Nadeem, PG-GAS, ABB Ltd.

, Bangalore, May 9, 2017

Generator Protection
Basic Concepts

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 1
Overview
• References
• Generator Operation and elements
• Basic Requirements of Generator Protection
• Class of Trippings
• Features with Numerical Technology
• Basic Concepts of various protections
• Application notes for Generator Protections…covered at respective
protections
• Case Studies for Generator Protections
Reference Documents (CBIP and CIGRE)

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 3
Reference Documents (CBIP revised…Jan 2017)

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 4
Reference Documents (IEEE)

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 5
General References… Not applicable for Generators

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 6
ABB References

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 7
Typical Parts of a Power Plant
Substation
Busbar in Substation

HV - Breaker
Power plant

Main Transformer Auxiliary Transformer

Generator Breaker

Excitation Transformer

Excitation System
Turbine valve
Turbine - Generator G Field Circuit Breaker

System

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 8
Should be engineered together…

Excitation

Trip HV Breaker

Gen Trip Relays

Switchyard GT Trip Relays

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 9
Should be engineered together…

Excitation

Trip Turbine Trip Excitation

Breaker Breaker

Trip HV Breaker

Gen Trip Relays

Switchyard

Generator and GT should be considered as single body and protection to be designed

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 10
Generator Operation
Q (Reactive Power)

Synchronous Motor Synchronous Generator

P↓ Q↑ P↑ Q↑

P (Real Power)
Induction Motor Induction Generator

P↓ Q↓ P↑ Q↓
Generator Impedances..

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 12
Generator Electrical Time constants..

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 13
Basic Requirements of Generator Protection
Electrical faults in the power system

Transmission lines 85%

Bus bar 12%
Transformer/ Generator 3%

Why Generator Protection ?

Generator is the Core of the Power System

1. To Limit the damage for delayed tripping
2. Long Outage time for repairs
3. Cost
To avoid just THIS!
If Protection is delayed/not operated

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 15
If Protection is delayed/not operated

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 16
Classification of Generator tripping
• Breakers to be tripped in Generator bay
• GT HV Breaker or GCB
• Turbine
• Excitation

• What for other bays?

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 17
Classification of Generator tripping
• Class-A
• Class-B
• Class-C
• Why classification of the tripping is required?
• To avoid UATs tripping which will take time for startup and
sudden cut of load will increase the speed of Gen-Turbine
set.
• In class-B tripping, sudden loss of power to the grid can be
avoided.
• Unit Protection and Non-Unit Protections for Generators
• Single Failure Criteria-Main-I and Main-II—Reliable Fault Clearance
Cigre
• GRP - Generator + GT + UATs
• Special CT requirement because of DC offset
© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 18
Recommended protections Vs rating
X - recommended, o optional, Y- at pump storage station for motor operation

1) recommended on generators with split phase winding recommended

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 19
Recommended protections Vs rating
X - recommended, o optional, Y- at pump storage station for motor operation

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 20
Features with Numerical Technology
• What is IED?
• Many functions in single IED
• Reduced number of Panels for GRP
• What is GRP? Gen + GT + UAT
• In-built Disturbance Recorders
• Easy to add or remove functions
• Self Supervision
• Less wiring
Generator Protection different from others
• Fault occur in Transformer, Line and Busbar….Action?
• If Fault Occur in Generator
• Frequency of Fault in Lines and of Generators? Effect
• Faults in Busbar..
• Fault current from Generator comparison with other bays
• Remote backup protections for Generators
• Generator protection effect with system fault feeding
• Generator protection sensitivity for Ph-Ph and Ph-e faults
• Generator Restricted Earth Fault protection requirement
• Purpose of Generator Backup Protections compare with others
• Time of Backup protection operation
• Small and big Generator protection philosophy difference
• Protection philosophy for other bays when rating differs
Without Redundancy.. Partial Redundancy..

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 23
 Full Redundancy..

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 24
Protection for <5MW machine for Distribution sys..

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 25
Protection for <100MW with GT..

