for life if disability remains until death of the
worker, but may be suspended due to the following:
i. Failure to present for examination
ii. Failure to submit quarterly medical report
iii. Complete or full recovery
iv. Upon being gainfully employed
c. Permanent Partial Disability (PPD) – a monthly income benefit is granted
for disabilities that result in physical loss (amputation) or functional loss of
a body part
Monthly Income Benefit for Permanent Loss of the Use of Body Part or
Permanent Partial Disability (PPD)
2. Carer’s Allowance – a supplemental pension per month (i.e. P575/month) is

provided to pensioners under the ECP who suffer from work-connected PPD and
PTD.
3. Medical Benefit – it includes reimbursement of the cost of medicines for the
illness or injury, payment to providers of medical care, hospital care, surgical
expenses, and the costs of rehabilitation appliances and supplies. The medical
services are limited to ward services of hospitals duly accredited by the
Department of Health (DOH).
4. Death Benefit – a monthly pension granted to beneficiaries of an employee who
dies as a result of sickness/injury arising out of or in the course of employment.
Funeral benefit (i.e. P20,000.00) for private and public sector employees.
5. Rehabilitation Services – include physical restoration services, skills training for
re-employment or new employment and entrepreneurship training by partner
hospitals & training centers to enable the persons with work related disability to
become more productive.

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Availing of ECP Benefits
All EC claims may be filed by the claimant or his beneficiary at the System (SSS/GSIS),
nearest to the place of work or residence.
Fill up prescribed forms and attach supporting documents such as:

• Proof of job description
• Medical/hospital records
• Incident/accident report
• EC logbook (sample template below)
Prescriptive Period
• Claims for compensation must be filed with the Systems (SSS/GSIS), within
three (3) years from the time the cause of the action accrued. Reckoning date of
the prescriptive period:
o For sickness, it is the time the employee lost his earning capacity
o For injury, it is from the time it was sustained.
o For death, at the time of death of the covered employee.
The System shall evaluate the claim upon submission of the complete requirements,
and the decision denying or awarding compensation will be made promptly. If approved
by the System, compensation is awarded to the employee. In case the claim is denied,
a Motion for Reconsideration (MR) may be filed with the System, attaching additional
proofs to support claim.
If the MR is likewise denied, an appeal may be filed with the Employees’ Compensation
Commission. In case the appeal is denied by the ECC, appeal may be taken to the
Court of Appeals within 15 days from receipt of the decision of the Commission. If still
denied, an appeal may be brought to the Supreme Court.
The ECP benefits are welcome but it is better to be safe than injured or ill because of
work.

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CONCERNS
3. OSH Legislations
Objectives:
1. Explain the government OSH regulations and other responses to existing and
potential OSH hazards;
2. Discuss the various strategies for OSH Administration in the Philippines; and
3. Identify the different OSH reportorial requirements and areas for compliance to
the OSH Standards.
Components of an OSH Administration Framework in the Philippines
(Reference: OSHC Manual)
Legal Bases
A. Labor Code of the Philippines (PD 442, 1974)

Consolidation of labor and social laws to afford full protection to labor, promote
employment and human resources development, and ensure industrial peace.
1. Article 162 – Safety and Health Standards. The Secretary of Labor and
Employment shall, by appropriate orders, set and enforce mandatory
occupational safety and health standards to eliminate or reduce occupational

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safety and health hazards in all workplaces and institute new, and update
existing, programs to ensure safe and healthful working conditions in all places of
employment
2. Article 164 – Training programs. The DOLE shall develop and implement
training programs to increase the number and competence of personnel in the
field of occupational safety and industrial health.
3. Article 165 – Administration of safety and health laws.
a. The DOLE shall be solely responsible for the administration and

enforcement of occupational safety and health laws, regulations and
standards in all establishments and workplaces wherever they may be
located; however, chartered cities may be allowed to conduct industrial
safety inspections of establishments within their respective jurisdictions
where they have adequate facilities and competent personnel for the
purpose as determined by the DOLE and subject to national standards
established by the latter.
b. The Secretary of DOLE may, through appropriate regulations, collect

reasonable fees for the inspection of steam boilers, pressure vessels and
pipings and electrical installations, the test and approval for safe use of
materials, equipment and other safety devices and the approval of plans for
such materials, equipment and devices. The fee so collected shall be
deposited in the national treasury to the credit of the occupational safety
and health fund and shall be expended exclusively for the administration
and enforcement of safety and other labor laws administered by the DOLE.
4. Article 128 – Visitorial and Enforcement Power.
a. The Secretary of Labor and Employment or his duly authorized

representatives, including labor regulation officers, shall have access to
employer’s records and premises at any time of the day or night whenever
work is being undertaken therein, and the right to copy there from, to
question any employee and investigate any fact, condition or matter which
may be necessary to determine violations or which may aid in the
enforcement of this Code and of any labor law, wage order or rules and
regulations issued pursuant thereto.
b. Notwithstanding the provisions of Articles 129 and 217 of this Code to the
contrary, and in cases where the relationship of employer-employee still
exists, the Secretary of DOLE or his duly authorized representatives shall
have the power to issue compliance orders to give effect to the labor
standards provisions of this Code and other labor legislation based on the
findings of labor employment and enforcement officers or industrial safety
engineers made in the course of inspection. The Secretary or his duly

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authorized representatives shall issue writs of execution to the appropriate

authority for the enforcement of their orders, except in cases where the
employer contests the findings of the labor employment and enforcement
officer and raises issues supported by documentary proofs which were not
considered in the course of inspection. (As amended by Republic Act No.
7730, June 2, 1994).
An order issued by the duly authorized representative of the Secretary of

Labor and Employment under this Article may be appealed to the latter. In
case said order involves a monetary award, an appeal by the employer may
be perfected only upon the posting of a cash or surety bond issued by a
reputable bonding company duly accredited by the Secretary of Labor and
Employment in the amount equivalent to the monetary award in the order
appealed from. (As amended by Republic Act No. 7730, June 2, 1994).
c. The Secretary of Labor and Employment may likewise order stoppage of

work or suspension of operations of any unit or department of an
establishment when non-compliance with the law or implementing rules and
regulations poses grave and imminent danger to the health and safety of
workers in the workplace. Within twenty-four hours, a hearing shall be
conducted to determine whether an order for the stoppage of work or
suspension of operations shall be lifted or not. In case the violation is
attributable to the fault of the employer, he shall pay the employees
concerned their salaries or wages during the period of such stoppage of
work or suspension of operation.
d. It shall be unlawful for any person or entity to obstruct, impede, delay or

otherwise render ineffective the orders of the Secretary of DOLE or his duly
authorized representatives issued pursuant to the authority granted under
this Article, and no inferior court or entity shall issue temporary or
permanent injunction or restraining order or otherwise assume jurisdiction
over any case involving the enforcement orders issued in accordance with
this Article.
e. Any government employee found guilty of violation of, or abuse of authority,

under this Article shall, after appropriate administrative investigation, be
subject to summary dismissal from the service.
f. The Secretary of DOLE may, by appropriate regulations, require employers

to keep and maintain such employment records as may be necessary in aid
of his visitorial and enforcement powers under this Code.
B. Occupational Safety and Health Standards (OSHS 1979, amended in 1989)

