IMPACT OF APPROPRIATE SARDINELLA (SARDINELLA FIMBRIATA)

FISHERIES AND MANAGEMENT LEGISLATION IN BULAN

A Qualitative Research
presented to the Faculty of Bulan National High School
Bulan, Sorsogon

in partial fulfillment of the requirements in

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1

Delavin, Czarina Joy B.

Guray, Kathlene Issa M.
Lagahit, Samantha Mae H.

Grade 11- STEM B

Rey Eugene G. Lee

Research Adviser

October 2021
 Chapter I
INTRODUCTION

This chapter of the paper presents the problem and its setting. It includes the

background of the study, the statement of the problem, significance of the study, and

scope and delimitation of the study.

Background of the Study

Since the beginning of humanity, the ocean has been a significant source of

sustenance. For decades, people living along the coast have benefited from the

ocean's abundant and diverse supply of nourishment, both as a source of food and a

source of livelihood. Humans, on the other hand, have begun to take more from the

ocean than it can provide. As a result, the ocean is no longer capable of providing

the human species with the richness it once offered.

Today, each person eats on average 19.2kg of fish a year – around twice as

much as 50 years ago and about 38.5 million tons of bycatch results from current

preferred fishing practice each year. Furthermore, illegal and unregulated fishing

constitutes an estimated 11-26 million tons (12-28%) of fishing world-wide and

almost 30% of fish stocks commercially fished are over-fished.

(https://www.fishforward.eu/sl/facts-figures/,2015)

Current estimates are that overfishing has impacted over 85% of the world’s

fish resources and that most fisheries are fished far beyond their sustainable

capacity. While this is poised to have long-term effects on human consumption, there

are also a number of other effects, such as: removal of essential predators, poor

coral reef health, growth of algae, unintended catches, the threat to local food

sources, financial losses, an utter imbalance of the marine ecosystems, the targeted
fish and its harvest, rise of the endangered species, and improper aquaculture.

(https://www.conserve-energy-future.com/causes-effects-solutions-of-

overfishing.php,2020)

In the Bicol region, fish populations have been decimated owing to decades of

overfishing and illegal fishing practices. Out of 24 fishing grounds, 13, or 54% of

them, are overexploited from overfishing, threatening the livelihoods of the local

communities and the marine ecosystem. Consequently, fishermen violate regulations

more than ever, catching increasingly smaller fish, restricted species, going to

prohibited zones, and using ecologically destructive, illegal methods. Examples

include using nets poisoned with cyanide or pesticides and dynamite blasting, which

violate Section 92 of Republic Act 10654 (banning fishing with explosives, poisons,

or electricity). An average of 10,000 dynamite blasts are estimated to occur every

day. Large trawling boats also illegally poach fish at night in areas reserved only for

small municipal fishing boats, which leaves little left for marginalized legal village

fishers. (https://www.ejatlas.org/conflict/illegal-fishing-in-bicol-philippines, n.d.)

A fisheries official has blamed overfishing in Bicol and Samar for the rotting

sardines found in Bulan town, Sorsogon province, photos of which have made the

rounds on social media. This is because some fishermen still go to sea for another

round of fishing despite the oversupply of sardines, locally known as law-law or

tamban, at Bulan’s fish port on any given day. Further to that, fishermen and fish

vendors throw the sardines back to the waters once these are spoiled several hours

or a day after they are caught because if nobody wants to buy the fast-spoiling

tamban even at PHP20 per (basin), the vendors decide to just throw them away or

abandon them in a corner near the fish port or market. Even fish buyers from the

National Capital Region could not afford to buy the big volume of sardines that land
at Bulan port because of their limited capacity to haul the catch back to their places.

(Toledo, 2021)

A pelagic fish, tamban can be found anywhere in the country. Tamban, which

feeds on plankton, plays a very important role in the food cycle. Tamban is also an

ecosystem indicator in the ocean. More tamban means more food both for larger fish

and humans alike. (Mayuga, 2018)

Despite the fact that various studies on overfishing in the Philippines have

already been made, relevant rules and regulations have been established, and

programs and projects have been implemented, the problem continues to exist

today. A major contributing factor is the relatively open-access status of Philippine

fishing grounds and the lack of management procedures to effectively regulate them,

which has resulted in the unforeseen consequence of overfishing in countless

marine areas throughout the country.

As a result, implementation of strict, suitable, and proper fisheries

management is important. By implementing a successful fisheries management

system, social and economic benefits can be increased while maintaining

sustainable yields and protecting/securing fishery resources. The management

effectiveness of the world’s marine fisheries, both large and small-scale, is important

to food provision and livelihoods that depend upon fish and seafood, as well as to

other aspects of ocean health.

(http://www.oceanhealthindex.org/methodology/components/fisheries-management-

effectiveness, n.d.)

Thus, the researchers developed an interest in the impact of appropriate

sardinella fisheries and management legislation in Bulan, which prompted them to

conduct a study about it. Additionally, this study will offer relevant principles that may

pave the way for the researchers to conduct more future studies regarding

overfishing.

Statement of the Problem

General objective:

The objective of this basic interpretative qualitative research study is to

determine the impact of appropriate Sardinella (Sardinella Fimbriata) fisheries and

management legislation in the municipality of Bulan.

Specific Objectives:

Specifically, this study shall seek answers to the following questions:

1. What are the effects of overfishing of Sardinella in Bulan in terms of:

a. State of the environment

b. Population of species

c. Consumer food security

2. What policies and regulations did the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic

Resources (BFAR) implement and what more measures can be carried

out to reduce the occurrence of overfishing of Sardinella in Bulan?

3. What are the problems that the fishermen usually encounter in the

implemented policies and regulations regarding the overfishing of

Sardinella?

Significance of the Study

Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources. This study benefits BFAR for this will

supply important information regarding the proper fisheries management and

regulation. Through this, they can establish programs, sessions, or activities that can

improve the fishing management of every fishermen. Furthermore, as it is a

government agency it will have greater authority and higher chances of effectively

implementing this which will help in the development, improvement,

management, and conservation of the country's fisheries and aquatic

resources. Lastly, this will greatly assist them in accomplishing the mission of their

agency.

Economy. If the findings of this study encourage those in charge to implement this

properly, it will increase the amount of food available from the sea, which will result

in increased employment not only for those who directly collect that food (the

fishermen) but also for those who operate throughout the entire chain, from the

construction of vessels and equipment supplies to the marketing of finished goods.

Moreover, this study will prevent fish stocks from being overexploited, make fishing

more profitable, and reduce financial troubles, all of which will have a good impact on

the economy of Bulan and the other parts of the Philippines.

Environment. This study will benefit the environment by preventing the ocean from

becoming polluted. Additionally, this will help in protecting vulnerable habitats and

maintaining the balance of life in the oceans. Lastly, it will stop overfishing from

exacerbating the effects of climate change, since overfishing creates conditions that

make fishing populations more susceptible to environmental changes.

Aquatic Animals. This study will be beneficial to aquatic animals since it will

reinforce their food web, which will ultimately contribute to population recovery. It will

also avoid the unnecessarily extinction of a large fish population, as well as the

extinction of other marine species such as turtles. Furthermore, if the study is

effective and has educated the fishermen, it will increase the population of adult fish

and provide opportunities for the fishes to reproduce and replenish their diminishing

numbers, which will benefit the entire ecosystem.

Fishermen. This will also assist them in becoming responsible and eco-conscious

fishermen, as they will understand that sustainable fishing respects marine

ecosystems and adapts to the reproductive rate of fish in order to maintain a balance

and ensure the survival of all species, without requiring them to give up their

livelihood.

Consumer. This study benefits consumers by ensuring food security. This also

prevents potential increase in the price of fish, as a scarcity of supply and an

increase in demand will be avoided.

Future Researchers. This study will act as a useful reference for future researchers

by using the results as their basis in creating a new research study or to those

researchers who may wish to conduct further research on the impact of appropriate

sardinella (sardinella fimbriata) fisheries and management legislation in Bulan.

Scope and Delimitation

This study focuses on determining the impact of appropriate sardinella

fisheries and management legislation in Bulan. This will mainly assess if these

regulations will reduce the occurrence of overfishing of Sardinella in the community.

Participants that will be selected are the fishermen associated with overfishing of the

species. The coverage of the study limits to 10 Sardinella fishermen in Bulan,

Sorsogon, who were in the service for two or more years. Government officials are

excluded. A survey and interview will be used as instruments in this study to identify

the impact of appropriate fisheries and management legislation regarding the

overfishing of sardinella case in the municipality. This will take place at the coastal

areas of Bulan, Sorsogon.

Chapter II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter of the paper presents the review of related literature, the

conceptual framework, the research hypotheses, and the definition of terms.

Related Literature

The researchers came across related literary texts viewed to have

significance to the present study.

Inaccurate or incomplete diagnosis of the root causes of overfishing can lead

to misguided and ineffective fisheries policies and programmes. The “Malthusian

overfishing narrative” suggests that overfishing is driven by too many fishers chasing

too few fish and that fishing effort grows proportionately to human population growth,

requiring policy interventions that reduce fisher access, the number of fishers, or the

human population. Here, we apply a political ecology lens to unpack Malthusian

overfishing and, relying upon insights derived from the social sciences, reconstruct

the narrative incorporating four exemplar mediating drivers: technology and

innovation, resource demand and distribution, marginalization and equity, and

governance and management. We argue that a more nuanced understanding of

such factors will lead to effective and equitable fisheries policies and programmes,

by identifying a suite of policy levers designed to address the root causes of

overfishing in diverse contexts (Finkbeiner et al., 2017).

 Wiedenmann et al. (2017) stated that modest buffers when setting the

acceptable biological catch (ABC) control rules were generally effective at limiting

overfishing, but larger buffers resulted in higher average biomass, similar long-term

benefits to the fishery (high yield, low variability in yield), more rapid recovery of

depleted populations, and a lower risk of the population being overfished, and these

results were robust to the level of uncertainty in the assessment model estimates. In

addition, fixing the ABC over the interval between assessments and having a short

interval between assessments was generally more effective at meeting management

objectives than using projections and having a long assessment interval.