Q1 – Unit Circuit Breaker Q2 –

Field Circuit Breaker Q4, Q5 –
Auxiliary Circuit Breakers, T –
Prime Mover

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 26
Protection for >100MW and <200MW with GT..

Q1 – Unit Circuit
Breaker Q2 – Field
Circuit Breaker Q4, Q5
– Auxiliary Circuit
Breakers, T – Prime
Mover

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 27
Protection for >200MW with GT..

Q1 – Unit Circuit
Breaker Q2 – Field
Circuit Breaker Q4, Q5
– Auxiliary Circuit
Breakers, T – Prime
Mover, Q3-GCB, may
not be at all stations

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 28
Allocation of Protection Functions

87 Differential
32 Reverse power 59 Over-voltage

81O/U Frequency 24V/f Over-fluxing

Turbine
49S Stator Over-load

51V Voltage/over-current

64S Earth fault stator

46 Unbalance Inter-turn
40 Loss of excitation 27/50 Dead Machine

78 Pole slipping

64R Earth fault rotor

49R Rotor overload

Rotor Stator

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 29
Input details for calculation example

Generator details: CT ratio 27000 5A

MVA 776.5MVA PT ratio 22000 110V
MW 660MW
UAT details:
kV 22kV
MVA 35MVA
Ibase 20378A
Xd 195 HV- rated kV 22kV
Xd' 28 HV-Ibase 919A
Xd'' 20 LV- rated kV 11.5kV
LV-Ibase 1757A
GT details: clock Dyn1
MVA 780MVA %impedance 9%
HV- rated kV 420kV
HV-Ibase 1072A NGT details:
LV- rated kV 22kV Primary 14.4kV
LV-Ibase 11818A Secondary 240V
clock YNd11 Resistor 0.5Ω
%impedance 15%

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 30
Generator Differential Protection (87G)

• Instantaneous Operation
• Class A Tripping
• Must for >10MVA

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 31
© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 32
Notes in 87G and 87GT….Complexities
§ 87G is not for ph-e faults, it is only for ph-ph faults
§ 87G can be high impedance or low impedance type
§ 87GT is for HV&LV ph-ph faults, HV ph-e faults also
§ Trafo Inrush current---Unrestrained setting
§ Ratio corrections for 87GT
§ Phase correction for 87GT
§ 11/2 breaker CTs shouldn’t parallel externally

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 33
Calculations

IdUnre:
Generator through fault current (current from the Generator for the fault at GT
LV side)
If= Generator rated current/%Xd’’
If = 20377/0.2 = 101885A
Set IdUnre = 1.5 times If
Therefore IdUnre = 1.5 x 101885 / 20377 = 7.5.

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 34
Settings from REG670 relay

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 35
High impedance differential protection (87G-64)
§ Requires
§ CT cores to have the same
§ turns ratio and similar magnetizing characteristic
§ external stabilizing resistors and metrosils

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 36
High impedance differential protection (87G-64)

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 37
High impedance differential protection (87G-64)

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 38
Inter-turn fault protection…OC based

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 39
Inter-turn fault protection…Split phase diff..

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 40
Inter-turn fault protection…Zero sequence overvolt..

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 41
Negative Phase Sequence Protection (46G)

· Negative sequence currents inducing 100Hz (2xf) currents in rotor,

which causes heat.
· Reason for NPS currents: untransposed transmission lines,
unbalanced loads, unsymmetrical faults in system, brc faults..

• NPS should be based on Gen I22t characteristics

• Alarm NPS-50% continuous with stand 3sec

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 42
NPS relay curve

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 43
NPS Generator curve

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 44
Calculations

ResetMultip1:

Considered reset time at 7% of negative sequence current as 1500s.