A set of mandatory rules on OSH which codifies all safety orders issued prior to its
promulgation

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C. Republic Act No. 11058

An Act Strengthening Compliance with the OSH Standards and Providing Penalties
for Violations thereof.
D. Department Order No. 198 Series of 2018

Implementing Rules and Regulation of Republic Act No. 11058
E. Labor Advisory No.04-19

Guide for Compliance of Establishments to DO 198-19
Key Provisions of the OSH Standards and other DOLE Issuances
1. Rule 1001 – Purpose and Scope
a. The objective of this issuance is to protect every workingman against the

dangers of injury, sickness or death through safe and healthful working
conditions, thereby assuring the conservation of valuable manpower
resources and the prevention of loss or damage to lives and properties,
consistent with national development goals and with the State’s commitment
for the total development of every worker as a complete human being.
b. This standards shall apply to all places of employment except as otherwise

provided in this Standards.
2. Rule 1005 – Duties of Employers, Workers and Other Persons
Duties of Employers (as per Chapter 3, Section 4a (1-9) of DOLE DO 198-18)
a. Equip a place of employment for workers free from hazardous condition that
are causing or are likely to cause death, illness or physical harm to the
workers;
b. Provide complete job safety instructions and proper orientation to all

workers including, but not limited to, those relating to familiarization with
their work environment;
c. Ensure that, so far as is reasonably practicable, the chemical, physical and

biological substances and agents, and ergonomic and psychosocial
stresses under their control are without risk to health when the appropriate
measures of protection are taken;
d. Use only approved specific industry set of standards of devices and

equipment for the workplace, as applicable
e. Comply with OSH standards including training, medical examination, and

when necessary, provisions on protective and safety devices such as PPE

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and machine guards. Training for workers shall include health promotion,
hazard associated with their work, health risks involved or to which they are
exposed to, preventive measures to eliminate or minimize risks, steps to be
taken in case of emergency, and safety instructions for the jobs, activities
and tasks to be handled by workers;
f. Make arrangements for workers and their representatives to have the time
and resource to participate actively in the processes of organizing, planning
and implementing, monitoring, evaluation and action for improvement of the
OSH management system;
g. Provide, when necessary, for measures identifying trainings and drills,

evacuation plans, etc., to deal with emergencies, fires and accidents
including first-aid arrangements;
h. Comply with all reportorial requirements of the OSH standards; and
i. Register establishment to DOLE as provided under the OSH Standards
Duties of Workers (as per OSH Standards)
a. Participate in capacity building activities on safety and health and other

OSH related topics and programs;
b. Proper use of all safeguards and safety devices furnished for workers’
protection and that of others;
c. Comply with instructions to prevent accidents or imminent danger situations

in the workplace;
d. Observe prescribed steps to be taken in cases of emergency including

participation in the conduct of national or local disaster drills; and
e. Report to their immediate supervisor or any other responsible safety and

health personnel any work hazard that may be discovered in the workplace.
Duty of Other Persons
a. Any person, including any builder, contractor, enforcement agent, who

visits, builds, renovates, installs devices, or conducts business in any
establishment or workplace, shall comply with the provisions of the
Standards & all regulations of employer, as well as other subsequent
issuances of the Secretary.

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3. Rule 1012.02 – Abatement of Imminent Danger
a. An imminent danger is a condition or practice that could reasonably be

expected to cause death or serious physical harm before abatement under
the enforcement procedure can be accomplished.
b. When an enforcement officer finds that an imminent danger exists in a

workplace, he shall inform the affected employer and workers of the danger
and shall recommend to the Regional Director the issuance of an Order for
stoppage of operation or other appropriate action for the abatement of the
danger. Pending the issuance of the Order the employer shall take
appropriate measures to protect the workers.
c. Upon receipt of such recommendation, the Regional Director shall

immediately determine whether the danger exists and is of such a nature as
to warrant the issuance of a Stoppage Order or other appropriate action to
minimize the danger.
d. The Order shall require specific measures that are necessary to avoid,
correct or remove such imminent danger and to prohibit the presence of any
worker in such location where such danger exists, except those whose
presence are necessary to avoid, correct or remove such danger or to
maintain a continuous process or operation. Where stoppage of operation is
ordered, the Order shall allow such correction, removal or avoidance of
danger only where the same can be accomplished in a safe and orderly
manner.
e. Immediately after the issuance of Stoppage Order, the Regional Director

shall furnish the Secretary, through the Director, within forty-eight (48) hours
a copy of the Order and all pertinent papers relating thereto, together with a
detailed description of the work conditions sought to be corrected, the safety
and health rule violated by the employer and the corrective measures
imposed. The Secretary shall review the Order issued by the Regional
Director and within a period of not more than five (5) working days, issue a
final Order either lifting or sustaining the Order of the Regional Director.
f. The Order shall remain in effect until danger is removed or corrected.
4. Rule 1020 – Registration
• Every employer shall register his business with the Regional Labor Office or
authorized representative having jurisdiction thereof to form part of a
databank of all covered establishments.
• Registration shall be made in form DOLE-BWC-IP-3 in three copies.

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• Registration shall be free of charge and valid for the lifetime of the
establishment except when any of the following conditions, in which case,
re-registration as if it were a new establishment is required.
a. Change in business name,
b. Change in location,
c. Change in ownership, or
d. Re-opening after previous closing.
Registration Form
Attachment:
• Layout plan of workplace in scale 1:100 meters.
• DTI Certificate of Registration, Business Permits and BIR COR.

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5. Rule 1030 – Training & Accreditation of Personnel on OSH (Amended by

Department Order No. 16 Series of 2001 and Department Order No. 198
Series of 2018)
Department Order No. 198-18 (IRR of RA No. 11058)

Chapter 2, Section 3: Definition of Terms
• Safety Officer – refers to any employee/worker trained by DOLE or DOLE

Accredited Training Organization & tasked by the employer to implement an
OSH programs in the workplace, and ensure that it is in accordance with the
provisions of OSH Standards.
• Occupational Health (OH) Personnel – refer to a qualified firs-aider,
nurse, dentist or physician engaged by the employer to provide occupational
health services in the establishment, project, site or workplace.