The aforementioned literatures bear significance to the present study for

these writings tackled about the policies and regulations in fisheries management,

which were proposed in the present study. Specifically, these literatures were found

relevant, for the legislations and policies were with the purpose of alleviating the

occurrence of overfishing.

Republic Act No. 8550 known as “Philippine Fisheries Code of 1998” makes

provision for the management and conservation of fisheries and aquaculture in the

Philippines and the reconstitution or establishment of fisheries institutions both at the

national and local level. It consists of 133 sections which are divided into 8 Chapters:

Chapter 1 declares the policy of the State with respect to fisheries and contains a

large definitions section. It is a declared policy to limit access to the fishery and

aquatic resources of the Philippines for the exclusive use and enjoyment of all

citizens, including women and youth sectors. Another principle of policy is the

protection of municipal fishermen. Fishery and aquatic resources shall be managed

in a manner consistent with the concept of integrated coastal area management.

Definitions listed in section 4 include: coastal area/zone; commercial fishing;

municipal waters; foreshore land; maximum sustainable yield; post harvest facilities.

Chapter II contains the main body of rules relative to the management and

conservation of fisheries and to aquaculture. Fisheries are classified in municipal

fisheries, i.e. fishing in municipal waters, and commercial fishing. Provisions of the

Chapter also regulate post-harvest facilities, activities and trade. The Bureau of

Fisheries and Aquatic resources is reconstituted and Fisheries and Aquatic

Management Councils are created under provisions of Chapter III. The Bureau is a

national policy advisory and policy implementation body. A National Fisheries and

Aquatic Management Council is created under section 70 and municipal/city councils

under section 73. These institutions shall assist in the formulation of national polices

and local policies respectively. The Department of Fisheries may designate areas in

Philippine waters beyond 15 kilometres of the shoreline as fishery reservation or fish

refuges and sanctuaries in bays, foreshore lands, continental shelf or any fishing

ground to be set aside for the cultivation of mangroves to strengthen the habitat and

the spawning grounds of fish. Remaining Chapters deal with fisheries research and

development (V), prescribe penalties and offences (VI), and contain general

provisions (VII).

The legal bases are relevant to the study for it will provide substantial

information to the present study regarding the policies to limit access to the fishery

and aquatic resources. They were found significant since they elaborated the

policies in the control of fishing methods that will help reduce overfishing.

Ending overfishing results in: the reduction of fishing effort to ensure

sustainable levels of fish catch and yield given the management structure in place

(e.g., MSY); a healthier, richer ocean with more diverse fish populations; a more

complete marine food web with fish of all trophic levels well represented; and a
marine ecosystem with healthier, more varied and more complete marine habitats

(Sumaila and Tai, 2020). Based on these four consequences of ending overfishing,

we see at least 5 ways in which ending overfishing can increase the resilience of fish

stocks and the marine ecosystem in the face of climate change. Three of these

increase resilience by leaving more fish in the ocean; maintaining the structure of

marine food webs; and ensuring rich and diverse marine habitats and ecosystems.

The remaining two help fish stocks and the marine ecosystem by reducing the

amount of CO2 in the atmosphere through the (i) emission of less CO 2 by the fishing

sector itself; and (ii) sequestration of higher levels of CO 2 that more fish in the ocean

that ending overfishing entails.

According to the study of Gill et al. (2020) about the development of offshore

wind farm (OWF) and its effect on fish and fisheries, OWFs can act as artificial reefs

that may benefit secondary fish production, but such effects may also have ecological

consequences. The fisheries exclusion effect that turns some OWFs into no-go

areas, hence effectively no-take zones, could provide resource enhancements or

redistribution (Gill et al., 2020).

The Danish experience proves that Individual Transferable Quotas can be an

adequate solution with regards to overfishing and overcapacity with also

positive effects on the environment due to reduced fuel consumption and fishing

activity. The social effects are ambiguous seeing that fisheries employment

decreases; however, unemployment rates in the affected communities are below the

national average (Merayo et al., 2018).

Gaines et al. (2018) found that adopting proactive and adaptive fishery

management approaches today would lead to substantially higher global profits

(154%), harvest (34%), and biomass (60%) in the future compared to No Adaptation.
They suggest that the benefits of enacting reforms today are cumulatively large

enough to counter the future deleterious impacts of projected changes in fisheries

productivity for most RCPs.

Demand for fish from all sources and by all households increases with

income. Elasticities of demand for aquacultured and inland-captured fish are higher

for poor households than non-poor. Technological progress has driven reduction in

the real price of farmed fish. Toufique et al. (2018) stated that effective management

of all fish sources is important for food security, but increasing supply from

aquaculture and inland capture fisheries will have the most significant effects.

The above literatures offer relevance to the present study because these

writings discussed the effects of appropriate fisheries management, which is

proposed in the present study. Specifically, these literatures were found to be

relevant for it elaborates the effects of appropriate fisheries management on the

following: state of the environment, population of species, and consumer food

security.

In Maine, a changing policy environment that has increasingly restricted

access to fisheries appears to be affecting fishermen’s local ecological knowledge. In

particular, the state legislature has created a licensing system that has steadily

limited the species that fishermen can target (Farr et al., 2018).

The study of Di Franco et al. (2016) identified key attributes of marine

protected area (MPA) and small-scale fisheries (SSF) that can achieve conservation

goals while at the same time maintaining profitability in SSFs. Sixty-four percent of

MPAs showed ecological effectiveness, 68% showed economic benefits for

fishermen and 60% showed commitment of fishermen to the environment

(hereinafter “fishermen environmental commitment”). Overall, 40% of MPAs were

highly successful (OMS = 3). These attributes can also drive Blue Growth (i.e.

sustainable ocean-based economy) and contribute positively to targets required at

the international level. The identification of key attributes is particularly crucial

considering the number of underperforming MPAs.

The above literatures have bearing to the present study for it tackles about the

approach of fishermen to the implementation of fisheries policies and regulations.

These literatures emphasized the problems experienced by the fishermen on the

implemented policies and regulations and their approach to these appropriate

fisheries management.

Related Studies

The researchers found several studies that bears resemblance to the present

study. Findings and results contributed to the conduct of the study.

A closed fishing season is just one of the many fisheries management

approaches adopted by the state, local authorities and coastal communities to

conserve and improve fish stocks and other marine resources. A seasonal closure

and harvest of fisheries products has become an acceptable and implementable

means of sustaining both ecosystem function and livelihood. It can involve

area/space or time restrictions or both. Fishing bans are usually implemented as part

of marine protected areas and in conjunction with other measure. However there are

areas that enforce closed season outside ani institutionalized MPA such as the

closed fishing for Tuna in Davao Gulf, Philippines (Rola et al., 2017).

Significant changes in federal law resulted in new scientifically informed

management policies that helped turn this fishery around. Two changes were

particularly important. (1) The 2006 MSA provided a tough new mandate to end

overfishing and recover stocks, including the required use of science-based annual
catch limits and accountability measures. (2) The MSA allowed the option of using

secure-access approaches in management. As a result, in 2011 an ITQ plan was

adopted for the fishery (Sullivan and Lubchenco, 2017).

The roll-out of right sizing and presentation of fish catch monitoring results

creates a lasting impact and increased participation by LGUs, Coastal communities

and partner agencies in the management of their coastal and fisheries resources.

The gear limits or caps set by LGUs through the right-sizing initiative of the project

now serves as a basis for the limited issuance of fisheries licenses in the defined

ecosystems of the MKBAs. (USAID, 2017).

BFAR (2016) stated that recognizing the wide array of institutions and

stakeholders that needs to be involved in plan implementation, BFAR shall mobilize

or engage existing industry groups and consultative for a as the means or venue to

facilitate and enhance sectoral consultation, partnership, participation and

collaboration which are essential for the successful and effective programming and

Implementation of Comprehensive National Fisheries Industry Development Plan

(CNFIDP).

Israel et, al (2016) hypothesized from their study that the key to effectively

implementing fisheries regulations towards helping address the unintended

consequence of overfishing of fisheries resources lie in confronting the underlying

constraints through the following approaches: a) the active involvement of the private

stakeholders in fisheries management to help reduce the high costs of enforcement

of regulations on the government and share the burden of enforcement; and b) the

promotion and enabling of effective collective actions by the private sector in

partnership with government agencies and other stakeholders to promote multi-

sectoral ownership responsibility in management. The main argument put forward is

that improved participation and collection action of all stakeholders would provide the

missing stimulus for instituting more effective enforcement and coordination

mechanism necessary to minimize the unintended consequence of overfishing in

Philippine waters.

The present study is similar to the cited studies because it tackles about

policies and regulations implemented to reduce the occurrence of overfishing. Due to

the results of their study the main argument put forward is that improved participation

and collection action of all stakeholders would provide the missing stimulus for

instituting more effective enforcement and coordination mechanism necessary to

minimize the unintended consequence of overfishing in Philippine waters. However,

the only difference of the cited studies to the present study is that the present study

focuses on the fisheries and management legislation in the municipality of Bulan.

An effective fisheries management system is the first foundation of climate-

resilient fisheries. It involves a number of tasks that collectively aim to ensure the

sustainable use of fisheries resources for diverse societal goals. The tasks can be

broadly grouped in two inter-dependent phases: a planning phase, when objectives,

rules and management measures are defined; and an implementation phase, when

mechanisms are put in place to implement the agreed rules, ensure compliance, and

monitor outcomes (Bahri et al., 2021).

