INDEX

S.NO TOPIC
INTRODUCTION TO DNA
FINGERPRINTING

POLYMORPHISM
TECHNIQUE OF DNA
FINGERPRINTING
4 PROCESS OF DNA
FINGERPRINTING

SCHEMATIC
REPRESENTATION OOF
DNA FINGERPRINTING

APPLICATION OF DNA
FINGERPRINTING

ADVANTAGES AND
DISADVANTAGES OF DNA
FINGERPRINTING
ECONOMIC VALUE

9 FAMOUS CASES OF DNA

FINGERPRINTING

10 USES
INTRODUCTION TO

DNA
FINGERPRINTING

5/20

DNA
FINGERPRNTINNG
W
DNA fingerprinting is a laboratory technique used to estabish a link
between biological evidence and a suspect in a criminal investigation.

ADNAsample taken from a crime scene is compared with a DNA sample

from a suspect

DNA ingerprinting was invented in 1984 by Professor Sir Alec Jeffreys.

DNA ingerprintirg involves the identification of difierences in repetilive

DNA Repetitive DNA is a speciic region in DNA in which a smal strelch of

DNA is repeated many times.

Through densly gradient centrifugation, these repetitive DNA are

seperated fom the bulk genomic centrifugation and the other small peaks

are known as satelite DNA

These sequence do not code for any proleins nomaly but they consitute a

large portian of humans genome. The satelile DNAis dassified into many

categories such as a microsatelites, minisatelles ec, on the basis of

length of segment, number of respecive units, the base composition (AT

rich or G.C rich).etc

The satelite DNA sequences also shows high degree of polymorphism and

forms, the basis of DNAingerprinting.

POLYMORPHISM

It is the variation in individuals at genetic

level. Polymorphism arises due to mutations.
It plays an important role in evolution and
speciation. In a population, if an inheritable
mutation is observed at high frequency, it is
referred to as DNA polymorphism. There are
different types of polymorphism, from single
nucleotide change to large scale changes.

In an individual, DNA from every tissue (eg.

blood, hair follicle, skin, bone, saliva etc)
shoes same degree of polymorphism Thus,
they become very essential identification tool
in forensic

applications. As polymorphism are inherited

from parents to children. So, it is useful in
paternity testing.
TECHNIQUE OF DNA
FINGERPRINTING

Alec Jeffreys initially developed DNAfingerprinting, also

known as DNAtypingor DNA profiling, to find out markers

for inherited diseases. He

used a satelite DNAas a

probethat shows very high

degree of polymorphism and

called it Variable Number of

TandemRepeats(VNTRs).The
technique invoved Southem blot hybridisation using

radiolabelled VNTR asa probe.

PROCESs OF DNA FINGERPRINTING

Southern Blotting to Visualize DNA

Restriction digested
genomicDNA Expose
Radioactive Probe
X-ray film

5
wash
Electrophoresis
Probe hybridized
to restricion Develop
fragment X-ray film
Xray film

Southern Transfer

3 1Paper towes
Nitrocellulose membrane
Gel Determine size of
-Sponge restriction fragment
Tray with buffer that hybridizes to probe
 1. Bloodsample

2.DNAis extracted from blood cels

3.DNAis cut into fragments by a restriction enzyme

4.The DNAfragments are separated into bands during

electrophoresis in an agarose ge

5.The DNAbands pattem in the gel is transferred to a nylon

membrane by a technique knowmas southem blotting.

6.The radioactive DNA probe is prepared.

7.The DNAprobe binds to specific DNAsequences on the

membrane.

8.Excess DNAprobe is washed off.

9.At this stage the radioactive probe is bound to the DNA pattem

on the membrane.

10.X-rayfilm is placed next to the membrane to detect the

radioactive pattem.
 paternal
chromosome

maternal
chromosome chrormosore7

E
ohromosome 2 chrormosome 2

cworronome 16 cwomosome 16

DNA FROM INDIVIoUAL A DNA FROM INDIVIDUAL B

number of sho
tandem ropeats

chromosome

Droosorme

DNA FROM CRIME SCENE (C) ampited repeats. separated by size

on a get, grve a DNA
ngerprint

Schematic representation of DNA fingerprinting

Fewrepresentative chromosomes has been shown to containn

different copy number of VNTR Forthe sake of understands
different colour schemes have been used to trace the origin each

band in the gel. The two alleles(paternal and materna) ofa

chromosome aso contain different copy ofVNTR Itis clearthat
the banding pattem of DNAfrom crime scene matches with

individual B not with A

APPLICATION OF DNA

FINGERPRINTING

Used as tool in forensic investigation.

