MATRICES

PART 2
Engr. Irish May G. Saludar ☺
Cofactor of an Element in a Matrix
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13
• Given a matrix 𝐴 = 𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33
• Cofactor of a𝑖𝑗 = −1 𝑖+𝑗 (determinant of remaining matrix after omitting the
𝑖 row and 𝑗 column where the element belongs)
2+2
𝑎11 𝑎13 𝑎11 𝑎13
• Example: Cofactor of 𝑎22 = −1 𝑎31 𝑎33 = + 𝑎31 𝑎33
• The 2nd row and 2nd column where 𝑎22 belongs is omitted. Get the determinant of the remaining matrix. Look
for the green lines on matrix A.

3+2
𝑎11 𝑎13 𝑎11 𝑎13
• Example: Cofactor of 𝑎32 = −1 𝑎21 𝑎23 = − 𝑎21 𝑎23
• The 3rd row and 2nd column where 𝑎32 belongs is omitted. Get the determinant of the remaining matrix. Look
for the red lines on matrix A.
Cofactor of an Element in a Matrix
𝑖+𝑗
• Tip: The −1 part can be seen directly with this pattern
+ − +
− + −
+ − +
Example
4 2 0
What is the cofactor of element 8 given the matrix −1 1 3?
8 −5 2
Element 8 is the 𝑎31 element of the matrix
2 0
Cofactor of 8 = + =+ 2∙3 − 1∙0 =6
1 3

Try: Determine the cofactor of 3.

Answer: 36
Other Terms
• Cofactor Matrix
• a matrix whose elements are the cofactors of the said matrix
• In other terms, each element of the Cofactor Matrix are the cofactors of each
element of the Original Matrix. Gets? ☺
• Adjoint of a Matrix
• the transpose of the cofactor matrix
Example
Find the adjoint of matrix of A = 2 3
−1 −3
• Get the cofactor matrix
• Cofactor of 2 = + (-3) = -3 (omit the 1st row and 1st column and what remains is just -3)
+(−3) −(−1) −3 1
• Cofactor Matrix of A = =
−(3) +(2) −3 2
• Adjoint of matrix A is the transpose of the Cofactor Matrix of A
−3 −3
Adjoint of A =
1 2
Determinant of a Matrix using Cofactors
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13
Given a matrix 𝐴 = 𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 ,
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33
To find the determinant of mat A, choose one row or column, then get the sum of the
product of each element and its cofactor. Kuha niyo? ☺

By formula,
𝑎22 𝑎23 𝑎12 𝑎13 𝑎12 𝑎13
D = + a11 𝑎32 𝑎33 + − a21 𝑎32 𝑎33 + + a31 𝑎22 𝑎23

This can be useful when getting the determinant of matrices with dimension of more
than 3x3.
Example
4 2 0
Find the determinant of −1 1 3 . (Let’s check this example from our previous topic)
8 −5 2

2 0 4 0 4 2
D = − −1 + + 1 + − 3 = 4 + 8 + 108 = 120
−5 2 8 2 8 −5
Note: signs encircled comes from the −1 𝑖+𝑗
part for the formula of cofactors or the tip given in page 3.

Try to find the determinant using other rows or columns if you can get the same answer.
Inverse of a Matrix
−1
Adjoint of A
A =
A
Example:
1 4 3
Find the inverse of A if A = 0 −2 6
5 3 2
1st Step: Find the cofactor matrix of A
−2 6
Cofactor of 1 = + = −22 (you continue doing this for the other elements too)
3 2
−22 30 10
cofactor matrix of A = 1 −13 17
30 −6 −2
2nd Step: Find the adjoint of A = transpose of the cofactor matrix of A
−22 1 30
Adjoint of A = 30 −13 −6
10 17 −2
3rd Step: Find the determinant of A (since this is 3x3 matrix, you can use the easier method)
det of A = 128
4th Step: Find the inverse of A = Adjoint of A/ Determinant of A

−22 1 30 11 1 15
−
30 −13 −6 64 128 64
10 17 −2 15 13 3
A−1 = = − −
128 64 128 64
5 17 1
−
64 128 64
Shortcut! (For you to explore)
If you have understood how to use the calculator in complex mode, you can also do some
operations of matrices using your calculator.
Just use the Matrix MODE of your calculator and explore.
It can:
1. do basic operations +, −, ×, ÷ and some other operations.
2. get the determinant of a matrix
3. get the transpose of a matrix
4. get the inverse of a matrix (use the x −1 button under MODE button)
Just explore the features of your calculator. Press [SHIFT][4] → You can find here the
options for Matrix MODE just like how we find the options of Complex MODE before.
Note: during our quiz/exam, this is just for rechecking, I will find the manual solutions.
Other Terms
• Cofactor Matrix
• a matrix whose elements are the cofactors of the said matrix
• In other terms, each element of the Cofactor Matrix are the cofactors of each
element of the Original Matrix. Gets? ☺
• Adjoint of a Matrix
• the transpose of the cofactor matrix
Equality of Matrices
• Two matrices are equal if and only if they have the same dimension and the elements in
Mat A are equal to the elements in Mat B.

EXAMPLE: Find the value of x if A is equal to B:

3+𝑧 3 𝑦 3
A= B=
𝑧 𝑦 𝑥 2
3+𝑧 =𝑦 → eqn. 1
𝑧=𝑥 → eqn. 2
𝑦=2 → eqn. 3
Using your calculator, 𝑥 = −1