Hata, et al. (2018) mentioned that conservation strategies in the lake have

attempted to protect this species from overfishing (Mamaril 2001). For example,

motorized push-nets and beach seines have been banned throughout the entire lake

(M. Santos and J. Torres pers. comm. 2017). However, despite local laws which ban

active fishing gears (e.g., motorized push nets, beach seines and ring nets), these

measures are still being used and effort has increased in the most recent years
available (1998 - 2014: Mutia et al. 2011). Therefore, it is recommended that local

government agencies should be more active in the implementation of various laws

on lake management and conservation (Mutia et al. 2011). the attempts to protect

the spawning population and habitat of Sardinella are in place; a Tawilis Reserve

Area (TRA) was established in Lake Taal under the Unified Rules and Regulations

on Fisheries of Taal Volcano Protected Landscape(URRF-TVPL); in the TRA, only

passive and traditional fishing gears like gill net, spear gun and hook and line are

allowed.

Mutia et, al. (2017) stated that the assessment of fisheries in Taal Lake

revealed a continued decline in fish harvest in the open waters. The decline in

harvest may be attributed to unsustainable fishing practice and proliferation of

aquaculture activities. The operation of the three active gear such as the beach

seine, motorized push net, and ring net worsened the condition of the open water

fisheries. The growing number of aquaculture activities in the lake also contributed to

the declining population and displacement of indigenous fishes as well as

introduction of more aggressive alien species. The continued operation of the active

gear and the prevalence of introduced species reflect the laxity in the implementation

of fishery laws and ordinances.

The Ecosystems Improved for Sustainable Fisheries or ECOFISH plans

catalyzed management action to increase fisheries biomass and conserve marine

biodiversity. With an improved resource base, fishing communities now have more

options for diversified income sources including sustainable fisheries livelihoods and

alternative conservation enterprises (USAID, 2017).

Sullivan and Lubchenco (2017) found out that the stocks have recovered

substantially, and the vast majority of the species are now listed as “best choice” or
“good alternative” by the independent Monterey Bay Aquarium Seafood Watch

Program on the basis of sustainability. Fishery revenues increased as stocks

rebounded, and bycatch has decreased significantly as fishers are now incentivized

to minimize nontarget species and ensure the fishery is healthy. Similar economic,

social and environmental success stories have emerged across many fisheries of

diverse scale, from small to industrial and in both developed and developing

countries.

Present study bears relevance to the cited studies because it tackles about

the effect of fisheries and management legislation in terms of state of the

environment, populations of species and consumer food security. However, the cited

study is different in the present study because the present study focuses on the

Sardinella Fisheries and Management legislation in Bulan. While the cited study

focuses on the effectiveness of fisheries management system in not specific species

of fish.

Within EU waters, Fishing opportunities should be set in accordance with the

Multi-Annual management Plans (MAPs) in force. These plans encompass the CFP

objective for stocks to be manage, in order to be maintained and restored to above

levels that can produce the Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY). Some plans also

provide for a detailed and tailor-made roadmap to achieve the objective. Some

MAPs include fishing effort restriction as an additional instruments TACs, and

specific control rules (Aranda et al., 2019).

During the conduct of the study, Rosa et al. (2017) found out that unlike the

workers, municipal fisherfolks are less affected by the closed fishing season a

majority of them continue fishing even during the banned period. Officially, municipal

fishing is not included in the policy, but some local government tried to also apply the
policy to the municipal fishers. Only 21 of the interviewed fisherfolks reported

catching sardines, where proportion of sardines to total catch is low. Sardines

command a very low selling price of just about Php 14 per kilo on the average.

However, what sardines species lack in frequency and low market prize, it makes up

by the volume of the catch.

The present study is similar to the cited studies because it tackles about the

problems encounter in the implementation of policies and regulation. The results

shows that using sustainable fishing practices which limits the fishing can greatly

affect the fishermen.

Conceptual Framework

Figure 1 shows the conceptual framework. According to Ocean Health Index,

implementing tight, appropriate, and proper fisheries management is required. A

good fisheries management system increases social and economic benefits while

protecting and securing fisheries resources. The management effectiveness of the

world's marine fisheries, large and small-scale, is crucial for food security,

livelihoods, and other aspects of ocean health. In line with this, the researchers seek

to identify the impact of appropriate sardinella fisheries to the management

legislation in Bulan. Through this, the researchers would be able to assess if these

regulations will reduce the occurrence of overfishing in the community.

Appropriate Sardinella
Fisheries

Reduce the
Occurrence of
Overfishing

Management Legislation
in Bulan
 Figure 1. Conceptual Framework of the Study.

The richness of Philippine sardines is among the highest in the world, and it

includes the world's only freshwater sardine species. This conceptual framework

investigated the topic of overfishing in the Philippines, focusing on the sardine sector

in particular. It was hypothesized that active participation in fisheries management

and the promotion and facilitation of effective collective actions by private

stakeholders in partnership with government agencies and other relevant

stakeholders to promote multi-sectoral ownership responsibility in management are

the keys to effectively implementing overfishing regulations. The fundamental

premise is that more stakeholder participation and collection action would provide

the missing stimulus for more effective enforcement and coordination mechanisms,

which are required to reduce the unintended consequences of overfishing.

Institutions responsible for fisheries management have a limited sphere of

influence. A fishery management plan, for example, may manage a state or

provincial fishery, a region's fishery or fisheries, have national scope, and so on.

There are also arrangements with jurisdiction that extends beyond national borders,

such as the Northwest Atlantic Fishery Organization (NAFO) or the International

Commission for the Conservation of Tunas (ICCAT) (ICCAT).

Fishery management aims to maximize the benefits of the production unit

(fish stock) under management. Because stock boundaries may cross national

borders, many new geopolitical implications emerge. It is critical to create an

institution that encourages compromise among various human interests and values.

This can be challenging not only conceptually, but also practically, if different

management bodies in different countries take different approaches.

A management institution, whether it is local, regional, national, or

international, necessitates supporting infrastructure. This includes research facilities

and scientists to assess the current state of the managed stock or stocks and how

current management interacts with these stocks. Management science is necessarily

multidisciplinary, encompassing biology, stock dynamics, oceanography and

economics, sociology, and institutional behavior.

Research Hypothesis

Implementation of appropriate Sardinella (Sardinella fimbriata) fisheries and

management legislation has no significant effect in the municipality of Bulan.

Definition of Terms

The researchers defined the following terminologies conceptually and

operationally to have an easy and better understanding in this study.

Overfishing. Refers to an act of catching too many fish at once, so the breeding

population becomes too depleted to recover. Overfishing often goes hand in hand

with wasteful types of commercial fishing that haul in massive amounts of unwanted

fish or other animals, which are then discarded (www.edf.org).

Fisheries Management. Refers to the process that creates and enforces the rules

that are needed to prevent overfishing and help overfished stocks rebound

(Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences (Second Edition),  2001).

Legislation. a law or set of laws suggested by a government and made official by

a parliament (www.dictionary.cambridge.org).

Sardinella fimbriata. Refers to a species of ray-finned fish in the genus Sardinella.

 Chapter III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter includes the research design, the sample, the instruments, the

data collection procedure, and the plan for data analysis.

Research Design

This study is a qualitative type of research utilizing a basic interpretive

qualitative study as the research method, which aims to identify the impact of the

implementation of appropriate fisheries management and legislation in Bulan. This

study will also make use of questionnaire and interview for it uses comprehensive

questions to gain knowledge about the effect of the regulations on selected

participants, and content analysis, which is a systematic examination of

communicative material as stated by Flick et al. (2004).

The Sample

The researchers will utilize a non-probability sampling technique, specifically

purposive sampling, to select the study participants. The researchers will employ

such type of sampling in choosing the respondents that can surely correspond to the

objectives of the study. Purposive sampling is a sampling technique in which the

researcher relies on his or her own judgment when choosing members of the

population to participate in the study (www.research-methodology.com). In this

study, the researchers used purposive sampling in choosing the participants

appropriate to the purpose of the study, which in this case are Sardinella fisherman.

The study will be taken at the coastal area in Bulan, Sorsogon, from 10 Sardinella

fishermen with two or more years in the service.

The Instrument(s)
 The research instruments for this study will be an open-ended interview as

well as questionnaires. A questionnaire is a printed self-report form that is designed

to collect information from subjects through their written responses. In many ways,

the information obtained by a questionnaire is similar to that obtained through an

interview; nevertheless, the questions tend to be less in depth. In addition, the

researchers chose interviewing as their study instrument because it is a versatile

technique that allows the researcher to delve further into meaning than other

techniques allow and provides relevant information when participants cannot be

seen directly. In this type of research instrument, the interviewer has greater control

over the types of information that they obtain, they can choose their own questions,

and if the questions are structured well, they will encourage fair and genuine

responses from respondents. An interview guide with open-ended questions was

created in order to acquire information about the impact of proper Sardinella

(Sardinella fimbriata) fisheries and management legislation in the municipality of

Bulan. During the interview, the participants who have been selected will be asked a

series of open-ended questions and follow-up questions, and their responses will be

recorded. It is planned to conduct both the interviews and questionnaires in the local

dialect, Bikol, in order to make the interview process more convenient for those

respondents who prefer to speak in their native language during the interview

process and answering of questionnaires. During the interview, each of the

researchers will jot down and record the conversation through their phones in order

to encode the dialogue for decoding purposes that will be discussed in further detail

later in this study.

Data Collection Procedure

 Before starting the data collection process, the researchers will seek

permission from the appropriate authorities to perform the study. To obtain

permission to conduct interviews on prospective respondents, the researchers will

write an official letter that will be signed by their research adviser and sent to the

individuals who have agreed to participate. For the purpose of conducting the

interview and answering the questions, an appropriate setting will be selected. The

researchers will personally hand out questionnaires to the fisherman, and all

necessary safety precautions will be followed. The researchers will provide a

thorough explanation of the aim of the interview and surveys, and the interviewee will

be guaranteed that their responses will be kept strictly confidential. Also discussed

will be the format and nature of the interview, its aim and expectations, as well as the

timeframe for the interview. With the guide questions as a foundation, the interview

will be conducted in an informal, conversational style, which will allow the interviewer

to have a greater degree of freedom and adaptability when gathering information

from the interviewee. Questionnaire forms will be given sufficient time to finish, and

questions for the interview will be asked one at a time and will be given, allowing the

interviewee adequate time to think about and respond to the questions. The

questions will be written in their local dialect, Bikol, in order to ensure clarity and

ease of comprehension for the fishermen. To guarantee that accurate data is

recorded in relation to the interview, the entire conversation or interview will be

written down and recorded in phones for encoding purposes. The questions posed

by the researchers will be answered, and all participants will be thanked for

participating in the study. The results will be analyzed after all of the interviews have

been conducted. These data will be used as the foundation for further investigation

and evaluation of the problem.