To sette patemity disputes.

.To study evolution by detemining the

genetic diversities among populations.

ADVANTAGES AND

DISADVANTAGED

Advantages
1.It is an easy and painless method for the subject being
tested. It is less invasive then taking a blood sample.
2.It is an affordable and reliable technique
3. It can be conducted in a relatively short amount oftime
4. Anyone at any age can be tested with this method
without any major concems
5. There 1s a large variety of uses such as in legal claims.
missing persons cases. identification for the military. and
paternity and prenatal testing
Disadvatages
1. The samnple of DNA can easily be ruined during the
process ofDNA fingerprinting. causing the sample to
become completely useless for testing

2. The process itselfis complex and tedious. and can give

results that may be hard to interpret
3. The test needs to be rn on multiple samples. a
numerous amount of times for ideal accuracy. Commonly.
labs run each test twice with four samples.

4. Privacy issues could occur if the infomation isn't kept

secure at the lab. Personal information legally can only be
released with a written order. This personal information if
leaked. could potentially complicate insurance processes
health care and job prospects for an individual.
 ECONOMIC VALUJE
Developcures-DNA Fingerprinting can be used to
develop cures, by studying the DNA fingerprints of
relatives who have the same disorder, or comparing
groups of people, DNA patterns of the disease can
be detected. This is the first step to developing cures
for harmful diseases.

Evidence in crime- DNA Fingerprinting is used by

the FBl and the police to solve crimes at
the molecular level. Since 1987, more than 150
cases have been solved with the help of DNA
fingerprinting.
Diagnose inherited diseases- DNA Fingerprinting
can be used to detect early diseases in order to
prepare treatment against the disease.
Personal identification- Every cell in one human
contains the exact same DNA fingerprint, now that
technology has become advanced people have
started to collect samples to identify missing people
or casualties.
DNA Fingerprinting has many practical uses and is
extremely beneficial to our society. It can be used for
learning and preventing diseases, it plays a big role
in Genetics, it helps for knowing a person's identity,
and it can be used as evidence in criminal cases.
USES
Since it was invented in 1984. DNA fingerprinting
most often has been used in court cases and legal
matters. It can:

.Physically connect a piece ofevidence to a

person or ule out someone as a suspect.
Show who your parents, siblings. and other
relatives may be.
. Identify a dead body that's too old or damaged
to be recognizable.
DNA fingerprinting is extremely accurate. Most
countries now keep DNA records on file in much the
same way police keep copies of actual fingerprints.
It also has medical uses. It can:

Match tissues of organ donors with those of

people who need transplants.
.Identify diseases that are passed down through
your family.
Help find cures for those diseases., called
hereditary conditions.
FAMOUS CASES OF DNA
FINGERPRINTING
Colin Pitchfork
was the first
criminal based
on DNA
fingerprinting
evidence. He
was arrested in
1986 for the rape and murder of the two
girls and was sentenced in 1988.
Simpson was cleared of a double
murdercharge in 1994 which relied heavily
on DNA evidence. This cases highlighted
lab difficulties.
 CONCLUSION
It was an amazing experience doing this project. I gained

a lot of information about DNA Fingerprinting. It helped me

to clearmany of my doubts. It isa really interesting topic.

In today's world DNA fingerprinting is playing a very

important role.

Use of DNA fingerprinting has now days increased as

DNA analysis is a key to linking suspects to biological

evidence and to identifying individuals in crimes and

disasters. Another important use is the establishment of

paternity in custody and child support litigation.

 BIBLIOGRAPHY
NCERT-BIOLOGYBOOK.
ARIHANT-ALLIN ONEBOOK.
IMAGES ANDOTHER DATA FROM
GOOGLE