K=
Where:
I2 is negative sequence current expressed in per unit of the rated
generator current
t is operating time in seconds
K is a constant [s], which depends on generator size and design

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 45
Settings from REG670 relay

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 46
Settings from REG670 relay

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 47
Loss of Excitation Protection (40G)

· Angle between U and I exceeds more than 90deg, operation will be

motor, in both under excitation condition and over excitation
conditions.
· For over excitation condition, U leads I (Operation I quadrant),
lagging power factor. For under excitation condition, I leads U
(Operation IV quadrant), leading power factor.
· During under excitation operation, hydro machines are less affected.
Gas machines are more affected.
• During loss of excitation, machine speed up higher than Ns.
• Asynchronous running of a synchronous machine without excitation.
• Stator end core heating
• Induced rotor currents
• Loss of Excitation – when Exc. Losses, it goes out of sync &
machine will run at asynchronous speed, higher than the system
absorbing reactor power
• 40G delay is to detect difference between power swing & Loss of
excitation
• Pole slipping is back up for 40G

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 48
Loss of Excitation Protection (40G)..Capability curve

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 49
Loss of Excitation Protection (40G)

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 50
Loss of Excitation Protection (40G)

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 51
Offset Mho characteristics..

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 52
Offset Mho characteristics..

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 53
Loss of Excitation Protection (40G)

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 54
Loss of Excitation Protection (40G)

85
o

SG

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 55
Loss of Excitation Protection (40G)

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 56
Loss of Excitation (40G)

Should be with accompanied with Under Voltage, min delay with

under voltage
© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 57
Calculations
Transient reactance of the Generator Xd’ = 28%
Synchronous reactance of the Generator Xd = 195%

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 58
Settings from REG670 relay

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 59
Loss of Excitation (40G)

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 60
Backup Impedance Protection(21G)
§ 21G is only for ph-ph faults and not for Ph-E faults
§ Circular characteristics should be used
§ Zone-I can be 70% to 80% of the GT impedance, not include Generator
Impedance
§ Zone-II can be GT + Longest line impedance or System impedance with
a coordinated delay
§ Better to use Neutral CT and Phase PT
§ 21G is preferable over 51V for large machines
§ Generator required 51V instead of 51

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 61
Backup Impedance Protection(21G)

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 62
Backup Impedance Protection(21G)

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 63
Calculations

Zone 1 phase to phase fault reach is set to 75.0% of the Generator

transformer impedance
GT impedance in ohms with respect to LV side =

Hence ZPP = 0.75 x 0.0776 = 0.0582Ω

Same value is set for ZRevPP.

Zone 2 phase to phase fault reach is set to 125.0% of the

Generator transformer impedance

Hence ZPP = 1.25 x 0.0776 = 0.097Ω

Same value is set for ZRevPP.

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 64
Settings from REG670 relay

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 65
Settings from REG670 relay

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 66
 Voltage Restrained Overcurrent Protection (51V)
· 51V shall be considered Xd and Xd’’

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 67
 Voltage Restrained Overcurrent Protection (51V)
· 51V shall be considered Xd and Xd’’

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 68
 Backup for external faults…

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 69
Dead Machine Protection (Accidental Energization-
50GDM)

§ Dead machine absent-40G, 21G, 32 (reverse) will operate

Where:
UN is the rated voltage of the generator
Xd’’ is the subtransient reactance for the generator (Ω)
XT is the reactance of the step-up transformer (Ω)
Znetwork is the short circuit source impedance of the connected
network recalculated to the generator voltage level (Ω)
I> to be less than 0.8xIenergisation

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 70
Settings from REG670 relay

IPickup:
Znetwork = 0.0175Ω
Ienergisation = 43001.45A
Hence Ipickup shall be less than 34401.2A
To avoid mal-operations during running conditions, Ipickup is set to
120% of the Generator rated current.

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 71
Stator Earth Fault Protection (64S)..Basics
§ Earthing Practices for Stator Winding

Grounding Grounding
Resistive Transformer Transformer Isolated
Grounded (Neutral) (Terminal)
R ~ 3.0Ω

G G G G

R ~ 1kΩ R ~ 0.5Ω

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 72
Stator Earth Fault Protection (64S)..Basics
§ Earth faults are more common (70 to 80% of faults are EF)
§ Maximum Earth Fault current magnitude for Unit connected Generators
§ Why Stator Earth fault occurs?