Plan for Data Analysis

INTERVIEW

The researchers will use the method presented by Seville (2018) to determine

the effectiveness appropriate Sardinella fisheries and management legislation in the

municipality of Bulan. The data gathered through the interview guide will be

transcribed, analyzed, coded and interpreted. The narrative analysis will be guided

by the frequency of the emergent themes and these themes were be coded and

interpreted accordingly. Words, phrases that appeared to be similar will be grouped

into the same category. These categories will gradually be replaced and re-

evaluated to determine how they are linked. In essence, the analysis will involve

extracting significant statements from the transcribed interviews so that key phrases

and statements that spoke directly to the phenomenon in question could be

extracted.

QUESTIONNAIRE

After gathering the data, it was organized and examined. A computer

application named Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to

analyze closed-ended questions. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the

data. Frequency tables were created, and the data was then displayed in pie

diagrams and bar graphs. The open-ended questions were evaluated quantitatively

by the researcher in order to quantify developing features and notions. The

technique of systematically evaluating verbal or written communications in order to

quantify factors is known as concept analysis.

 Chapter IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This section presents the analysis and interpretation of data acquired from

sets of questionnaires administered to Sardinella fishermen in Bulan through

interviews and surveys. This will serve as primary sources in determining the effects

of appropriate fisheries management and legislation in the municipality. The sets of

participants that are chosen through non-probability sampling are Sardinella

fishermen.

Topics are arranged according to the sets of specific questions, which are as

follows:

1. What are the effects of overfishing of Sardinella fish in the municipality of

Bulan in terms of:

a. State of the environment

b. Population of species

c. Consumer food security

2. What policies and regulations did the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic

Resources (BFAR) implement and what more measures can be carried out

to reduce the occurrence of overfishing of Sardinella in Bulan?

3. What are the problems that the Fishermen usually encounter in the

implemented policies and regulations regarding the overfishing of

Sardinella?
I. Effects of Overfishing of Sardinella in the Municipality of Bulan in terms

of:

a. State of the environment

Overfishing and its effects are the main topic in this section. This will tackle

the effects of overfishing of Sardinella fish focusing on the state of

environment in the Bulan. The researchers gathered data, through an

interview, from the fishermen who also lives in the shoreline or coastal areas

of Bulan. To know the stand of the respondents about the effects of

overfishing of Sardinella fish in the municipality of Bulan in terms of the state

of the environment, the researchers raised the question “What are the main

reasons for overfishing of sardinella? What are the consequences of

overfishing in terms of the State of the environment?”. In the discussion of

their ideas in the main reason and consequences of overfishing of sardinella

fish, the following theme emerged namely negative.

In response to the question, the participants, (H) Happy, (S) Sad, (A)

Angry, (SH) Shy, (Q) Quiet, (L) Loud, (N) Neutral, (SM) Smart, (U) Unsure,

and (C) Calm, described the main reasons for overfishing of sardinella and

consequences of overfishing in terms of the State of the environment. The

participants answered:

(H): Para daghan an dakop. Kaso, inuula nalang pagsobrahon na kaya

nag aati an dagat. (To have more supply of the fish, but when we have

oversupply, they are thrown away back to the ocean that makes it polluted.)

(S): Pagdaraw natural na daghan an isda, di naman namo sala kun

minsan daghanon an dakop pero daghanon talaga an nasasayang nan

tinatapok nalang kun di na napapabakal. (We can’t control how many fish are
to be caught, so it’s not our problem anymore, but although sometimes the

fish are thrown away when not bought.)

(A): Paggrabi an nasayang na isda, natural na reklamo talaga an baho

suon. (If there’s a lot of wasted fish, complaints are expected due to the odor

caused by it.)

(SH): Sa kagustuhan na daghan an dakop nan kita gusto pero diri talaga

maiiwasan na may pagkakataon na diri man nababakal, diri man yun pwede

istock lang kay malulupa (We want to have more supply of the fish but we

can’t avoid the times when these fish are wasted if not bought because they

can’t just be stocked.)

(Q): nakadagdag pa talaga sa ati san dagat an pagtapok san mga isda,

totoo yun. Kundi kay diri man yun naiiwasan na overfishing. (Yes, it is true

that throwing away these wasted fish can contribute to the pollution of the

ocean, but we can’t avoid ovefishing.)

(L): kun wara man mabakal, nano man mahihimo mi, itatapok nalang. (If

there are no more consumers to buy the fish, we have no choice but to throw

the excess.)

(N): Bilang nakaistar didi harani sa dagat, immuned na ako , pero totoong

mabaho talaga dara san hangin. (I live by the shore, so the smell is normal to

me already, but it is unpleasant.)

(SM): Gusto man syempre namo magkamay-on daghan na barahin, sa

epekto man sadi sa kapalibutan ta, maati nan mabaho talaga lalo kun sa

dagat mismo inuula an sobra na isda (Of course, we want more incomes to

be divided, but we are also aware of the unpleasant odor these excess fish

thrown away back to the ocean gives us.)

 (U): Maati na an dagat ta kumpara san dati. (We have a dirty ocean today

compared to what we have before.)

(C): An dagat ta niyan diri na malinaw nan malinig diri parehas san

panahon mi, siguro nakaapekto man ini na kakaurula san mga isda. Tapos

mabaho talaga. (Our ocean today is unlike before, so I think throwing away

these excess fish contributed to the pollution of our ocean, and it has indeed

an unpleasant smell.)

Ten out of ten participants responded and are all aware of the effects of

overfishing of Sardinella fish in the environment. Through the responses, it

can be viewed into a code namely pollution specifically in water and air.

Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that

cause adverse change. Pollution can take the form of any substance or

energy Pollutants, the components of pollution, can be either foreign

substances/energies or naturally occurring contaminants. In addition, Air

pollution is the contamination of air due to the presence of substances in

the atmosphere that are harmful to the health of humans and other living

beings, or cause damage to the climate or to materials. Water pollution

or aquatic pollution is the contamination of water bodies, usually as a result of

human activities, in such a manner that negatively affects its legitimate uses.

(en.wikipedia.org)

The overfishing and improper disposal of excess fishes highly affects

the environment negatively. It damages the sea water through its dirt and oily

excretion. Also, it produces bad smells because of the rotten fishes disposed

may it be in land or in water. These facts are the main reason of the pollution
in the environment but above all it surely affects the health of the people

specially those who lives in the area. Overfishing at the top of the food chain,

and acidifying the ocean at the bottom, creates a squeeze that could

conceivably collapse the whole system. (Safina, 2018)

b. Population of species

A population is defined as a group of organisms of the same species

that live in a particular area. (www.kyrene.org) In this section, the researcher

sought to discuss the effects of overfishing of Sardinella fish in Bulan in terms

of the Population of Species. The researcher in this study, interpreted and

categorized the statements of the participants using positive and negative

effects as themes of the answers.

As a response in the question “What are the consequences of

overfishing in terms of the population of species?”, (H) Happy, (S) Sad, (A)

Angry, (SH) Shy, (Q) Quiet, (L) Loud, (N) Neutral, (SM) Smart, (U) Unsure,

and (C) Calm, stated:

(H): May mga oras na kusa naghahamag an isda, minsan talagang

wara. (There are times when there are lots of fish in the ocean, and these fish

freely come to our fishing gears, but sometimes there are really none.)

(S): siguro maabot an panahon na madiyo o mawara an lawlaw didi sa

Bulan. (I think time would come where sardinella fish would be low in supply.)

(A): Basi kun magdiyo na an lawlaw. (Sardinella fish would be low in

supply)
 (SH): Mapagalon kun mabusong baga na insasabi, mawaraan

pagbuhay kun wara na lawlaw na madakop (Life would be hard if times

passed by and we have no jobs at all because of the wasting of these fish.)

(Q): Diri ta man yun masasabi kay an isda mismo an nagrarani sa

higot, magdaghan o diyo. Diri man na yun sala san paraisda. (We can’t say

that because the fish were the ones that come their way to our fishing gears.

Fishermen were not the ones to be blamed.)

(L): Pagkawara san lawlaw. (Extinction of sardinella.)

(N): Maluya na an dakop kun magluya naman an lawlaw. (Catches

would slow and the supply of sardinella as well.)

(SM): wara man ada yun dako na epekto sa mga lawlaw (Maybe, it

doesn’t have to do with the Sardinella.)

(U): an lawlaw dako yun na klase san mga kaisdaan , diri yun basta

basta mawawara. (Sardinella won’t easily run out because it’s one of the

biggest and has most numbers in all types of fishes.)

(C): mapanibago man yun kun magdiyo man, kaya di man kita

mawawaraan lawlaw. Nan may oras man lang kun sano sira nadaghan.

(Supply of lawlaw would never go down.)

The respondents answered and claimed their stand in a positive and

negative approach. In the positive theme, it is interpreted in a code namely,

Seasonal fish or Seasons of high number of Sardinella fish, new production or

generation of fish, and having no harmful effect at all. Three out of ten

respondents asserted that this kind of fish are seasonal and will remain stable

despite overfishing. Seafood seasonality is not dependent on climatic

seasons, instead it is the times when fish are at peak harvest and most

abundant. In addition, availability of certain species can depend on weather

conditions and overall consumption habits. (channelfish.com) Also, it was said

that there are no such harmful or alarming effects. They believe that there will

be restoration in fish populations and won’t be diminished at all.

