Geographers Are Story Tellers

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2020/11/30

讓小櫻(櫻花鉤吻鮭)重返榮耀吧!

七家灣溪 蘭陽溪

有勝溪

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2020/11/30

櫻花鉤吻鮭的特殊性

 鮭魚是生活在
溫帶的冷水性
魚類
 生存<17度

 孵化<12度

 高溶氧

 櫻花鉤吻鮭生
存在亞熱帶的
台灣是個生物
地理學的奇蹟
鮭魚分佈的南界

陸源性淡水魚(福 在只有36,000平
建的閩江、長江) 方公里土地面
積 ( 佔 全 球
0.025%) 的 台 灣 ,
已記錄到超過
了 3,100 種 的 魚
陸源性淡水魚(廣 類 ( 佔 全 球 1/10
東的珠江、韓江) 以上),亦即台
海源性淡水魚(黑 灣的魚種多樣
潮):鰻魚、蝦虎 性平均是其他
地區的400倍,
使台灣成為名
符其實的「魚
類王國」。

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櫻花鉤吻鮭的起源(海生館方館長)

Question?
 陸源性淡水魚從哪裡來?

 櫻花鉤吻鮭怎麼到台灣來?

 櫻花鉤吻鮭(海源性)為何在中臺灣山區?

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間冰期

冰河期

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冰河時期孓遺生物

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蘭陽溪
蘭陽溪
七家灣溪

有勝溪
有勝溪

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櫻花鉤吻鮭是全球環境變遷下的見證者
 活化石

台灣的櫻花鉤吻鮭是
太平洋鮭屬的洄游性
鮭魚,經過冰河時期
和地理隔絕,成為台
灣特有亞種,是碩果
僅存的冰河時期孑遺
生物代表之一。證明
了冰河時期與造山運
動在台灣的作用,是
生物地理學的奇蹟與
重大發現。
(salmon.spnp.gov.tw)

 How could anyone tell a story like this


without learning Physical Geography
(Geosystem) ?
Biogeography
Geology
Geomorphology
Ecology
Hydrology

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Biogeography
 Biogeography is the study of the distribution
of species and ecosystems in geographic
space and through (geological) time.
Organisms and biological communities often
vary in a regular fashion along geographic
gradients of latitude, elevation, isolation and
habitat area.
 Phytogeography is the branch of biogeography
that studies the distribution of plants.
 Zoogeography is the branch that studies
distribution of animals.

After studying geography,


 There is no such thing on earth as an
uninteresting subject; the only thing that can
exist is an uninterested person--- by Gilbert K
Chesterton

 There is no such thing as an uninteresting


place; there are just “uninquisitive”
geographers.

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But…(Geographers thought…)
 高位河(七家灣溪)如何襲奪低位河(蘭陽溪)?

 襲奪作用能困住魚而且能永續生存?

高位河

低位河

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 櫻花鉤吻鮭遷徙
路徑有二
 大甲溪

 蘭陽溪

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2020/11/30

Channel slope

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s42dVrSoyQc

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https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/90116/river-piracy-in-the-yukon

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 Stokes and her colleagues analyzed measurements of water


velocity and channel dimensions taken by the U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers in 1943 and found that the Casiquiare is eroding faster
than the Orinoco, deepening its channel, while the Orinoco’s flow is
slowing further due to build-up of sediments in its streambed.

 A black line marks the present boundary between the Orinoco River basin to the
north and the Amazon River Basin to the south. A gray line shows where the new
boundary will sit when the Rio Casiquiare completes the capture of the upper
Orinoco. The cartoon to the right depicts the hypothesized capture process: (I) Pre-
capture, (II) present bifurcation, and (III) future complete capture. Shading denotes
the Amazon basin. Credit: Maya Stokes, Samuel Goldberg and Taylor Perron/ AGU

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 A map of the Amazon basin shows past and ongoing expansion of the
basin through river capture. The bold black line traces the present
boundary of the Amazon basin. The red line shows the future position of
the boundary upon completion of the capture of the upper Rio Orinoco by
the Rio Casiquiare. Gray lines show past positions of divides inferred
from captures. The rivers plotted in orange are captured reaches; the
rivers plotted in magenta are those that lost drainage area. Credit: Maya
Stokes, Samuel Goldberg and Taylor Perron/ AGU

 隸屬於「國軍退除役官
兵輔導委員會」
 泰雅族的原鄉
 民國47年中橫支線開通
,「台灣榮民農墾服務
所」的墾荒隊伍進駐,
設立「武陵農墾區」
 民國52年正式命名「武
陵農場」
 安置國軍退除役官兵從
事農業生產

七家灣溪
 「開墾時期」民國52年~56年 高山溪
 「農業時期」民國56年~70年 有勝溪
 「農業休閒轉型時期」民國70年~87年
 「轉型觀光發展時期」民國88年至今

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高冷蔬菜

 Photo of 南山村高冷蔬菜

http://static.panoramio.com/photos/large/15665860.jpg

農業活動劣化水資源(Agri. v.s. water quality)

土地利用與水質惡化的關係?

七家灣溪

高山溪
有勝溪

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七家灣溪水質監測網
(Monitoring network)
•動機
•國寶魚的保育
•問題
•量化人為活動的影響?
•平息農民的抗爭

河流與血流(rivers v.s. blood vessels)

 透過檢驗水質  透過檢驗血液
來瞭解集水區 來瞭解身體發
發生的問題。 生的問題。
 人為活動對  大地的醫生。
營養鹽輸出
之影響

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What’s watershed/catchment/drainage basin?

 A watershed is an extent or an area of land where


surface water from rain and melting snow or ice
converges to a single point at a lower elevation,
usually the exit of the basin, where the waters join
another water body, such as a river, lake, reservoir,
estuary, wetland, sea, or ocean.

檢驗的血液項目(Water quality monitoring)


硝酸鹽(Nitrate) 磷酸鹽(Phosphate)

 硝酸鹽(氮肥)及磷酸鹽(磷肥)是作物生長
主要的營養鹽
 肥料主要的組成

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哈伯法製氨 N2(g)+H2(g)=NH3(g)

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全球氮循環(nitrogen cycle)
人 自
為 然

陸地氮循環 海洋氮循環

硝酸鹽空間分佈
(Spatial distribution) 七家灣溪
高山溪
有勝溪

七家灣溪 有勝溪
支流

氮肥

支流

桃山西溪(環境背景值)

上游 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------> 下游

 人為活動對硝酸鹽之貢獻相當顯著。

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農業活動的顯著影響(Water quality v.s. Agri.)



~100ppm 流
16%

有勝溪
有勝溪
氮肥 磷肥

七家灣溪 七家灣溪、司界蘭溪

司界蘭溪

農地所佔面積% 農地所佔面積%

 子集水區內農業活動所佔範圍越大,則營養鹽濃度越高。

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