500MW,
588MVA,
21kV
RN=0.2Ω
N

22kV/220V

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 73
 Stator Earth Fault Protection (64S)..Basics
§

Neglected Generator impedance

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 74
Stator Earth Fault Protection (64S)
§ Stator E/F – E/F current less than 10A, still 64S is required
§ It may develop ph-ph due to ionized air
§ If 2nd E/F occur, current high
§ Fire may come bcz of E/F arc

§ 0-95% -- limited to 95% bcz of chances of false tripping

§ 0-95% -- covers Gen, GT LV winding, UAT HV winding, this can be with
Open Delta voltage
§ 95% stator E/F-GT LV and UAT HV also
§ REF protection will operate if Generators are solid/low impedance
earthed..applicable for small machines

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 75
Different possibilities for impedance earthed..

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 76
Different possibilities for impedance earthed..

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 77
STEF with GT…

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 78
STEF with GT…

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 79
Stator Earth Fault Protection (64S)

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 80
Drawbacks of 95% SEF protection
§ This method covers 95% only
§ This type of protection can operate only if Generator is excited
§ This protection cannot cover faults near to neutral

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 81
Stator Earth Fault Protection (64S)
§ Faults at neutral will not cause any damage
§ But second fault will become serious
§ Hence for Large machines, fault at neutral should also be detected
§ Second E/F develops high currents

§ This can be detected by 2 methods

1. 3rd Harmonic Voltage method
2. Injection based method
§ This 100% SEF is strongly recommend for >100MVA machines
§ It is desirable for 10-100MVA machines
§ It will be treated as main protection
§ Injection based is recommended for >200MVA
§ Protection should be insensitive for external faults, transients and harmonics
§ Injection based should be active at Standstill, startup and stop
§ Operating time will be 2s (as per CBIP)

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 82
3rd Harmonic Based SEF

U 3 N + U 3T ³ b × U 3 N
© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 83
Stator Earth Fault Protection (64S)…100% with 27TN

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 84
3rd Harmonic Based SEF

UT3 and
UN3 at
normal
operation

U 3 N + U 3T ³ b × U 3 N
© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 85
UV and comparator….27TN

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 86
Stator Earth Fault Protection (64S)
§ 3rd Harmonic based Stator E/F protection will not cover complete 100% (may
be 30%), normally it may cover 33% from neutral to terminal if Beta=1.
§ Before fault, UN3 will be low and UT3 will be high and approx.. 180deg apart,
hence Beta factor is required to make Beta x UN3 > UN3+UT3.
§ But if we increase Beta to high value, portion of stator winding protected will be
decreased.
§ If fault occurred at near to neutral, UN3 will decrease and UT3 will increase.
Hence this protection can be used UN3 U/V principle or UT3 O/V principle or
UN3 and UT3 differential principle (recommended).
§ If we are having a GCB, when GCB is closed, bcz of Delta LV winding UN3 will
be high. So we need lower Beta to achieve sensitivity. Since Beta x UN3 will
be much higher than UN3+UT3 with old Beta. Hence we are setting lower Beta
when Breaker is closed and we are increasing Beta using FactorCBopen to
avoid operation during running conditions.

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 87
Stator Earth Fault Protection (64S)
§ Under running condition, we will get some residual voltage across NGT, that
is bcz of zero sequence voltage transferred from HV and LV of GT through
coupling capacitance.
§ Even we don’t have NGT voltage during running condition, we cannot
protect 100% using fundamental principle, bcz there will be no change in
NGT voltage if fault is near to neutral.
§ How much portion of the winding protected is mainly deciding the
capacitance w.r.t ground. Beta is also indirectly affecting this.
§ In an example Beta = 1, only 33% of the winding is going to be protected
with this protection. Remaining 77% is blind zone.
§ Inter turn fault protection is must if per slot 2 or more turns

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 88
Settings from REG670 relay