On the other hand, there are seven respondents who remarked the

negative effects of overfishing of Sardinella Sardines in Bulan in terms of the

population of species. This code is namely lessened or lost Sardinella

Species. It is mentioned by the respondents that there is really a possibility

that this kind of fish variety will disappear when overfishing is not controlled

and still practiced in a long period of time. Fishes are appropriate indicators

of trends in aquatic biodiversity because their enormous variety reflects a

wide range of environmental conditions. The proximate causes of fish

species’ decline can be divided into five broad categories: competition for

water, habitat alteration, pollution, introduction of exotic species, and

commercial exploitation such as overfishing. (link.springer.com) Current

estimates are that overfishing has impacted over 85% of the world’s fish

resources and that most fisheries are fished far beyond their sustainable

capacity. As has been pointed out earlier, overfishing has a very detrimental

effect on marine ecosystems. The situations can be so bad that the fishes

might not be able to sustain themselves any longer.

Also, when a particular species of fish is caught repeatedly and in an

unchecked manner, the food chain of the waterbody is affected too. As a

result of that, many other species of fishes dependent on that one particular
species suffers due to the lack of food and dies. (www.conserve-energy-

future.com)

c. Consumer food security

Food security, as defined by the United Nations’ Committee on World

Food Security, means that all people, at all times, have physical, social, and

economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food that meets their food

preferences and dietary needs for an active and healthy life. (www.ifpri.org) In

this section of the study, the focus is to know the effects of overfishing of

Sardinella fish in Bulan in terms of consumer food security. The themes

emerged in the study is positive and negative.

To gather the respondents’ answers, the researcher inquired the

question “What are the consequences of overfishing in terms of the

consumers food security?”. The respondents, (H) Happy, (S) Sad, (A) Angry,

(SH) Shy, (Q) Quiet, (L) Loud, (N) Neutral, (SM) Smart, (U) Unsure, and (C)

Calm, remarked:

(H): nagagamit man ini sa pagbagoong o sardinas. (Excess sardinella

can be used in making bagoong or sardines.)

(S): nakadanon man maski papano para sa paghimo sardinas nan

bagoong (It helps us in another way through making sardines and bagoong.)

(A): pwede na ini pangsuda-suda sa balay (We can used it up for

meals.)

(SH): Nakasuporta na man sa pagkaon san pamilya. (It gives us food

for our everyday meal.)

 (Q): pagdaghan an dakop, nakasuda na nan sigurado na may daghan

na kita makabakal mayad na kaunon. (If there are many catches, I have more

income, and I have food for my family.)

(L): pagkawara san lawlaw. (Extinction of sardinella)

(N): maluya na an dakop kun magluya naman an lawlaw. (Catches

would slow and the supply of sardinella as well.)

(SM): wara o maluya na ada makukuha na mga mayad na isda. (There

are none or maybe catches would low in numbers.)

(U): maski saragdangay pa minsan nakukuha na, kaya diri na

nakataradi san mga mayad na klase nan lab-as pa na isda. (Sometimes,

sardinellas caught are too small.)

(C): an lawlaw nakadanon sa pagkaon san tawo, kaya dako na

problema kun magluya ini didi sa ato. (Sardinella is very helpful to

consumers, so it would be a big problem if it run out of supply.)

Among the responses of the participants, the codes that appeared are

namely source of food and viand, Production of fish paste or canned sardines,

source of income to buy variety of foods which belongs to the positive theme.

Five out of ten respondents answered this way. It was claimed by the

respondents that overfishing of sardinella fish benefits them in a way that it

supports their everyday viand and food in the table. It is also preserved

through the process of making bagoong or fish paste and canned sardines.

According to the Ellis 2020, Canned foods can be just as nutritious as

fresh and frozen foods because canning preserves many nutrients. The

amount of minerals, fat-soluble vitamins, protein, fat and carbohydrate remain

relatively unchanged by the process of canning. In connection with the theme

as source of income, higher household income has been consistently

associated with better diet quality. Household food purchases may be an

important intervention target to improve diet quality among low income

populations.

The other half of the respondents stated the negative approach of the

setting and can be decoded namely, lessened variety of good kind of fish, and

lack of nutritious food intake.

This is alarming in terms of the consumers food security if the

overfishing will still be prevalent. There are many possible health risks that

can be acquired because of lack of nutrition. In the short term, poor nutrition

can contribute to stress, tiredness and our capacity to work, and over time, it

can contribute to the risk of developing some illnesses and other health

problems. Missing out on vitamin D and marine-derived omega-3s could pose

problems over time. According to Sollid 2020, Insufficient vitamin D reduces

calcium absorption and can contribute to osteoporosis, which results in brittle

bones that are prone to breaking. Given that fish are one of the main sources

of EPA and DHA, a low intake could result in a higher ratio of omega-6s to

omega-3s. (Brown, 2017) Higher ratio is sometimes linked to systemic

inflammation, as well as the chronic diseases it's associated with, like type 2

diabetes, heart disease and autoimmune conditions. (Brown, 2017)

These facts proved that there is a threat to the consumers food security

brought by the overfishing specially with the Sardinella fish in the Municipality

of Bulan. There are ordinances being implemented by the Local Government

Unit (LGU) to help control the overfishing and consume the excess sardinella
 fish but still have disadvantages. The objectives of this study were presented

and proved which sums up the effects of overfishing of Sardinella Fish in

Bulan in terms of state of environment, population of species, and consumers

food security.

II. Implemented Policies and Regulations

In this study, policies are rules that are made by organizations, to

achieve their aims and goals, and regulations are rules that are made to make

people comply and behave in a certain manner (Navya, 2016). Some of the

participants shared their knowledge about the policies and regulations

implemented by the government agency while others are not aware of them.

In order to determine the participants’ thoughts about the implemented

policies, the researchers brought up the question “When overfishing of

sardinella became one of the problems in the municipality, what policies and

regulations have been implemented by the government agency to reduce the

overfishing of sardinella?”. Also, in the discussion of the awareness of

sardinella fishermen about the policies and regulations, the following themes

emerged, namely positive and negative.

In response to the question, the participants, (H) Happy, (S) Sad, (A)

Angry, (SH) Shy, (Q) Quiet, (L) Loud, (N) Neutral, (SM) Smart, (U) Unsure,

and (C) Calm, described the policies and regulations implemented by the

government to reduce the overfishing of Sardinella in Bulan. The participants

answered:

(H): An pakaaram ko suon, maglimit san dara na higot, lambat. (What I

know is that we have to limit the nets to be used.)

 (S): Wara man nan dapat an sa mga parabakal kuta mao an sabihan

ninda. (There are no implemented policies and the consumers are the

ones who should be aware of it.)

(A): Hihimuan daw solusyon ini na problema pero wara man inhatag na

mga patakaran. (They will solve the problem but there were no policies

and regulations implemented.)

(SH): Wara man po inhatag. (There were no policies and rules

implemented.)

(Q): May on. Pero higot manlang numero dose na di makakuha sin

saragday na isda. (There were policies implemented but it’s the lines

(numero dose) used so that small fish cannot be caught.)

(L): Wara man. (There were no policies and rules implemented.)

(N): An patakaran san gobyerno an paggamit san saragday lang na

bangka. (The government told us to use small fishing boats.)

(SM): An paggamit sin saday na bangka. (To use small fishing boats.)

(U): Wara pa man. (There were no policies and rules implemented.)

(C): Wara man. (There were no policies and rules implemented.)

Four of the participants responded that there are policies and regulations

implemented by the government while six out of ten answered that there were none.

The four participants explained that policies and regulations such as the limitation of

fishing equipment used and the use of small fishing boats are the ones implemented

by the government agency to reduce the overfishing of fishes, especially sardinella,

in Bulan. And the other six are certain or either not aware of the policies and

regulations. It can be inferred that four out of ten participants responded positively,
wherein they described the policies and regulations implemented that can help the

overfishing problem or simply the adequate supply of sardinella fish in the ocean. In

addition, six out of ten answered negatively, where they responded that there were

no policies and regulations (some of them were not quite sure or aware)

implemented by the government.

III. Problems Encountered in the Implemented Policies and Regulations

A problem is a situation that is unsatisfactory and causes difficulties for people

(www.collinsdictionary.com). According to Seel (2012), a problem  is generally

considered to be a task, a situation, or person which is difficult to deal with or

control due to complexity in transparency. In everyday language, a problem is a

question proposed for solution, a matter stated for examination or proof. In each

case, a problem is considered to be a matter which is difficult to solve or settle, a

doubtful case, or a complex task involving doubt and uncertainty.

In knowing the participants problem, the researchers asked the question,

“What benefit did you get from the implementation of these rules? What are the

problems you encountered with it?” and their responses are the following:

(H): Depende man kay an iba an pricing san lawlaw minsan babaraton,

pipatarambak dun sa fishport tapos bibiglaon nira an pricing hababaon kaya

naging problema man yadto an price san lawlaw (It depends because

sometimes they lower the price of the sardinella, so pricing became a

problem.)

(S): Mao yadto intatarapok ang isda sala nira pano dapat yadto na para bakal

mao ang sinasabihan nira kaya dire nababakal ang isda (The consumers are

the ones to be told about regarding the sardinella case.)

 (A): Pirme man lang mao, pag daghan an dakop mao man gihapon 50, 100.

(The pricing is still the same even if there are many or low catches, ranges

from 50 to 100.)

(SH): Wara man po inhatag. (There were no policies and rules implemented.)

(Q): San pag bawal sadto tamang nakadanun kay dire tulos mauubos ang

lawlaw. (The policies was beneficial because the supply of sardinella last

long.)

(L): Wara man. (There were no policies and rules implemented.)