Chapter 4, Section 14: Safety Officer
The Safety Officer has the following duties:
1) Oversee the overall management of the OSH program in coordination with

the OSH committee:
a) Serves as SECRETARY to the HSC. As such, he shall:

b) Acts in an ADVISORY CAPACITY on all matters pertaining to health &

safety for the guidance of the employer & the workers.
c) Coordinates all OSH TRAINING PROGRAMS for the employer and

employees.
d) Conducts investigation of accidents as member of the Health & Safety

employer
e) Helps in the maintenance of an efficient accident record system &

coordinates actions taken by supervisors to eliminate accident causes.
2) Frequently monitor and inspect any health or safety aspect of the operation
being undertaken with the participation of supervisions and workers.

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3) Assist government inspectors in the conduct of safety and health inspection at

any time whenever work is being performed or during the conduct of an
accident investigation by providing necessary information and OSH reports as
required by the OSH standards.
4) Issue Work Stoppage Order (WSO) when necessary based on the

requirements and procedures provided by the OSH standards.
Safety Officer/s of all workplace must possess the necessary training and
experience requirement according to its category as contained herein. The
respective qualifications of safety officers are as follows:

Practitioner.
Consultant.
According to Labor Advisory 04-19: Guide for Compliance of Establishments to

DO 198-18, the safety officer shall be certified by the company’s Human
Resources (HR) unit/section based on the qualification requirements such as
completion of the prescribed training and minimum years of OSH experience as
provided for under Section14 of DO 198-18. Thus, the appointment of its own
safety officer/s and the appropriate category level of Safety Officer (i.e. SO1,
SO2, SO3 or SO4) shall be issued by the company.

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The number and qualification of safety officers shall be proportionate to the total
number of workers and equipment, size of work area, classification of the
workplace and such other criteria as required by the OSH standards.
Classifications of Workplace are as follows:
1) Low Risk Establishment refers to a workplace where there is low level of

danger or exposure to safety and health hazards and not likely or with low
probability to result in accident, harm or injury, or illness.
2) Medium Risk Establishment refers to a workplace where there is moderate

exposure to safety and health hazards and with probability of an accident,
injury or illness, if no preventive or control measures are in place.
3) High Risk Establishment refers to workplace wherein the presence of

hazard or potential hazard within the company may affect the safety and/or
health of workers not only within but also persons outside the premises of the
workplace. There is high level of exposure to safety and health hazards, and
probability of a major accident resulting to disability or death or major illness
is likely to occur if no preventive or control measures are in place. The
following are workplace commonly associated with potentially high-risk
activities:
a) chemical works and chemical production plants
b) construction
c) Deep sea fishing
d) Explosives and pyrotechnics factories
e) Healthcare facilities
f) Installation of communication accessories, towers and cables
g) LPG filling, refilling, storage and distribution
h) mining
i) petrochemical and biofuel works and refineries
j) power generation, transmission and distribution in the energy sector
k) storage, handling and distribution center for toxic or hazardous chemicals
l) storage and handling of fertilizer in high volume
m) transportation
n) water supply, sewerage, waste management, remediation activities
o) works in which chlorine is used in bulk and
p) activities closely similar to those enumerated above and other activities as
determined by DOLE in accordance with existing issuances on the
classification of establishments.
According to Labor Advisory 04-19: Guide for Compliance of Establishments to

DO 198-18, the establishment shall be responsible in determining its own level of
classification (low risk, medium risk or high risk) based on Hazard Identification,
Risk Assessment and Control (HIRAC) conducted by the company.

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Minimum classification and number of safety officer for all covered workplaces
shall be as follows:
Accreditation
Under DOLE Administrative Order No. 56 Series of 2011 and DOLE

Administrative Order No. 407 Series of 207, the accreditations of OSH
Practitioner and OSH Consultant, as well as OSH Training Organization and
Testing Organizations for Construction Heavy Equipment have been transferred
to the Occupational Safety and Health Center (OSHC).
Minimum Requirements for Accreditation
1) OSH Practitioner
a) Must have completed the 40 hours Basic OSH Training prescribed by the
Bureau.
b) Relevant Experience in OSH Requirement:

i. Graduate of any 4 or 5 years course without license – 4 years
ii. College Graduate with license – 3 years
iii. College Undergraduate – 10 years
Relevant experience shall mean actual work experience on OSH or a

combination of actual experience and attendance or participation in
various trainings, seminars and other related learning processes.
See Table 1 and Table 2 below:

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Note: Eighty (80) hours of credited trainings shall be converted as one (1)
year experience. However, years of actual experience must not be less
than 2 years.
2) OSH Consultant
a) Must be an accredited OSH Practitioner for five (5) years with experience
in two (2) fields of specialization on OSH.
b) Must have completed the 80 hours Advanced OSH Training. (i.e. 40 hours
LCM, 40 hours SPA, etc.)
c) Must have earned 480 hours of training/seminar or related learning

processes in various fields of OSH from accredited organization or
institutions authorized by law.

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Documentary Requirements:
1) Two (2) copies of duly accomplished application form with 2 copies of most
recent 1x1 ID picture signed at the back. (Red background for OSH
Practitioner and Blue background for OSH Consultant)
2) Original Certificate of Employment indicating name, position and date of
appointment at present position using the official letterhead of the company.
3) Original of actual Duties and Responsibilities at present position, signed by
immediate supervisor and Personnel Manager or authorized official of the
company, using letterhead of the company.
4) Photocopy of certificate of employment from previous employer/s indicating
position(s) and date(s) of appointment (if any and necessary in support of
actual experience on OSH). May submit actual functions and proof of
accomplishments, duly certified by the employer.
5) Photocopy of certificate of completion of the Bureau Prescribed Course ( 40-
hr or 80-hr) on Occupational Safety and Health issued by accredited STO.
6) Photocopy of certificate of attendance/participation on other OSH related
trainings / seminars/activities.
7) Photocopy of College Diploma or Transcript of Records and Board Exam
Certificate or PRC License (if any).
8) Proof/s of accomplishment or participation in OSH such as accident reports,
safety inspection/audit reports, HSC committee report, OSH program
prepared/implemented and other reports related on OSH prepared by the
applicant.
Submit all the required documents to the OSHC main office or the nearest OSHC
Regional Extension Unit.
6. Rule 1960 – Occupational Health Services
Occupational Health (OH) Personnel – refer to a qualified first-aider, nurse,

dentist or physician engaged by the employer to provide occupational health
services in the establishment, site or project.