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 89
Drawbacks of 3rd Harmonic Based SEF
§ It requires sufficient 3rd harmonic voltage during running condition
§ This also cannot operate if machine is not excited
§ It is valuable to detect E/F even in standstill
§ This protection shall be blocked during machine stand still

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 90
Injection Based SEF…Traditional Method
§ Traditional method is with 10 to 25Hz
§ This is to easily suppress fundamental and its harmonic signals
§ And to avoid interference with fundamental and its harmonic signals
§ Running condition 3rd harmonic is predominant
§ This should not interfere with injected signal
§ Standard digital filter will suppress exact harmonics
§ Other frequencies will influence measured signal (other than harmonics)
§ If power frequency deviates from 50Hz, suppression will be less effective
§ May lead to mal-operation
§ This will happen if machine is not synchronized
§ Hence addition low pass filter is required
§ Low frequency is selected to reduce capacitive currents (I = V/Zc)

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 91
Injection Based SEF
§ Locations of Injection

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 92
Injection Based SEF
§ Locations of Injection

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 93
Injection Based SEF…Traditional Method
§ Only possibilities for traditional method

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 94
Injection Based SEF…Modern Method
§ Advantage with modern method

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 95
Injection based Stator E/F….

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 96
Injection based Stator E/F….

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 97
Injection Based SEF…Traditional Method
§ If Ic is reduced, resistive fault current can be detected easily
§ If I only measured in injection principle, Ic will reduce the sensitivity of the
protection
§ Good to measure Z instead of I
§ Hydro Generators high capacitance to ground
§ Hence more effected if I is measured
§ Ic, NGT secondary resistor at temperature change, ageing will reduce
sensitivity of Injection based protection

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 98
Drawbacks of Traditional Method
§ It requires NGT with resistor (secondary injection) or Primary resistor
§ NGTs will be designed for 50Hz, will perform poor at low frequencies
§ Magnetizing current will be more at low frequencies for NGT and reduces
protection sensitivity
§ Hence higher frequency algorithms came

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 99
Drawbacks of Injection based method
§ Not an economical solution
§ Additional hardware required
§ Demands primary circuit provisions
§ Hence applicable for large machines only

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 100
Injection Based SEF…Modern Method
§ This can be injected at NGT or Open delta VT
§ NO change required in NGT secondary R (Splitting etc)
§ Injection can be at neutral VT or terminal VT
§ This makes easy for almost all Generators
§ This creates opportunity for ungrounded or reactance grounded Generators
§ f is high, hence Injection unit and Injection trafo size will be small
§ Normal filters cannot used
§ Long filtering windows and Interpolated FFT shall be used (Modern
numerical filtering)
§ These filter will suppress all frequencies outside ±5Hz of Injected frequency
§ With interpolated FFT, any frequency can be injected, hence injected
frequency should be settable

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 101
Injection Based SEF…Modern Method

Injection Unit

Relay

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 102
Injection Based SEF…Equivalent circuit

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 103
Injection Based SEF…with NGT

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 104
Injection Based SEF…Modern Method
§ Oscillator provides a square wave signal of set frequency
§ Injected voltage and currents will be fed to amplifiers
§ This is to match with relay required standard 110V
§ Relay will digitalize and analyze R from V and I inputs
§ Ratio of V and I gives complex impedance (bare impedance)
§ RN1 or RN2 can exists, both will not be exists
§ Zg = k1.Zb + k2
§ k1 will compensate amplifications in injection protection installation
§ k2 will compensate series impedance installation
§ k2 units are ohms

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 105
Injection Based SEF…Modern Method
§ Equivalent impedance seen by the relay

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 106
Injection Based SEF…Modern Method
§ To find k1, k2 and Zg, measurements at commissioning should be done for
3 situations:
1. Healthy stator Rf = ∞
2. Known fault resistance Rf = 2kΩ
3. Solid ground Rf = 0Ω
§ k1, k2 and Zg complex values will be stored in relay after above exercise
§ Actual Rf can be estimated by comparing with stored reference values
§ Advantage of modern method is that Injection can be possible at VT, which
was not in older method
§ Modern method is independent of machine operation as motor or generator
(Pumped storage plants)
§ This method doesn’t need any modification of the primary circuit