(N): An hanapbuhay man namo naaapektuhan (Our jobs areaffected)

(SM): Depende sa hinatag na patakaran na makadanon. (It depends on the

policies if they can really help us.)

(U): Wara man. (There were no policies and rules implemented.)

(C): Wara man. (There were no policies and rules implemented.)

Among these responses, two of the participants namely (H) Happy and (SM)

Smart labeled as neutral as both gave no exact response. Both answered “Depende”

(depends) which means to be decided by or to change according to the stated thing

(dictionary.cambridge.org).

(H) explained that sometimes the rapid price reduction of Sardinella affects

them as well. As a result, the statement is designated as confusing data, ending in a

negative perception. Meanwhile, (SM) indicated that he was indecisive while

maintaining a positive attitude toward the adopted laws and regulations.

Two of the participants agreed that the implemented rules and regulations are

beneficial to both fisherman and the ecosystem in maintaining the amount population

of Sardinella. Scientific advisory work is therefore compelled to consider far as

possible the more diverse aspects or consequences of fishing activities for marine

populations and ecosystems. The goal of conservation is to secure present and

future options by maintaining biological diversity at genetic, species, population, and

ecosystem levels; as a general rule neither the resource nor other components of the

ecosystem should be perturbed beyond natural boundaries of variation (Mangel et al.

1996).

The other six respondents are not aware of the certain implemented policies

and regulation. Generally, most of the fishermen are lack of knowledge about the

existing rules and regulation regarding fish population and quotas in a universal

standard. According to Conserve Energy Future 2022, in order to be able to reinforce

proper ecological balance in the water bodies, it is essential that the fisheries are

equipped with not just the proper instruments but also the proper scientific

knowledge to be able to practice proper aquaculture. Due to this lack of proper

scientific knowledge, the aquaculture practices are vastly improper. LGU should

strive to educate and train fishers and fish farmers, so that they can be involved in

developing and implementing policies to ensure sustainable fisheries now and in the

future.
 Chapter V

SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the summary, findings, conclusions and

recommendations of the conducted study based from the analysis and interpretation

of the data gathered.

Summary

This research study aims to objective of this basic interpretative qualitative

research study is to determine the impact of appropriate Sardinella (Sardinella

fimbriata) fisheries and management legislation in the municipality of Bulan.

Specifically, it seeks to answers the following questions:

1. What are the effects of overfishing of Sardinella in Bulan in terms of:

a. State of the environment

b. Population of species

c. Consumer food security

2. What policies and regulations did the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic

Resources (BFAR) implement and what more measures can be carried

out to reduce the occurrence of overfishing of Sardinella in Bulan?

 3. What are the problems that the fishermen usually encounter in the

implemented policies and regulations regarding the overfishing of

Sardinella?

There is a total of 10 participants in the study. It is mainly composed of

Sardinella fishermen in Bulan, Sorsogon. A basic interpretative qualitative research

design is utilized as the research method in the study. While the instruments used

are questionnaires and a set of unstructured interview asked to the fishermen.

Consequently, the data gathered were analyzed through content analysis.

Findings

Based from the data gathered, the following findings were revealed:

I. Effects of Overfishing of Sardinella in the Municipality of Bulan

The participants, (H) Happy, (S) Sad, (A) Angry, (SH) Shy, (Q) Quiet,

(L) Loud, (N) Neutral, (SM) Smart, (U) Unsure, and (C) Calm, described the

effects of overfishing of Sardinella in the environment. Ten out of ten

participants responded and are all aware of the effects of overfishing of

Sardinella fish in the environment. Through the responses, it can be viewed

into a code namely pollution specifically in water and air.

In terms of effect in the population of species, the respondents

answered and claimed their stand in a positive and negative approach. In the

positive theme, it is interpreted in a code namely, Seasonal fish or Seasons of

high number of Sardinella fish, new production or generation of fish, and

having no harmful effect at all. Three out of ten respondents asserted that this

kind of fish are seasonal and will remain stable despite overfishing. On the
 other hand, there are seven respondents who remarked the negative effects

of overfishing of Sardinella Sardines in Bulan in terms of the population of

species. This code is namely lessened or lost Sardinella Species. It is

mentioned by the respondents that there is really a possibility that this kind of

fish variety will disappear when overfishing is not controlled and still practiced

in a long period of time.

As regards to the consumer food security, five out of ten respondents

answered giving out the code namely source of food and viand. It was

claimed by the respondents that overfishing of sardinella fish benefits them in

a way that it supports their everyday viand and food in the table. It is also

preserved through the process of making bagoong or fish paste and canned

sardines. The other half of the respondents stated the negative approach of

the setting and can be decoded namely, lessened variety of good kind of fish,

and lack of nutritious food intake.

II. Implemented Policies and Regulations

The participants stated the policies and regulations by BFAR in the

municipality of Bulan. Four of the participants responded that there are

policies and regulations implemented by the government, mainly the

restriction of gears and the use of appropriate size of fishing boats, while the

remaining six answered that there were none.

III. Problems Encountered in the Implemented Policies and Regulations

Two of the participants namely (H) Happy and (SM) Smart labeled as

neutral as both gave no exact response. Two of the participants agreed that

the implemented rules and regulations are beneficial to fishermen and the
 ecosystem in maintaining the amount population of Sardinella. The other six

respondents are not aware of the certain implemented policies and regulation.

CONCLUSION

Based from the results revealed in the conducted study, the following conclusions

are

drawn:

1. Bulan has been affected by the overfishing of Sardinella fish. This has had an

effect on things like environmental conditions, species populations, and food

security for people in the town. People's overfishing and not properly

disposing of extra fish have had a big impact on the environment, which has

been bad for the environment. It contaminated the sea water with its dirt and

greasy excrement, caused foul odors as a result of decaying fish disposed of

on land or in water, and most importantly, it harmed the health of the people,

particularly those who lived in the area. Sardinella overfishing in the

municipality of Bulan also had an effect on the species' population, both

positively and negatively. On the negative side, if overfishing is not managed

and continues for an extended length of time, it will have a detrimental effect

on Bulan, resulting in a decreased fish population or perhaps the extinction of

Sardinella species. On the positive side, other fishermen believe that many

species of fish are seasonal and will remain stable despite overfishing. Hence,

there is no reason to be alarmed. Consumer food security is likewise

impacted, both positively and negatively. Positively, overfishing of sardinella

fish benefits the Bulaneños by sustaining their daily food and essentials. On

the downside, continuous overfishing of Sardinella may result in a diminished

variety of nutritious fish and a nutritional deficiency among Bulan residents.

 2.  The Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR) policies and

regulations were not properly enforced because some fishermen were either

certain that no policies were being implemented or were not aware of the

policies and regulations. The policies and regulations mentioned by the

fishermen, claiming that there were policies implemented with regard to the

overfishing of fish, especially sardinella, in Bulan, were the limitation of fishing

equipment used and the use of small fishing boats.

3. Based on the study's findings, the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic

Resources' (BFAR) imposed laws and regulations have impacted fishermen in

a variety of ways. Some fishermen were indecisive while keeping a good

attitude toward the proposed legislation and restrictions, while others

disagreed with these circumstances, such as the sudden price fall of

Sardinella, which they believe is detrimental to their livelihoods. On the other

hand, unfortunately, most fishermen lack answers to this matter due to their

unawareness of the imposed policies and regulations. Due to this lack of

adequate scientific information, local governments should work to educate

and teach fishers and fish farmers so that they can participate in establishing

and implementing regulations to ensure sustainable fisheries now and in the

future. When accomplished, this can help the municipality of Bulan respond

better when it comes to aquaculture, fish consumption, and protecting the

rights of vulnerable and traditional fisher communities.

RECOMMENDATION

In the light of the following conclusions, the recommendations hereby are

offered:
1. The Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources should implement the

adoption of an ecosystem-based approach for fishery management to rebuild

and sustain populations, species, biological communities, and marine

ecosystems at high levels of economic and biological productivity and

biological diversity.

2. Municipal LGUs must discussed the various forms of fishery regulation and to

introduce namely that of use rights- the rights held by fishers or fishing

communities to use the fishery resources through conducting seminars. In this

sense, fishers are certain to the existing rules and regulations.

3. Municipal LGUs personnel and city manager should guide fishers to know

who can or cannot access the fishery resources, how much fishing each is

allowed to do, and how long these rights are applicable.

4. In addition, the fishermen should be responsible to understand the existing

rules and regulations. Thru this, overall fishing mortality is reduce.

5. For future researchers, the researchers recommend to enlarge the scope of

the study in terms of number of participants interviewed and LGU personnel

should include also for further validation of the acceptability of the research

study.

6. As suggested by the researchers, the proposed seminar topics in fisheries

and management, in participation with the LGUs personnel, city manager,

BFARs personnel, and fishermen is recommended to be approved.

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https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aao1378
APPENDICES
 Appendix A
Letters

Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Region V
Schools Division of Sorsogon
BULAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Bulan

_____________________________
Good day. You have been chosen to be in a research study about how

appropriate Sardinella fisheries management and legislation impact Bulan. The

purpose of the study is to understand how these implemented policies and

regulations alleviate the occurrence of overfishing in the municipality. If you decide to

be in this study, you will be one of up to 10 people in the research study.

Participation in this study will take about more than 30 minutes of your time. If you

agree to be in the study, we will ask you to do the following things: Participate in one

interview that will be recorded and answer the prepared questionnaires.

There are no risks or benefits to you for participating in this study. It is

expected that this study will benefit the society by helping the instructors and the

authorities involved in designing a solution for the overfishing problem in Bulan.

There are no cost or payment to you. If you have questions while taking part,

please stop us and ask. You will remain anonymous and Pseudonyms will be

utilized.