Section 15: Occupational Health Personnel and Facilities
Covered workplaces shall have qualified occupational health (OH) personnel

such as certified first-aiders, nurses, dentists, and physicians duly complemented
with the required medical supplies, equipment and facilities. The number of
health personnel, which may be classified as full time (FT) or part-time (PT),
equipment and facilities, and the amount of supplies shall be proportionate to the
total number of workers and risk or hazard involved in the workplace, the ideal
ratio of which shall be as follows:

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According to Section 16: Safety and Health Training, all occupational health
personnel shall undergo the minimum prescribed training by DOLE as follows:
Based on Labor Advisory 10 Series of 2019, aside from Philippine Red Cross,
the following Government agencies conducting First Aid Training are considered
as Recognized First Aid Training Providers:
a) Department of Health (DOH)
b) Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP)
c) Technical Education Skills Development Authority (TESDA) Accredited
Training Centers (EMS-NC 2/ NC 3)

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Medical facilities shall also be provided by every employer which shall be as

follows:
• Emergency Treatment Room – means any enclosed area or room

equipped with the necessary medical facilities and supplies, and located
within the premises of the establishment where workers maybe brought for
examination and treatment of their injuries or illnesses in cases of
emergency.
• Emergency Clinic – means an enclosed area, room or building, located

within the premises of the establishment, and equipped with the necessary
medical facilities and supplies, where workers maybe brought for
examination and treatment of their injuries or illnesses in cases of
emergency, where more elaborate instruments and equipment (such as
examining bed, oxygen tank) are made available for the workers, and
where the services of a more competent medical staff are provided, who
may handle or treat a few simple cases of injuries or illnesses needing
short-term confinement, or may refer such cases to hospitals.
The employer may not establish a hospital or dental clinic in the workplace if:
• There is a hospital or dental clinic located not more than five (5) kilometers
away from the workplace;
• It is accessible in not more than twenty-five (25) minutes of travel time;
• The employer has facilities readily available for transporting workers to the
hospital or dental clinic in cases of emergency.
The employer shall enter into a written contract with the hospital for the treatment
of workers in cases of emergency.
To determine the minimum medicine and medical supplies, please see Table 47:
Table of Medicine, Medical Supplies and Facilities in OSH Standards.

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OSH Reportorial Requirements
1. Rule 1020: Business Registration

Every employer must register his/her business with the DOLE RO.
a. Registration is free of charge and valid for the lifetime of the establishment,
except:
 Change in business name, location, ownership or re-opening after
previous closing.
b. Attachment needed:
 Layout plan of workplace in scale 1:100 meters.
 Business Permit to Operate
Report Form: IP Form 3

Where to File: Two (2) Copies to DOLE RO copy furnished the BWC

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2. Report on Health and Safety Organization (RSO) and HSC Minutes of the
Meeting
Rule 1040: Health and Safety Committee Reports to the enforcing authority
having jurisdiction at least once in every three (3) months, counting from
January.
a. Policy and Program on Safety & Health
b. Type and Composition of HSC with Minute of the Meeting
c. Technical Information
Report Form: IP-5

Note: No prescribed form for HSC Minutes of the Meeting.

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3. Employers Work Accident/Illness Report (WAIR)
Rule 1050: Notification & Keeping of Records of Accident and/or Occupational

Illnesses
a. All work accidents or occupational illnesses shall be reported by the employer
to the DOLE RO using the prescribed form.
b. Deadline of submission is on or before the 20th day of the month following the
date of occurrence of the accident.
Report Form: IP-6


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4. Annual Work Accident/Illness Exposure Data Report (AEDR)
Rule 1050: Notification & Keeping of Records of Accident and/or Occupational

Illnesses
a. Employer shall accomplish AEDR and submitted to DOLE RO on or before
the 30th day of the month following the end of each year.
Report Form: IP-6b


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5. Annual Medical Report (AMR)

Rule 1960: Occupational Health Services
a. Every employer must maintain a health record of his programs and activities
and submit an AMR to DOLE RO on or before the last day of March of the
year following the covered period.
b. Duty of Physician, Nurse or OH Practitioner to maintain a reporting and
record system and prepare and submit an AMR to employer.
Report Form: OH-47-A

(First Page Only)

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Republic Act No. 11058: An Act Strengthening Compliance with the OSH
Standards and Providing Penalties for Violations thereof and its Implementing
Rules and Regulation (IRR) DO 198-18
Section 2: Coverage
Shall apply to all private establishments, projects and sites and all other places where
work is being undertaken in all branches of economic activity, including:
1. Establishments located inside special economic zones and other investment
promotion agencies (e.g., Philippine Economic Zone Authority [PEZA], Clark
Development Corporation [CDC]);
2. Utilities engaged in air, sea, and land transportation;
3. Industries such as mining, fishing, construction, agriculture, and maritime;
4. Contractors and subcontractors including those engaged in the projects of the
public sector.
Section 5: Workers’ Right to Know

Workers, including new hires, shall be appropriately trained, education, oriented and
informed by the employer about all types of hazard in the workplace in a language and
dialect that workers can understand. Materials used shall be made readily available and
accessible to workers.
Section 6: Workers’ Right to Refuse Unsafe Work

Workers have the right of refusal to work without threat or reprisal from the employer if
an imminent danger situation exists.
Section 7: Workers’ Right to Report Accidents

Workers and their representatives shall have the right to report accidents, dangerous
occurrences, and hazards to the employer, to DOLE and to other concerned competent
government agencies. Workers shall be free from any form of retaliation for reporting
any accident.
Section 8: Workers’ Right to Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Every employer shall provide, free of charge, PPE to all his/her workers needing such
equipment.
Section 16: Safety and Health Training

All workers shall undergo the mandatory workers’ OSH seminar as prescribed by DOLE
which shall be jointly participated by workers and employers. Standardized training
module for safety and health personnel shall be implemented and updated regularly as
necessary. The mandatory workers’ OSH seminar may be conducted by the safety
officer of the establishment or any certified OSH practitioner or consultant.
The workers’ OSH seminar and other trainings/orientation as required by the employer
and by any law shall be at no cost on the worker and considered as compensable
working time.

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Workers performing critical occupations shall undergo the mandatory competency

assessment and certification by TESDA.
Section 19: Workers’ Welfare Facilities

All establishments, projects, sites and all other places where work is being undertaken
shall have the following free welfare facilities in order to ensure humane working
conditions:
1. Adequate supply of safe drinking water
2. Adequate sanitary and washing facilities
3. Suitable living accommodation for workers, as may be applicable such as in

construction, shipping, fishing and nightworkers;
4. Separate sanitary, washing and sleeping quarters for all genders, as may be
applicable
5. Lactation Station except those establishments as provided for under DO 143-15
6. Ramps, railing and the like
7. Medical Supply and Facilities
8. Others as may be prescribed by the OSH standards and other issuances.
Section 22: Employer’s Responsibility and Liability

The employer, project owner, contractor or subcontractor, if any, and any person who
manages, controls or supervises the work being undertaken shall be jointly and
solidarily liable for compliance with occupational safety and health standards including
the penalties imposed for violation thereof as provided for in this Rules.
Section 23: Visitorial and Enforcement Power of the Secretary of Labor and
Employment or his/her duly authorized representatives
All matters arising from the visitorial and enforcement power of the Secretary of Labor
and Employment or his/her duly authorized representatives shall be governed by the
applicable rules on the administration and enforcement of labor laws pursuant to Article
128 of the Labor Code of the Philippines, as renumbered, and other laws.
Department Order No. 183 series of 2017 shall govern the procedure in the
implementation of DOLE DO 198-18

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Section 29: Prohibited Act and its Corresponding Penalties

Willful failure or refusal to comply with OSH Standards or compliance orders shall be
penalized with not more than Php 100,000.00 daily until full compliance; reckoned from
the date of issuance of Notice of Results or Compliance Order.
Repeated violation of the same prohibited act shall be penalized of the corresponding
fine plus 50% for every instance of repeat violation.
When the violation of the exposes the worker to death, serious injury or serious illness,
the imposable penalty shall be Php 100,000.00.
Additional Php 100,000.00 fine for refusal to access the workplace, refusal to provide or
allow access to records, obstruct conduct of investigation, misrepresentation and
making retaliatory measures such as termination, refusal to pay, reducing wages and
benefits or discriminates any worker who has given information relative to inspection.