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 107
Overall Differential Protection (87OA)

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 108
Overall Differential Protection (87OA)

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 109
Generator unit (overall) differential protection 87OA

• Identical to transformer differential protection

• Zero sequence current elimination
• Vector group compensation
• Transformer ratio compensation
• Unstabilized differential protection
• Stabilized differential protection
• Harmonic blocking
• Waveform blocking
• Negative sequence unrestrained
• Combination: bias differential and negative sequence internal/external
discriminator
• Negative sequence sensitive differential protection

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 110
Settings from REG670 relay

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 111
Settings from REG670 relay

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 112
Settings from REG670 relay

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 113
Over Fluxing Protection (24)

§ Over fluxing shall cover both GT and Gen

§ Each step will be (150-110) /5 = 8%, if V/Hz>> is set to 150% and
V/Hz> is set to 110% of rated V/Hz
§ 90% of its capability limits shall be considered

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 114
Over Fluxing Protection (24)

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 115
Over fluxing curve

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 116
Settings from REG670 relay

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 117
Reverse power protection (32)

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 118
Reverse power protection (32)

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 119
Low forward power protection (37)

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 120
Pole Slipping Protection (78G)
§ When generator voltages are advanced by 180deg
§ Asynchronous running of a synchronous machine with excitation.
§ Long 3phase fault clearance causes pole slipping
§ Sudden tripping of transmission line causes increase of impedance
between gen and load.
§ 78G-Rotor angular position will increase beyond Generator transient
stability limit
§ 78G-reasons
1. E/F near to Generator terminals
2. N/W disturbances
3. If transmission line tripped, then weak connection between Gen and system
4. Loss of field
5. Operating Gen at Under exc

§ If the oscillation is within Gen & GT unit, 1-slip should trip

§ If oscillations are outside, then slips more (3)

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 121
Pole Slipping Protection (78G)

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 122
Pole Slipping Protection (78G)

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 123
Pole Slipping Protection (78G)

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 124
Pole Slipping Protection (78G)

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 125
Pole Slipping Protection (78G)

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 126
Pole Slipping Protection (78G)
System fault MVA = 1.732x40kAx400kV = 27713MVA
System impedance = 0.0175ohms on 22KV side at 776.5MVA base
Base Impedance Zbase = 22x22/776.5 = 0.623ohms
Z (Trfo) = 15*0.623/100 = 0.0935hms
ZA should be set to the impedance between the location of the protection and
the off-load voltage of the equivalent circuit for the entire power system.
ZA = XT + Zs
= 0.0935+0.0175 = 0.111 ohm
Hence ZA corresponds to set value with respect to Zbase so
ZA to set = ZA calculated / Zbase = 0.1111/0.623 = 0.178 p.u or 17.8%
ZB should be set to the generator reactance Xd’ in the reverse direction at the
base values.
ZB = -Xd’ = 22^2*0.28/776.5= 0.175 ohm

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 127
Pole Slipping Protection (78G)
This corresponds to
ZB settings = -0.175/ 0.623 = -0.28 p.u or 28%
ZC should be set to the impedance from the location of the protection upto the
first bus bar.
ZC =85% of j XT (Up to the bus bar)
= 0.0795
Zc settings = 0.0795/ 0.623 = 0.1275 P.u or 12.75 %

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 128
Settings from REG670 relay

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 129
Over Voltage Protection (59G)

§ If AVR is faulty, O/V will damage the insulation and over flux will
increase in GT
§ Sudden load rejection is another reason for O/V
§ Good to use different PTs for AVR and O/V functions
§ U/V is not critical for GT, it is critical for UTs

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 130
Settings from REG670 relay

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 131
Settings from REG670 relay

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 132
Under Voltage Protection (27G)

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 133
Settings from REG670 relay

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 134
Over Frequency Protection (81O)
§ U/f protects steam turbine against operation in critical regions
§ O/f protects against turbine run away

Over frequency, 81O: Under frequency, 81U:

• Occur at sudden load drops / shunt • Occurs as a result of lack of
faults in n/w generation in the network.