Truly yours,

CZARINA JOY B. DELAVIN

KATHLENE ISSA M. GURAY

Noted: SAMANTHA MAE H. LAGAHIT

REY EUGENE G. LEE Researchers

 Research Teacher

Appendix B

Questionnaires and Transcription

Date:

Time:

*Before we start, could you please remind us of the following:

Name:

Gender: M/F (*Not necessary to mention)

Age:

Grade and Section:

Effects of Overfishing

1. What are the main reasons for overfishing of sardinella?

2. What are the consequences of overfishing in terms of the state of the

environment? population of species? consumer food security?

Policies and Regulations

3. When overfishing had been one of the problems in the municipality, what

policies or regulations have been implemented by the government agency?

Problems Encountered regarding the Policies and Regulations

4. What benefit did you get from the implementation of these rules? What are

the problems you encountered with it?

(H) Happy

Effects of Overfishing

A1. Para daghan an dakop. Kaso, inuula nalang pagsobrahon na kaya nag aati an

dagat.

(To have more supply of the fish, but when we have oversupply, they are thrown

away back to the ocean that makes it polluted.)

A2. May mga oras na kusa naghahamag an isda, minsan talagang wara. Nagagamit

man ini sa pagbagoong o sardinas.

(There are times when there are lots of fish in the ocean, and these fish freely come

to our fishing gears, but sometimes there are really none. Excess sardinella can be

used in making bagoong or sardines.)

Policies and Regulations

A3. An pakaaram ko suon, maglimit san dara na higot, lambat.

(What I know is that we have to limit the nets to be used.)

Problems Encountered regarding the Policies and Regulations

A4. Depende man kay an iba an pricing san lawlaw minsan babaraton, pipatarambak

dun sa fishport tapos bibiglaon nira an pricing hababaon kaya naging problema man

yadto an price san lawlaw

(It depends because sometimes they lower the price of the sardinella, so pricing

became a problem.)
(S) Sad

Effects of Overfishing

A1. Pagdaraw natural na daghan an isda, di naman namo sala kun minsan

daghanon an dakop pero daghanon talaga an nasasayang nan tinatapok nalang kun

di na napapabakal.

(We can’t control how many fish are to be caught, so it’s not our problem anymore,

but although sometimes the fish are thrown away when not bought.)

A2. Siguro maabot an panahon na madiyo o mawara an lawlaw didi sa Bulan.

Nakadanon man maski papano para sa paghimo sardinas nan bagoong

(I think time would come where sardinella fish would be low in supply. It helps us in

another way through making sardines and bagoong.)

Policies and Regulations

A3. Wara man nan dapat an sa mga parabakal kuta mao an sabihan ninda.

(There are no implemented policies and the consumers are the ones who should be

aware of it.)

Problems Encountered regarding the Policies and Regulations

A4. Mao yadto intatarapok ang isda sala nira pano dapat yadto na para bakal mao

ang sinasabihan nira kaya dire nababakal ang isda

(The consumers are the ones to be told about regarding the sardinella case.)

(A) Angry

Effects of Overfishing
A1. Paggrabi an nasayang na isda, natural na reklamo talaga an baho suon.

(If there’s a lot of wasted fish, complaints are expected due to the odor caused by it.)

A2. Basi kun magdiyo na an lawlaw. Pwede na ini pangsuda-suda sa balay

(Sardinella fish would be low in supply. We can use it up for meals.)

Policies and Regulations

A3. Hihimuan daw solusyon ini na problema pero wara man inhatag na mga

patakaran.

(They will solve the problem but there were no policies and regulations

implemented.)

Problems Encountered regarding the Policies and Regulations

A4. Pirme manlang mao, pag daghan an dakop mao man gihapon 50, 100.

(The pricing is still the same even if there are many or low catches, ranges from 50

to 100.)

(SH) Shy

Effects of Overfishing

A1. Sa kagustuhan na daghan an dakop nan kita gusto pero diri talaga maiiwasan

na may pagkakataon na diri man nababakal, diri man yun pwede istock lang kay

malulupa

(We want to have more supply of the fish but we can’t avoid the times when these

fish are wasted if not bought because they can’t just be stocked.)

A2. Mapagalon kun mabusong baga na insasabi, mawaraan pagbuhay kun wara na

lawlaw na madakop. Nakasuporta na man sa pagkaon san pamilya.

(Life would be hard if times passed by and we have no jobs at all because of the

wasting of these fish. It gives us food for our everyday meal.)

Policies and Regulations

A3. Wara man po inhatag.

(There were no policies and rules implemented.)

Problems Encountered regarding the Policies and Regulations

A4. Wara man po inhatag.

(There were no policies and rules implemented.)

(Q) Quiet

Effects of Overfishing

A1. Nakadagdag pa talaga sa ati san dagat an pagtapok san mga isda, totoo yun.

Kundi kay diri man yun naiiwasan na overfishing.

(Yes, it is true that throwing away these wasted fish can contribute to the pollution of

the ocean, but we can’t avoid ovefishing.)

A2. Diri ta man yun masasabi kay an isda mismo an nagrarani sa higot, magdaghan

o diyo. Diri man na yun sala san paraisda. Pagdaghan an dakop, nakasuda na nan

sigurado na may daghan na kita makabakal mayad na kaunon.

(We can’t say that because the fish were the ones that come their way to our fishing

gears. Fishermen were not the ones to be blamed. If there are many catches, I have

more income, and I have food for my family.)

Policies and Regulations

A3. May on. Pero higot manlang numero dose na di makakuha sin saragday na isda.

(There were policies implemented but it’s the lines (numero dose) used so that small

fish cannot be caught.)

Problems Encountered regarding the Policies and Regulations

A4. San pag bawal sadto tamang nakadanun kay dire tulos mauubos ang lawlaw.

(The policies was beneficial because the supply of sardinella last long.)

(L) Loud

Effects of Overfishing

A1. Kun wara man mabakal, nano man mahihimo mi, itatapok nalang.

(If there are no more consumers to buy the fish, we have no choice but to throw the

excess.)

A2. Pagkawara san lawlaw.

(Extinction of sardinella.)

Policies and Regulations

A3. Wara man.

(There were no policies and rules implemented.)

Problems Encountered regarding the Policies and Regulations

A4. Wara man.

(There were no policies and rules implemented.)

(N) Neutral
Effects of Overfishing

A1. Bilang nakaistar didi harani sa dagat, immuned na ako, pero totoong mabaho

talaga dara san hangin.

(I live by the shore, so the smell is normal to me already, but it is unpleasant.)

A2. Maluya na an dakop kun magluya naman an lawlaw.

(Catches would slow and the supply of sardinella as well.)

Policies and Regulations

A3. An patakaran san gobyerno an paggamit san saragday lang na bangka.

(The government told us to use small fishing boats.)

Problems Encountered regarding the Policies and Regulations

A4. An hanapbuhay man namo naaapektuhan

(Our jobs are affected)

(SM) Smart

Effects of Overfishing

A1. Gusto man syempre namo magkamay-on daghan na barahin, sa epekto man

said sa kapalibutan ta, maati nan mabaho talaga lalo kun sa dagat mismo inuula an

sobra na isda

(Of course, we want more incomes to be divided, but we are also aware of the

unpleasant odor these excess fish thrown away back to the ocean gives us.)
A2. Wara man ada yun dako na epekto sa mga lawlaw. Wara o maluya na ada

makukuha na mga mayad na isda.

(Maybe, it doesn’t have to do with the Sardinella. There are none or maybe catches

would low in numbers.)

Policies and Regulations

A3. An paggamit sin saday na bangka.

(To use small fishing boats.)

Problems Encountered regarding the Policies and Regulations

A4. Depende sa hinatag na patakaran na makadanon.

(It depends on the policies if they can really help us.)

(U) Unsure

Effects of Overfishing

A1. Maati na an dagat ta kumpara san dati.

(We have a dirty ocean today compared to what we have before.)

A2. An lawlaw dako yun na klase san mga kaisdaan , diri yun basta basta

mawawara. Maski saragdangay pa minsan nakukuha na, kaya diri na nakataradi san

mga mayad na klase nan lab-as pa na isda.

(Sardinella won’t easily run out because it’s one of the biggest and has most

numbers in all types of fishes. Sometimes, sardinellas caught are too small.)

Policies and Regulations

A3. Wara pa man.

(There were no policies and rules implemented.)

Problems Encountered regarding the Policies and Regulations

A4. Wara pa man.

(There were no policies and rules implemented.)

(C) Calm

Effects of Overfishing

A1. An dagat ta niyan diri na malinaw nan malinig diri parehas san panahon mi,

siguro nakaapekto man ini na kakaurula san mga isda. Tapos mabaho talaga.

(Our ocean today is unlike before, so I think throwing away these excess fish

contributed to the pollution of our ocean, and it has indeed an unpleasant smell.)

A2. Mapanibago man yun kun magdiyo man, kaya di man kita mawawaraan lawlaw.

Nan may oras man lang kun sano sira nadaghan. An lawlaw nakadanon sa pagkaon

san tawo, kaya dako na problema kun magluya ini didi sa ato.

(Supply of lawlaw would never go down. Sardinella is very helpful to consumers, so

it would be a big problem if it run out of supply.)

Policies and Regulations

A3. Wara man.

(There were no policies and rules implemented.)

Problems Encountered regarding the Policies and Regulations

A4. Wara pa man.

(There were no policies and rules implemented.)
 Appendix C

SOP3: What are the problems that the fishermen usually encounter in the
implemented policies and regulations regarding the overfishing of Sardinella?

ID RESPONSES THEMES CODES

(H) Depende man kay an iba an pricing san PRICING

NEUTRAL
lawlaw minsan babaraton, pipatarambak
dun sa fishport tapos bibiglaon nira an
pricing hababaon kaya naging problema
man yadto an price san lawlaw

(S) Mao yadto intatarapok ang isda sala nira NEGATIVE POLLUTION
pano dapat yadto na para bakal mao ang
sinasabihan nira kaya dire nababakal ang
isda

Pirme man lang mao, pag daghan an dakop SAME AMOUNT

(A) NEGATIVE OF INCOME
mao man gihapon 50, 100.