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CONCERNS
4. OSH Program Development
Objectives:
1. Identify the elements of the DOLE prescribed OSH program;
2. Explain the roles, commitment and participation of various levels of the
organization in implementing the OSH program; and
3. Review how to fill out the DOLE reportorial requirements correctly.
OSH Program
• A plan or outline of activities conducted to promote safety and health
consciousness among management and workers in order that accidents and/or
illnesses.
• An organized response to reduce or eliminate hazards or risks in the work
environment and/or meet the health/safety needs of workers/employees.
• A set of detailed rules to govern company policies, processes and practices in all
economic activities to confirm with OSH standards, including personnel
responsibilities, and penalties for any violation thereof.
Department Order No. 198-18 (IRR of RA 11058)

Chapter 4, Section 12: Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) Program
• Covered workplaces shall develop and implement a suitable OSH program in a

format prescribed by DOLE.
• The OSH Program shall be communicated and be made readily available to all
persons in the workplace. It shall be updated periodically whenever the DOLE,
other regulatory or government agencies and institutions promulgate new rules,
guidelines and other issuances related to workers’ safety and health.
• The establishment shall submit a copy of the OSH program to the DOLE
Regional, Provincial, Field or Satellite Office having jurisdiction over the
workplace. A duly signed company commitment to comply OSH requirements
together with the company OSH program using the prescribed template shall be
considered upon submission EXCEPT for construction OSH Program which shall
need approval by DOLE prior to construction.
• The company shall review and evaluate the OSH program at least once a year or
as necessary, to ensure that its objectives are met towards an improved safety
and health performance.
• If there is a modification made by the company, the company shall submit a
revised copy of the OSH program to DOLE.

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Prescribed Template of OSH Program

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1.0 Company Commitment to Comply with OSH Requirements
a. Include in this section is the Complete Company Profile as introduction to

OSH Program. The details must be presented, but not limited to, as follows:
• Company Name
• Date Established
• Complete Address
• Phone and Fax Numbers
• Website/Homepage and Email Addresses
• Name of Company Owner/Manager/President/CEO
• Total Number of Employees; Number of Male and Female.
• Description of Business
• Product Description
• Description of Services
b. Company OSH Policy – it is a statement which shows top management

commitment. This will show strong leadership of company top man to all
concerned individual.
Top management writes the company health & safety policy and declares it
through a meeting among the supervisory staff or through letters, bulletins,
and announcements.
An organization’s OSH POLICY should be a clear statement of principles,

reflecting management’s positive attitude & commitment to safety &
health/loss control. Senior management must be committed to ensuring that
the policy is carried out with NO exception.
Health & Safety Policy must be on PAR with all other Organizational
Policies.
The POLICY STATEMENT can be brief, but should mention:

1. The objectives of the program
2. The organization’s basic health & safety philosophy
3. The general responsibilities of all employees
4. The ways employees can participate in health & safety activities
5. Stated in clear & concise terms
6. Signed by the incumbent General Manager or Chief Executive Officer
7. Kept up-to-date
8. Communicated to each employee
9. Adhered to in all work activities

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Examples of an OSH Policy
2.0 General Safety and Health Programs
a. Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Control (HIRAC)
Declare the HIRAC done by the company. Example of Simple Risk

Assessment:
Priority (Low,
Hazard Risk Control
Task Medium or
Identified Description Measures
High)
Or, the company may use their own risk assessment format.
b. Medical Surveillance – enumerate the medical examination to be conducted

for all employees and indicate the date it will be done.
c. First-Aid and Emergency Medical Services – declare the number of first aid
treatment room and clinic. And, also the hospital/s the company is affiliated
with.

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3.0 Promotion of Drug Free Workplace, Mental Health Services in the Workplace,
Healthy Lifestyle
4.0 Prevention and Control of HIV-AIDS, Tuberculosis, Hepatitis B
3.0 and 4.0 also called Health Programs for the Promotion, Prevention and
Control. This refers to: Drug-free Workplace in compliance to RA 9165, Human
Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS) in compliance to (RA 8504) RA 11166,
Tuberculosis in compliance to EO 187-03, Hepatitis B in compliance to DOLE
Advisory No. 05 Series of 2010, Mental Health in compliance to RA 11036. And
also other additional Health Program that company may include.
Company may provide individual policy for promotion, prevention and control of:
• Drug-Free Workplace
• HIV/AIDS
• Tuberculosis
• Hepatitis B
• Mental Health
• Others.
Or, the company may use a general policy for the health program. For example,
5.0 Composition and Duties of Health and Safety Committee (HSC)

• Identify the type and composition of HSC, according to DO 198-18 Section
13: OSH Committee, the company will adopt.
6.0 OSH Personnel and Facilities

• Specify the name of safety officer/s and their trainings attended and
completed. Must attach the certificate of training

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• Emergency OH Personnel and Facilities – list of competent emergency

health personnel within the worksite. Must attach the training certificate For
example format:
Shift/Area/ Total No. of Health Personnel and Facilities

Unit/Department Workers Health Personnel Facilities
7.0 Safety and Health Promotion, Training and Education

• Specify the trainings to be conducted and the target participants. Indicate
the date of training.
8.0 Toolbox/Safety Meetings, Job Hazard Analysis

• Toolbox Meeting (TBM) – to be conducted on a regular basis. Must specify
the frequency (i.e. daily, weekly, etc.) And who shall be responsible to
conduct the TBM.
• JHA – attach all JHA prepared by the company for every job or task.
9.0 Accident Investigation, Recording and Reporting

• Provide the steps to be taken in case of accident
• Company Accident Investigation Report
• Responsible person to conduct accident investigation
• Procedure of internal reporting
• Procedure of reporting to DOLE
10.0 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

• Tabulation of PPE to be provided with PPE
• Procedure of Issuance
• Procedure of Cleaning and Maintenance
• Information if PPE reported to be defective or damaged
11.0 Safety Signage

• Type of Safety Signage (base on color coding)
• Enumerate the area which the safety signage will be used.
• Attach picture of safety signage
12.0 Dusty Control and Management and Regulation on Activities such as building of
temporary structures and lifting and operation of electrical, mechanical,
communications system and other requirements
• Dust Control Procedure – systems adopted to prevent dust from causing
harm to workers. (i.e. watering, barrier, etc.)
• Temporary Structures – statement to comply with scaffolding safety
standards.
• Lifting – mechanical lifting procedures and safety standards.