• 2 stages available • 2 stages available

• Suitable for generator shedding • Suitable for load shedding.

• Protects against turbine runaway • Protects equipment damage ,

breakdown of power system .

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 135
Settings from REG670 relay

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 136
Under Frequency Protection (81U)

· Under frequency will prevent AVR from exciting the machine at

reduced speed
· Under frequency will prevent over exc (v/f)
· Over flux-small over flux---long time
O/V & U/f-Large over flux---short delay

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 137
Settings from REG670 relay

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 138
Settings from REG670 relay

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 139
Rotor earth fault
• The field circuit of the generator is normally isolated from earth.
• With a single earth fault in the rotor circuit it is possible to have continuous
operation without generator damages.
• There is however a risk of a second rotor earth fault. In such a case there will
be large current and risk of severe damages.
• The requirement of fast fault clearance is moderate.

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 140
64R Rotor EF Protection

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 141
Fuse fail…60

• UNSINS method
• UZSIZS method
• DU and DI method

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 142
General current and voltage protection GAPC

• Multipurpose Function with flexible selection of measured quantities and

multiple protection stages (OC1, OC2, UC1, UC2, OV1, OV2,UV1,UV2)
Used for Rotor Earth Fault protection.
• Multipurpose GF3 function used as:
• OC1 Alarm Stage 64R for faults on the DC side
• OC2 Trip Stage 64R for faults on the DC side
• UV1 Alarm Stage for low injection voltage
• Multipurpose GF4 function used as:
• OC1 Trip Stage for faults on AC side
• UC1 Alarm Stage for low injection current (sometimes not possible to be
used due to low rotor winding capacitance to ground)

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 143
General current and voltage protection
PST/GAPC/GF03 PST/GAPC/GF03/OC1 PST/GAPC/GF03/OC2

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 144
Complexities in general…..
§ Metering class CTs for LFP and RP when used for sequential tripping
§ 51V shall be considered Xd and Xd’’
§ NPS should match with Heating and cooling characteristics
§ Over fluxing shall cover GT and Generator
§ Turn-turn fault protection shall block with neutral voltage

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 145
Complexities in general…..

§ Inter turn fault protection can be with 3 methods

1. If we have dedicated terminal PT, PT primary star point shall be
connected to neutral instead of ground (as given in Cigre 479 and IEEE
C37)
2. We need to sum Terminal residual PT to NGT residual voltage using
3-ph summing block in numerical relay
3. Terminal PT residual voltage function shall be blocked with NGT
voltage
§ If we don’t have inter-turn fault protection, turn-turn fault will develop as
e/f in due course and stator earth fault protection relay will operate.

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 146
 Nadeem, ABB Ltd., Bangalore, May 9, 2017

Transformer Differential protection

trip for no fault

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 147
 Steps to solve
• Query

• Problem Description

• Analysis

• Solution

• Conclusion

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 148
 Query
15MVA 66/11kV Dyn11 Transformer tripped on Differential protection operated
after immediately after it is loaded.
Reason for this trip should be analyzed and correcting action should be
provided.

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 149
 Problem Description

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 150
 Analysis

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 151
 Analysis

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 152
 Analysis

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 153
 Analysis

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 154
 Analysis

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 155
 Nadeem, ABB Ltd., Bangalore, May 9, 2017

Loss of Excitation protection trip for

no fault

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 156
 Steps to solve
• Query

• Problem Description

• Analysis

• Solution

• Conclusion

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 157
 Query
Generator of rating 135MW has tripped on Loss of Excitation protection for no
fault in the system.
Since Loss of Excitation protection trip is confirmed from events and annunciator,
filed circuit also checked. No fault is identified and confirmed healthiness of
Excitation system.
This has to be analyzed and reason for REG670 relay operation from Loss of
Excitation protection for no fault in the system to be checked. Corrective actions
should be given to avoid this type of tripping in future.