(SH) Wara man po inhatag. NEGATIVE NO POLICIES

IMPLEMENTED

(Q) San pag bawal sadto tamang nakadanun POSITIVE NONE

kay dire tulos mauubos ang lawlaw

(L) Wara man NEGATIVE NO POLICIES

IMPLEMENTED

An hanapbuhay man namo naaapektuhan NEGATIVE AFFECT THE

(N)
SOURCE OF LIVING

Depende sa hinatag na patakaran na NEUTRAL

(SM)
makadanon.

Wara man NEGATIVE NO POLICIES

(U)
IMPLEMENTED

(C) Wara man NEGATIVE NO POLICIES

 IMPLEMENTED

CODING
POSITIVE- 1/10 PRICING- 1/10
NEUTRAL-2/10 POLLUTION- 1/10
NEGATIVE- 7/10 SAME AMOUNT OF INCOME- 1/10
AFFECT THE SOURCE OF LIVING- 1/10
NO POLICIS IMPLEMENTED- 4/10
NONE-1/10

SOP2: What policies and regulations did the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic
Resources (BFAR) implement and what more measures can be carried out to reduce
the occurrence of overfishing of Sardinella in Bulan?

ID RESPONSES THEMES CODES

(H) An pakaaram ko suon, maglimit san dara na LIMITATION OF

POSITIVE
higot, lambat. FISHING
EQUIPMENT

(S) Wara man nan dapat an sa mga parabakal kuta NEGATIVE

NO POLICIES
mao an sabihan ninda.
IMPLEMENTED

Hihimuan daw solusyon ini na problema pero NO POLICIES

(A) NEGATIVE IMPLEMENTED
wara man inhatag na mga patakaran.

(SH) Wara man po inhatag. NEGATIVE NO POLICIES

IMPLEMENTED

(Q) May on. Pero higot manlang numero dose na di POSITIVE LIMITATION OF
FISHING
makakuha sin saragday na isda
EQUIPMENT

(L) Wara man. NEGATIVE NO POLICIES

IMPLEMENTED

(N) An patakaran san gobyerno an paggamit san POSITIVE LIMITATION OF

FISHING
saragday lang na bangka.
EQUIPMENT
 An paggamit sin saday na bangka POSITIVE LIMITATION OF
FISHING
(SM)
EQUIPMENT

Wara pa man NEGATIVE NO POLICIES

(U)
IMPLEMENTED

Wara man NEGATIVE NO POLICIES

(C)
IMPLEMENTED

CODING
POSITIVE-4/10 LIMITATION OF FISHING EQUIPMENT- 4/10
NEGATIVE- 6/10 NO POLICIES IMPLEMENTED- 6/10

SOP1: What are the effects of overfishing of Sardinella in Bulan in terms of:
a. State of the environment

ID RESPONSES THEMES CODES

(H) Para daghan an dakop. Kaso, inuula nalang NEGATIVE WATER

pagsobrahon na kaya nag aati an dagat.
POLLUTION

(S) Pagdaraw natural na daghan an isda, di NEGATIVE POLLUTION

naman namo sala kun minsan daghanon an
dakop pero daghanon talaga an nasasayang
nan tinatapok nalang kun di na napapabakal

Paggrabi an nasayang na isda, natural na

(A) reklamo talaga an baho suon. NEGATIVE AIR POLLUTION

(SH) Sa kagustuhan na daghan an dakop nan NEGATIVE POLLUTION

kita gusto pero diri talaga maiiwasan na may
pagkakataon na diri man nababakal, diri
man yun pwede istock lang kay malulupa

(Q) nakadagdag pa talaga sa ati san dagat an NEGATIVE WATER

pagtapok san mga isda, totoo yun. Kundi POLLUTION
kay diri man yun naiiwasan na overfishing.
 (L) kun wara man mabakal, nano man NEGATIVE
mahihimo mi, itatapok nalang. POLLUTION

Bilang nakaistar didi harani sa dagat, NEGATIVE

immuned na ako , pero totoong mabaho AIR POLLUTION
(N)
talaga dara san hangin.

(SM): Gusto man syempre namo NEGATIVE

magkamay-on daghan na barahin, sa
WATER AND AIR
(SM) epekto man sadi sa kapalibutan ta, maati POLLUTION
nan mabaho talaga lalo kun sa dagat mismo
inuula an sobra na isda

: Maati na an dagat ta kumpara san dati. NEGATIVE WATER

(U) POLLUTION

An dagat ta niyan diri na malinaw nan NEGATIVE

malinig diri parehas san panahon mi, siguro WATER AND AIR
(C) nakaapekto man ini na kakaurula san mga POLLUTION
isda. Tapos mabaho talaga.

CODING
POSITIVE- 0/10 AIR POLLUTION-4/10
NEGATIVE- 10/10 WATER POLLUTION- 5/10

SOP1: What are the effects of overfishing of Sardinella in Bulan in terms of:
b. Population of species

ID RESPONSES THEMES CODES

(H) May mga oras na kusa naghahamag an

POSITIVE SEASONAL
isda, minsan talagang wara.

(S) siguro maabot an panahon na madiyo o NEGATIVE LOST SARDINELLA

mawara an lawlaw didi sa Bulan. SPECIES
 Basi kun magdiyo na an lawlaw LESSENED
(A) NEGATIVE SARDINELLA
SPECIES
(SH) Mapagalon kun mabusong baga na NEGATIVE
insasabi, mawaraan pagbuhay kun wara na
lawlaw na LOST SARDINELLA
SPECIES

(Q) Diri ta man yun masasabi kay an isda NEGATIVE LESSENED

mismo an nagrarani sa higot, magdaghan o SARDINELLA
diyo. Diri man na yun sala san paraisda SPECIES

(L) Pagkawara san lawlaw. NEGATIVE LOST SARDINELLA

SPECIES

Maluya na an dakop kun magluya naman an NEGATIVE LESSENED

(N) lawlaw SARDINELLA
SPECIES

wara man ada yun dako na epekto sa mga POSITIVE

NO HARMFUL
(SM) lawlaw
EFFECT

an lawlaw dako yun na klase san mga POSITIVE

NO HARMFUL
(U) kaisdaan , diri yun basta basta mawawara.
EFFECT

mapanibago man yun kun magdiyo man, POSITIVE

(C) kaya di man kita mawawaraan lawlaw. Nan NEW PRODUCTION
may oras man lang kun sano sira nadaghan.

CODING
POSITIVE- 4/10 LESSENED OR LOST OFSARDINELLA SPECIES- 6/10
NEGATIVE-6/10 SEASONAL- 1/10
NEW PRODUCTION- 1/10
NO HARMFUL EFFECT- 2/10
SOP1: What are the effects of overfishing of Sardinella in Bulan in terms of:
c. Consumer food security

ID RESPONSES THEMES CODES

(H) nagagamit man ini sa pagbagoong o POSITIVE CANNED

SARDINES
sardinas.

(S) nakadanon man maski papano para sa POSITIVE

CANNED
paghimo sardinas nan
SARDINES

pwede na ini pangsuda-suda sa balay POSITIVE SOURCE OF FOOD

(A) AND VIAND

(SH) Nakasuporta na man sa pagkaon san POSITIVE SOURCE OF

pamilya. INCOME

(Q) pagdaghan an dakop, nakasuda na nan POSITIVE SOURCE OF FOOD

sigurado na may daghan na kita makabakal AND VIAND
mayad na kaunon

(L) pagkawara san lawlaw. NEGATIVE LESSENED

SARDINELLA
SPECIES

maluya na an dakop kun magluya naman an NEGATIVE LESSENED

(N) lawlaw. SARDINELLA
SPECIES

wara o maluya na ada makukuha na mga NEGATIVE LESSENED

(SM) mayad na isda. SARDINELLA
SPECIES

maski saragdangay pa minsan nakukuha NEGATIVE

LESSENED
na, kaya diri na nakataradi san mga mayad
(U) SARDINELLA
na klase nan lab-as pa na isda.
SPECIES
 : an lawlaw nakadanon sa pagkaon san NEGATIVE LESSENED
(C) tawo, kaya dako na problema kun magluya SARDINELLA
ini didi sa ato. SPECIES

CODING
POSITIVE- 5/10 CANNED SARDINES-2/10
NEGATIVE- 5/10 SOURCE OF FOOD AND VIAND- 2/10
SOURCE OF INCOME1/10
LESSENED SARDINELLA SPECIES- 5/10

Appendix D
CURRICULUM VITAE
Name: CZARINA JOY B. DELAVIN

Address: Zone 4, Bulan, Sorsogon

Birthday: February 18, 2005

Citizenship: Filipino

Religion: Roman Catholic

Civil Status: Single

Parents: Lony B. Delavin

Limuel E. Delavin

Educational Background:

Elementary: Bulan South Central School

2011-2017

Secondary:
Junior High School: Bulan National High School
2017-2021

Senior High School: Bulan National High School

2021-Present
CURRICULUM VITAE

Name: KATHLENE ISSA M. GURAY

Address: Zone 5, Bulan, Sorsogon

Birthday: September 4, 2004

Citizenship: Filipino

Religion: Roman Catholic

Civil Status: Single

Parents: Mellany M. Guray

Catalino G. Guray

Educational Background:

Elementary: Bulan South Central School

2011-2017

Secondary:
Junior High School: Bulan National High School
2017-2021

Senior High School: Bulan National High School

2021-Present

CURRICULUM VITAE

Name: SAMANTHA MAE H. LAGAHIT

Address: Zone 4, Bulan, Sorsogon

Birthday: May 14, 2004

Citizenship: Filipino

Religion: Roman Catholic

Civil Status: Single

Parents: Melanie H. Lagahit

Ronald P. Lagahit

Educational Background:

Elementary: Bulan South Central School

2011-2017

Secondary:
Junior High School: Bulan National High School
2017-2021

Senior High School: Bulan National High School

2021-Present