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• Operation of electrical and mechanical equipment – explain the procedure

of operation.
13.0 Welfare Facilities

• Specify compliance with welfare facilities by enumerating the provided and
to be provided facilities.
• Better if with attached picture of facilities
14.0 Emergency and Disaster Preparedness Plan

• Discuss the procedure prepared by the company for emergency and
disaster.
• Include also the frequency of drills.
15.0 Solid Waste Management System

• Specify the name of Pollution Control Officer (PCO)
• Plan of company to minimize or eliminate waste.
16.0 Compliance with Reportorial Government Requirement

• Enumerate all reports to be submitted
• Declare the commitment of company to submit reports on timely manner.
17.0 Control and Management of Hazards

• Enumerate the control of hazards to be performed by the company as
indicated in HIRAC.
18.0 Prohibited Acts and Penalties for Violations

• Company sanctions to employees’ violations on OSH.
19.0 Cost of Implementing Company OSH Program

• Declare the annual cost of OSH program implementation. For example, cost
per year of PPEs, OSH Trainings, Safety Signage, etc.
Developing the OSH Program is cooperative efforts by all concerned. An effective OSH
Program permits a company to have a working environment in which operations are
conducted economically, efficiently & safely.
Remember that, Top Management Commitment (TMC) is necessary for the OSH
Program effectiveness. TMC is defined by how much time, money & concern the
employer gives to safety. The degree to which managers demonstrate TMC indicates
their understanding of the benefits derived from an effective safety management
system. Employers are motivated to make a commitment to safety to fulfill social, fiscal,
and legal obligations. The obligation considered most important influences the level of
management commitment.

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EXTRA MODULE: COVID-19

Objectives:
Upon completion of the module, the participants will be able to:
1. Explain COVID-19 and health effect
2. Discuss preventive measure for COVID-19
3. Discuss the minimum health requirement needed
DOLE-DTI Joint Monitoring Result
The DOLE-DTI Joint Monitoring Report is sourced from the results of monitoring visits of
DOLE and DTI regional personnel to assess compliance of establishments nationwide
with the Interim Guidelines on Workplace Prevention and Control of COVID-19 issued
on 30 April 2020.
These guidelines are issued to assist establishments in the private sector allowed to
operate during imposed Community Quarantines in developing and implementing the
minimum health protocols and standards in light of the COVID-19 pandemic.
From 03 June 2020 up to 31 July 2020, a total of 35,729 establishments covering

1,355,129 workers nationwide were monitored on the said Guidelines. 77.24% of which
were found to be compliant, while 8,131 establishments were noted with deficiencies.
(Source: http://bwc.dole.gov.ph/jointmonitoringresult)

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What is COVID-19?
Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses which may cause illness in animals or
humans. In humans, several coronaviruses are known to cause respiratory infections
ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases such as Middle East
Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). The
most recently discovered coronavirus causes coronavirus disease COVID-19.
COVID-19 is the infectious disease caused by the most recently discovered

coronavirus. This new virus and disease were unknown before the outbreak began in
Wuhan, China, in December 2019. COVID-19 is now a pandemic affecting many
countries globally.
Signs and Symptoms
According to WHO, the most common symptoms of COVID-19 are fever, tiredness and
dry cough. Few patients experience aches and pains, nasal congestion, runny nose,
sore throat or diarrhea. Patients usually have mild symptoms that start gradually. Most
patients recover without needing any special treatment. Only around 1 of 6 patients
manifest with difficulty breathing and become seriously ill.
Some people become infected but don’t develop any symptoms and don’t feel unwell.
Mode of Transmission
COVID-19 is transmitted from person to person via droplets, contact, and fomites. It is
transmitted when one individual talks, sneezes, or coughs producing ‘droplets’ of saliva
containing the COVID-19 virus. These droplets are then inhaled by another person.
COVID-19 transmission usually occurs among close contacts -- including family
members and healthcare workers. It is therefore important to maintain a distance of
more than 1 meter away from any person who has respiratory symptoms.
Risk Factors / Vulnerable Population
COVID-19 could be fatal, but this happens rarely. According to WHO, 82% of infected
patients will have mild presentations, 15% will have severe manifestations, and only 3%
will be critical. Older people, people with compromised immune systems, and people
with pre-existing medical conditions, such as diabetes and heart disease, are more
prone to fall severely ill with the virus. Around 2% of people infected with the disease
have died.
Older people and those with underlying medical conditions such as high blood pressure,
heart problems or diabetes are most likely to develop severe or critical form of COVID-
19.

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The risk of getting COVID-19 from a person without any signs and symptoms is very
low. Remember, COVID-19 is only spread through respiratory droplets coughed by an
infected person. Therefore, if an infected person does not cough, he/she most likely will
not infect others. However, many infected persons only experience mild symptoms. This
is particularly true at the early stages of the disease. It is therefore possible to get
COVID-19 from an infected person with mild cough but is not feeling ill.
Adverse Health Outcomes of COVID-19 Infection
Few pieces of data are available about microscopic lesions and the pathophysiology of
COVID-19. The main pathological findings at autopsy are:
• Macroscopy: pleurisy, pericarditis, lung consolidation and pulmonary oedema
• Four types of severity of viral pneumonia can be observed:
o minor pneumonia: minor serous exudation, minor fibrin exudation
o mild pneumonia: pulmonary oedema, pneumocyte hyperplasia, large
atypical pneumocytes, interstitial inflammation with lymphocytic infiltration
and multinucleated giant cell formation
o severe pneumonia: diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) with diffuse alveolar
exudates. DAD is the cause of acute respiratory distress syndrome
(ARDS) and severe hypoxemia.
o healing pneumonia: organisation of exudates in alveolar cavities and
pulmonary interstitial fibrosis
o plasmocytosis in Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL)
• Blood: disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC); leukoerythroblastic reaction
• Liver: microvesicular steatosis
Prevention and Control
Employers are required to implement all necessary workplace safety and health
programs, including the following COVID-related programs, at no cost to the employees:
A. Increase Physical and Mental Resilience

1. Employers shall provide their employees with psychosocial support,
especially those presenting mental health concerns. If this is not available,
a referral system to mental health specialists must be in place, either
through establishing a network with an accredited health facility, through
telemedicine services, or through the National Center for Mental Health
Crisis Hotline at 0917-899-8727 (0917-899-USAP) and (02) 7-989-8727
((02)-7-989-USAP).
2. Employers shall likewise promote work-life balance, especially in these

trying times through proper scheduling of activities and workforce rotation.
3. Company policies on prevention and control of COVID-19 should be

aligned with the existing minimum public health standards and guidelines
issued by the DOH and other regulatory agencies.