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 158
 Problem Description
Machine details and settings:

Generator Rated Power = 135MW

Generator Rated MVA = 135MVA
Generator Rated Voltage = 13.8kV
Generator Rated Current = 6644A
Generator Rated pf = 0.85 lag
Synchronous reactance Xd = 221%
Transient reactance Xd’ = 23%
Sub-Transient reactance = 14%
CT ratio = 8000/5A
PT ratio = 13.8kV/110V

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 4
 Problem Description
Loss of Excitation protection settings:

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 4
 Loss ofandExcitation
Theory settings: protection

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 161
 Loss ofandExcitation
Theory settings: protection

Should be with accompanied with Under Voltage, min delay with

under voltage
© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 162
 Loss ofandExcitation
Theory settings: protection

Transient reactance of the Generator Xd’ = 23%

Synchronous reactance of the Generator Xd = 221%

XoffsetZ1 = -Xd’/2
= - 23%/2 = -11.5%
Z1diameter = Xd – (Xd’/2)
= 221 – 11.5
= 209.5%

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 163
 Problem Description
Loss of Excitation protection configuration:

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 164
 Problem Description
Loss of Excitation protection trip from DR:

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 7
 Problem Description
Loss of Excitation protection trip from DR: 7.38 x 1.732 = 12.78kV, 92.6%

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 8
 Problem Description
Loss of Excitation protection trip from DR

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 9
 Problem Description
Trip confirmation

• From DR it is confirmed that trip is form Loss of Excitation protection

without Under voltage
• Without Under voltage is confirmed form 2.1s delay between start and trip
of LOE function
• Same can be supported with voltage magnitude during LOE trip
• Current is approximately more than105% of rated current

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 10
 Analysis
CT polarity check from DR

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 11
 Analysis
CT polarity check from SLD

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 12
 Analysis
CT polarity check from Configuration

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 171
 Analysis
CT polarity check from Settings

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 172
 Analysis
R and X measurements at running conditions

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 173
 Analysis
Observations from Configuration, SLD and Settings

• Star point of the CT (TA7) is away from the Generator

• Star point for analog channels are set to “From Object”
• Effective star point of the CT input has become “towards the object”
virtually
• Hence phase side and the neutral side currents of the generator is phase-
shifted by 180°
• R and X measurements are negative
• This confirms CT polarity wrong for this protection

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 174
 Analysis
Load increase during start of LOE
• Load current in A
• 900ms before LOE start, 300ms before LOE start, 300ms after LOE start
and 2112ms after LOE start (LOE trip point)
• At 0ms locus is entered in Zone-1 and remains in Zone-1 till 2112ms
• Hence Zone-1 LOE without Under voltage has tripped

Time(from Trigger point) R Y B

-900 7009 6933 6941

-300 7051 6975 6981

+300 7111.91 7037.18 7043.31

+2112 7076.907 6999.32 7007.605

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 175
 Analysis
Locus of impedance in R-X plane (Load increase)

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 176
 Solution
• CT input for Loss of Excitation protection and Pole slipping protection
shall be corrected as per SLD (Shown in previous slides)
• CT input shall be form TA2 instead of TA7
• TA2 is CT from neutral side of Generator

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 177
 Solution
• CT inputs has changed at lab as per the above shown configuration
• DR was trans-played in lab with same configuration and settings
• Relay was stable and no protection trip throughout the DR
• Measured impedance was positive and it was in I quadrant

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 178
 Solution
• Relay measured impedance is positive in DR trans-play results

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 179
 Conclusion
• Loss of Excitation protection has operated because of CT polarity mistake
• Relay has measured impedance in III quadrant
• CT input for Loss of Excitation protection and Pole slipping protection
shall be from Neutral CT instead of Phase CT
• DR was trans-played with the above correction
• Results are at satisfactory level, no relay operation

© ABB Group
May 9, 2017 | Slide 180