The Respiratory System in Neonatal

Breathing in babies
An important part of a baby's lung development is the production of surfactant. This is a
substance made by the cells in the small airways. By about 35 weeks of pregnancy, most babies
have developed enough surfactant. It's normally released into the lung tissues. There it helps to
keep the air sacs open. Premature babies may not have enough surfactant in their lungs. They
may have trouble breathing.

The respiratory system is made up of the organs involved in the interchanges of gases:

 Nose
 Mouth
 Throat (pharynx)
 Voice box (larynx)
 Windpipe (trachea)
 Airways (bronchi)
 Lungs

The upper respiratory tract includes the:

 Nose
 Air-filled space above and behind the nose (nasal cavity)
 Sinuses

 The lower respiratory tract includes the:

 Voice box
 Windpipe
 Lungs
 Airways (bronchi)
 Air sacs (alveoli)
What do the baby lungs do?

The lungs take in oxygen. The body's cells need oxygen to live and carry out their normal
functions. They also get rid of carbon dioxide. This is a waste product of the cells.

The lungs are two cone-shaped organs. They're made up of spongy, pinkish-gray tissue.
They take up most of the space in the chest, or the thorax (the part of the body between the base
of the neck and diaphragm). They're inside a membrane called the pleura.

The lungs are separated by an area (mediastinum) that has:

 Heart and its large vessels

 Windpipe
 Food pipe (esophagus)
 Thymus gland
 Lymph nodes
 The right lung has three lobes. The left lung has two lobes. When you breathe, the air:

 Enters the body through the nose or mouth

 Travels down the throat through the voice box and windpipe
 Goes into the lungs through tubes (mainstem bronchi):
o One of these tubes goes to the right lung and one goes to the left lung
o In the lungs, these tubes divide into smaller bronchi
o Then into even smaller tubes called bronchioles
o Bronchioles end in tiny air sacs called alveoli

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM:

FUNCTION OF INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

1. Protection

The skin reduces water loss, prevents the entry of microorganisms, and provides protection
against abrasion and ultraviolet light, hair and nails also perform protective functions.

2. Sensation

The skin contains sensory receptors for pain, heat, cold, and pressure

3. Vitamin D Production
Ultraviolet light stimulates the production of a precursor molecule in the skin that is modified by
the liver and kidneys into vitamin D. the Vitamin D increases calcium uptake in the small
intestine.

4. Temperature regulation

Through dilatation and constriction of blood vessels, the skin controls heat loss from the body. It
also evaporate sweat cools the body.

5. Excretion

Skin glands remove small amounts of waste products that are not important in secretion.

PARTS OF INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM:

 SKIN

Epidermis- is stratified squamous epithelium divided into strata. The stratum corneum consists of
many layers of dead squamous cells containing
keratin. Keratinization is the transformation of
stratum basale cells into stratum corneum cells.
Structural strength results from keratin inside
the cells and from desmosomes, which hold the
cells together. And the Lipids surrounding the
stratum corneum cells help prevent fluid loss.

Dermis - The dermis is dense connective

tissue. Collagen and elastic fibers provide structural strength, and the blood vessels of the
papillae supply the epidermis with nutrients.

Hypodermis- The bottom layer of your skin. It’s the fatty layer of your skin that helps insulate
your body.

 HAIR

- is made of columns of tightly packed dead keratinocytes (cells that produce keratin, a type of
protein) The Hair is consists of 3 major parts: the follicle, root, and shaft

 GLANDS

1. Sebaceous glands produce sebum, which oils the hair and the surface of the skin.

2. Eccrine sweat glands produce sweat, which cools the body.

3. Apocrine sweat glands produce an organic secretion that causes body odor when broken down
by bacteria.
  NAILS

- The nail consists of the nail body and the nail root. The nail matrix produces the nail, which is
composed of stratum cells containing hard keratin

HEART:

FUNCTIONS OD THE NORMAL HEART AFTER BIRTH

In a normal heart, there are four chambers and four valves. The chambers are divided into the top
and bottom. The top chambers are called atria and the bottom chambers are called ventricles.

 The atria are the “collecting” chambers.

The atria collect blood going back to the heart from

the lungs

or body by way of veins.

 The ventricles are the “pumping” chambers. The

ventricles

are muscle chambers that pump blood out to the

body

or the lungs by way of the great arteries.

The great arteries are the pulmonary artery,

which pumps blood to the lungs, and the aorta, which pumps blood to the body.

 The right heart is the right atrium and right ventricle. Its job is to collect used blood (low
in oxygen) and pump it to the lungs. The lungs will give the blood oxygen (oxygenate)
again. The left heart is the left atrium and left ventricle. Its job is to collect blood from
the lungs (high in oxygen) and pump it out to the body. The body uses the oxygenated
blood to work the muscles, brain and other organs.
  There are four valves inside the heart that separate the chambers. These valves are one-
way “doors” in the heart. These valves open and shut between the atria and ventricles and
between the ventricles and great arteries. The valves push blood forward and keep it from
moving backward.

In a developing fetus, several special "fetal" connections exist. For some babies with heart
conditions, these fetal connections become important even after baby is born. The patent ductus
arteriosus (PDA) is a special fetal blood vessel that sends blood from the mother’s placenta
directly to the baby’s body, past the fetal lungs. In babies with a normal heart, the PDA begins to
close within a few days after birth because it is no longer needed. However, babies with certain
heart defects need the PDA to stay open for blood flow.

GASTRO INTESTINAL TRACT:

ANATOMY OF THE PEDIATRIC DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

The digestive system breaks food down into basic nutrients that can be used by the body. As
food moves through the digestive tract, it’s digested (broken down into parts and absorbed into
the bloodstream). Certain organs (such as the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas) help with this
digestion. Parts of food that can’t be digested become stool. This is waste material that’s passed
out of the body.

 The mouth takes in food, breaks it into pieces, and

begins the process of digestion.
 The esophagus moves food from the mouth to the
stomach.
 The stomach breaks food down into a liquid
mixture.
 The small intestine digests food further and absorbs
nutrients. What’s left is passed on to the colon as
liquid waste.
 The large intestine (colon) absorbs water, salt, and
other minerals from liquid waste, forming a solid
stool.
 The rectum stores stool until a bowel movement occurs. 
 The anus is the opening where stool leaves the body.
 The liver makes bile (a fluid that helps digest fat). It also breaks down nutrients and
stores energy.
 The gallbladder stores bile.
 The pancreas makes enzymes that help with digestion.
 The appendix is a small hollow structure that’s attached to the large intestine. It has no
clear function in the body, but it can become blocked and infected.