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B. Reducing Transmission of COVID-19

1. The following are the minimum public health standards to be complied
with in all workplaces:
a. Masks
i. Face masks must be worn at all times.
ii. Medical grade masks are highly encouraged and should be
properly disposed of after use.
iii. Masks with vents should not be used.
iv. Cloth masks, with additional filter such as tissue paper or similar
material, may be used as long as they are clean and washed
daily. The filter should be changed daily or after every sneezing or
coughing episode, and should be properly disposed of after use.
Hands should be washed/disinfected before replacing the filters.
v. Frequent mask handling and manipulation should be avoided.
b. Face shields
i. Face shields shall cover the entire face (completely cover the
sides and length of the face). If possible, face shields should
extend to the ears and below the chin.
ii. Visor-type face shields shall not be allowed.
iii. Face shields and masks should always be worn together when
interacting with colleagues, clients and/or visitors.
iv. Face shields may be removed according to the demands of the
work or when the occupational safety and health of the
employees so requires.
c. Physical Distancing
i. Physical distancing of at least one (1) meter, or two (2) meters
when possible, shall be observed at all times. This must be
practiced in combination with the wearing of masks and face
shields.
d. Frequent Disinfection
i. Frequent handwashing with soap and water or the application of
alcohol-based disinfectants shall be mandatory in all workplaces
and is encouraged to be practiced at home.
2. The following disinfecting/washing resources, supplies/materials should be

made available to employees and clients/visitors:
a. hand washing stations,
b. soap and sanitizers, and
c. hand drying equipment or supplies (e.g. single use paper towel).

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The foregoing supplies/materials should be placed in the following

strategic locations in the workplace:
i. Corridors or hallways
ii. Conference areas
iii. Elevators
iv. Stairways
v. Points of entry
vi. Locker rooms
vii. Common areas (e.g. lounge, pantry, etc.)
viii. Bathroom
ix. Canteen
x. Personal workspace
xi. Company vehicles and shuttle services
3. Display of signages/visual cues and reminders to practice proper

handwashing and other hygiene behaviors among employees is
mandatory. These include:
a. Hand washing with soap and water, or use of hand disinfectants with
alcohol-based sanitizers specifically, but not limited to, the following
instances:
i. Before and after handling food or eating;
ii. After using the bathroom;
iii. Before and after taking off their face mask and/or face shield;
iv. After touching frequently-touched surfaces and objects (e.g. stair
railings, elevator controls, door knobs); and
v. Before and after touching their face.
b. Advising employees to conduct surface disinfection in their work

stations before the start of the shift, intermittently during shift and at
the end of the shift.
c. Discouraging sharing of personal items between employees to

prevent possible transmission.
4. Employers classified as large and medium sized private establishments

(i.e. those with total assets above PHP15M) are enjoined to provide
shuttle services to their employees.
Assets shall refer to total assets, inclusive of those arising from loans but
exclusive of the land on which the particular business entity's office, plant
and equipment are situated. (Section 3, Republic Act 9501or the Magna
Carta for MSMEs)
Minimum public health standards should be enforced in the shuttle

services, i.e. use of face shields and face masks, observance of physical

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distancing, and frequent disinfection. Employees inside the vehicles

should be required to avoid talking with each other, taking phone calls,
eating and removing their masks and shields. Signages of “No Talking,”
“No Eating,” and “No Taking Phone Calls” should likewise be displayed or
posted on the conspicuous areas in the vehicle.All vehicle types, as long
as not expressly prohibited by the DOTr through an issuance, may be
used for shuttle services.
5. Adequate ventilation should be strictly enforced in the following:
a. Inside the workplace-Natural air flow exchange (opening windows,

opening doors, turning off air-conditioning units to reduce air
recirculation) is highly encouraged. If possible, the installation of
exhaust fans, installation of air filtration devices with High-Efficiency
Particulate Air (HEPA) filters or the recalibration of building heating,
ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems should be explored.
b. Inside the shuttle service–The opening of windows, with at least three

(3) inches of opening, while in transit should be practiced whenever
possible. The observance of physical distancing of at least one (1)
meter and wearing of face masks and face shields shall be followed.
Proper disinfection before and after each use of the vehicle is
likewise mandatory.
6. Mandatory advocacy awareness raising programs
a. In order to enforce these guidelines, the Occupational Safety and

Health (OSH) Committee shall facilitate webinars, virtual lectures and
trainings on COVID-19, its prevention and control, including best
practices to be attended by all employees and management.
b. Topics should include:

i. Recommended best practices on:
a) Wearing of masks and face shield and reducing frequent
manipulation;
b) Physical distancing;
c) Frequent and proper handwashing;
d) Frequent Disinfection; and
e) Other preventive strategies in reducing the spread of
COVID-19.
ii. Frequent updates on relevant information, as it becomes
available, from the DOH, WHO and other reliable sources,
including COVID-19 test protocols
7. Designated smoking areas in the workplaces shall be provided with

individual “booths,” subject to the applicable requirements and standards

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under Republic Act No. 9211 and Executive Order No. 26, S. 2017.
Employers shall require employees to strictly observe physical distancing
measures and other applicable health protocols (i.e. no talking inside
designated smoking areas).
C. Reduce Contact
1. Most-at-risk population (MARP) for COVID-19 in the workplace (e.g.
senior citizens, pregnant women, individuals with underlying health
conditions) and those below 21 years old shall continue to observe work-
from-home arrangements. When needed to occasionally report to work,
they may be allowed to, provided a certificate of fit to work is secured from
the OH personnel and must stay in the workplace only for a specified
number of hours. They shall limit physical contact inside the premises.
2. Restriction of mass gatherings:

a. Depending on the risk classification of the workplace locality, as
defined by IATF’s risk severity grading, Employers shall follow the
restriction on mass gatherings, (i.e. only 10% of seating capacity for
meeting rooms in high/moderate-risk areas (e.g. confined spaces)
and a maximum of 50% seating capacity for low-risk areas (e.g. open
areas).
b. Videoconferencing shall always be used for meetings needing large
attendance of employees and/or for meetings lasting longer than 15
minutes.
c. The safety officer, which refers to any employee or officer of the
company trained by the DOLE and tasked by the employer to
implement an occupational safety and health program, and ensure
that it is in accordance with the provisions of OSH standards, will
determine the maximum number of employees allowed to stay at any
given time in areas where they usually converge during breaks, or
before/after work shifts (e.g. canteens, locker rooms, changing
rooms, lounges, rest rooms or comfort rooms). The safety officer
shall ensure that minimum public health standards are followed at all
times.
3. Employers shall adopt staggered meal schedules to further restrict contact

among its employees. Eating alone in the workstation is highly
encouraged.
Dining in canteens may be allowed provided that employees shall strictly

comply with the physical distancing of at least one (1) meter and shall be
prohibited from talking with each other. Employers are required to provide
signages, physical barriers, and such other means to ensure compliance
with these protocols.

Page 177 of 180
To ensure compliance with the physical distancing requirements,

employers may set up makeshift dining areas to complement canteens in
the workplace.
a. Masks should be immediately worn after eating.
b. Use of communal items such as, but not limited to, dipping sauces
and condiments, utensil dispensers, and straw dispensers shall be
prohibited.
c. Serving of buffet meals and other similar set-ups shall be prohibited.
4. Employers shall, as much as practicable, minimize the duration of

customer transactions to less than 15 minutes.
D. Reduce duration of infection

1. Detection
All employees, upon entering the building premises/workplaces, shall be

required to accomplish the Health Declaration Form (Annex A-1), or any
digital iteration thereof. The security staff or other responsible personnel
shall immediately screen the accomplished form and perform a
temperature check (ANNEX B).
a. If “Yes” to any item is answered or if with a T> 37.5 degrees Celsius,
the employee shall be denied entry and referred to the workplace
isolation area for further evaluation by the Safety Officer.
b. If “No” to all items are answered and temperature is <37.5 degrees
Celsius, the employee shall be permitted entry.
c. The security staff or other responsible personnel on duty shall
immediately give the accomplished health declaration form to the
company Human Resources (HR) for appropriate action and storage.
d. Should an online health declaration form be used, the form should be
electronically submitted to HR.
e. The Health Declaration Form shall be handled and processed in
accordance with the Data Privacy Act and related issuances to
ensure that –
i. Data collected should only include such necessary data
proportional to the purpose of contract tracing;
ii. The processing of personal data shall be transparent and that the
data subjects shall be apprised of the reasons for such collection;
iii. Reasonable and appropriate security measures and safeguards
shall be implemented to protect the personal data collected;
iv. The personal data collected shall be considered highly
confidential; and
v. The personal data shall be stored only for a limited period and
shall be disposed of properly after thirty (30)days from date of
accomplishment.

Page 178 of 180
2. Employers shall direct symptomatic individuals through appropriate health

system entry points such as the primary care facility (e.g. Barangay Health
Center, Infirmaries, Private Clinics / hospitals) or telehealth consultation.
Referral networks shall be established.
3. Employers may contact the DOH through its hotline 1555 for guidance on
the handling and referring symptomatic employees.

Page 179 of 180
OSH Committee
• The OSH Committee and/or safety officer of the workplace shall oversee
enforcement and monitoring of the minimum public health standards for COVID-
19 prevention in the workplace and this JMC.
• Monitoring by the OSH Committees shall include evaluation and analysis of the
company’s implementation of the minimum health standards and protocols to
immediately address the spread of COVID-19 in the workplace, if any, and
recommend and implement appropriate preventive measures. Health
surveillance may be conducted to determine the cause/s of the
spread/transmission of the virus in the workplace.
• Reporting to the DOLE shall be made in accordance with Section X of the DTI-
DOLE Interim Guidelines on Workplace Prevention and Control of COVID-19
using the Work Accident/Illness Report (WAIR) COVID-19 form (ANNEX F).
References for Extra Module: COVID-19

1. DOLE-DTI Joint Memorandum Circular
http://bwc.dole.gov.ph/images/Linkages/JointMonitoring/DOLE_DTI_Joint_Memo
randum_Circular_No_20_04A.pdf
2. World Health Organization (WHO)

https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019
3. Department of Health (DOH)

https://www.doh.gov.ph/2019-nCov

Page 180 of 180
Reference for the 40-hours BOSH:
1. Labor Code of the Philippines
2. Occupational Safety and Health Standards (OSHS)
3. Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE)
4. Bureau of Working Conditions (BWC)
5. DOLE Department Orders
6. DOLE Labor Advisories
7. Occupational Safety and Health Center (OSHC) Manual and Materials
8. Fire Code of the Philippines (RIRR 2019)
9. Department of Health (DOH)
10. World Health Organization(WHO)
11. International Labour Organization (ILO)
12. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
13. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH)
14. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
15. Philippine Statistic Authority (PSA)
16. American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
17. Canadian Centre of Occupational Health and safety (CCOHS)


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40-Hours BOSH for SO2

Ayllon-Delos Reyes Safety Management Consultancy Services

DOLE Prescribed OSH Training

Basic Occupational Safety and Health (BOSH)

INTRODUCTION: BOSH FRAMEWORK

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What is Occupational Safety and Health (OSH)?

Common terms used in OSH:

Mandatory OSH Training Course

BOSH Road Map

(Source: Serafin S. Delos Reyes,

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MODULE 1: WHY THE NEED FOR OSH?

Focus of OSH as a whole

(Source: Serafin S. Delos Reyes,

OSH Situation – Global

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OSH Situation – Philippines

In 2017, a total of 38.235 occupational accidents occurred in 2017. These work-related

Occupational Accidents is an unexpected and unplanned occurrence, including acts of

Occupational Injury is an injury which results from a work-related event or a single

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Fatal case is where a person is fatally injured as a result of occupational accident

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Common Type of Injury

Parts of Body Injured

Major Occupation Group

By industry, manufacturing accounted for the highest share of occupational injuries at

Measures of Safety Performance

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Roles of Safety Officer

One of the problems of establishment is inadequate number of competent OSH

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As per “Section 3: Definition of Terms of DO 198-18”, Safety Officer refers to any

1) Serves as SECRETARY to the HSC. As such, he shall:

2) Acts in an ADVISORY CAPACITY on all matters pertaining to health & safety

3) Coordinates all OSH TRAINING PROGRAMS for the employer and

4) Conducts investigation of accidents as member of the Health & Safety

5) Helps in the maintenance of an efficient accident record system &

3. Assist government inspectors in the conduct of safety and health inspection at

4. Issue Work Stoppage Order (WSO) when necessary based on the

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• Qualified Safety Officer 3 (SO3) shall be eligible for certification as OSH

Introduction to Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Control (HIRAC)

HIRAC: Accident Prevention Process

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Accident is an unexpected, unforeseen, unplanned and unwanted occurrence or event

Common types of accidents:

Cost of Accident – Iceberg Theory

(Source: Serafin S. Delos Reyes, PPT Presentation)

Accident Causation or Factors of Accident Sequence

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(Source: Serafin S. Delos Reyes, PPT Presentation)

1. Unsafe/unhealthy acts – it is defied by American National Standards Institute

2. Unsafe/unhealthy conditions – it is define by ANSI as the physical or chemical

According to study made by Herbert William Heinrich, an American Industrial Pioneer

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MODULE 2: WORKPLACE RISK ASSESSMENT

Workplace Safety Hazards

Sample Housekeeping Hazard (Poor Housekeeping):

Hazards in housekeeping may be considered as first evidence of a deteriorating

Improper material handling is considered as hazardous because materials have

The material or load that must be handled may be: