Cement
• Portland Cement Production:

!o "asic ra! ingredients:

calcareous material #limestone$
material #limestone$
chal%$ or oyster shells& '
argillaceous material #silica
material #silica and
alumina from clay$ shale and "last
furnace slag&
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 American University of Beirut Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty of Engineering and Architecture
 

Cement

• Chemical composition of Portland Cement:

Compound Chemical formula Common formula Usual range. (!t.

ricalcium )Ca* +i*, C)+ -/01

silicate
Dicalcium ,Ca* +i*, C,+ 2/)1
+ilicate

ricalcium
Aluminate )Ca* Al,*) C)A 0/2,

etracalcium -Ca* Al,*)  C-AF 0/3

Aluminoferrite Fe,*)
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Cement
• Cement Properties and Characteristics
• Oxides
• +ources

• +i*, #silicon dio4ide& / cap roc% #+andstone&

• Ca* #calcium o4ide& / limestone
• *4ides used to calculate theoretical cementitious
compounds:
• Al,*) #aluminum o4ide& / clay
• C)+$ C,+$ C)A
C) A and C-AF
• Fe,*) #ferric o4ide&
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Cement
• Compounds
• Tricalcium Silicate (C3S
(C3S)) hardens rapidly and is largely
responsi"le for initial set and early strength.
• 5n general$ the early strength of portland cement concrete is
higher !ith increased percentages of C)+.
• Dicalcium Silicate (C2S
(C2S)) hardens slo!ly and contri"utes largely
to strength increases at ages "eyond 6 days.
• Tricalcium Aluminate (C3A(C3A)) li"erates a large amount of heat
during the first fe! days of hardening and$ together !ith C)+
• and C,+ may some!hat increase the early strength of the
hardening cement #this effect "eing due to the considera"le heat
of hydration that this compound evolves&. 5t does affect set
times.
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Cement
• Tetracalcium Aluminoferrite (C4AF C4AF)) contri"utes
very slightly to strength
str ength gain. 7o!ever$
7o!ever$ acts as a flu4
during manufacturing. Contri"utes to the color effects
that ma%es cement gray.
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Cement
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Cement
• 8ain ypes of Portland Cement:
ype 9ame Application
5 9ormal eneral concrete !or% !hen the special properties of other types
are not needed. +uita"le for floors$ reinforced structures$
 pavements$;etcc
 pavements$;et
55 8oderate Protection against moderate sulfate e4posure. 1.2/1.,( !t. <ater
+ulfate
resistance solu"le sulfate in soil or 21/211ppm sulfate in !ater
#sea!ater&. Can "e specified !ith a moderate heat of hydration
ma%ing it suita"le for large piers$ heavy a"utments$ and retaining
!alls. Also for concrete in !arm !eather.
555 7igh early Used for fast trac% construction$ forms need to "e removed as
strength soon as possi"le$ or structure need to "e put
p ut in service as soon as
 possi"le. 5n cold !eather
!eather reduces time for controlled curing.
5= >o! 7eat of Used !hen mass of structure$ careful control of heat of hydration$
7ydration
such as large dams.
= 7igh +ulfate Protection from severe sulfate e4posure 1.,/,.1( !t. <ater/
<ater/
resistance
solu"le sulfate in soils or 211/21$311ppm sulfate in !ater.
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Cement
?e@uired chemical composition and fineness for Portland Cement #A+8 C21&
ype C)+ C,+ C)A C-AF Blaine
Fineness$
m,%g

5  2 21 6 )31

55 2 ,- 0 22 )31

555 0 2 21 6 -1

5= ,3 - - 2, )31

= )3 -) -  )31
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Cement
• ypes of Portland Cement #contd&:
Air entrainers can "e added to type 5$ 55$ 555 cement to get
type 5A$ 55A$ 555A.
*ther types such as: !hite Portland cement$ masonry cement$
e4pansive cements$;etc
+pecifications of +tandard Properties of Portland Cement #A+8 C21&
5 5A 55 55A 555 555A 5= =
Air content
(vol 4/2, 20/,, 4/2, 20/,, 4/2, 20/,, 4/2, /2,
min/ma4

Fineness
m,%g$ Air
,31 ,31 ,31 ,31 / / ,31 ,31
 permea"ility
 perme a"ility

ime of
ime of
setting$
=5CA$ -/)6 -/)6 -/)6 -/)6 -/)6 -/)6 -/)6 -/)6
5nitial/Final
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Cement

• 7ydration of Portland Cement #contd&:

  Primary Chemical reaction during Cement 7ydration
, #)Ca* +i*,& ' 07,*  )Ca* ,+i*, )7,* ' ) Ca#*7&,
ricalcium silicate <ater
<ater Calcium silicate 7ydrates Calcium hydro4
hydro4ide
ide

, #,Ca* +i* & ' -7 *  )Ca* ,+i*  )7 * ' ) Ca#*7&

, , , , ,
Dicalcium silicate <ater
<ater Calcium silicate 7ydrates Calcium hydro4
hydro4ide
ide

  )Ca* Al,*) ' 2,7,* ' Ca#*7&,   )Ca* A>,*)  Ca#*7&,  2,7,*
ricalcium aluminate <a
<ater
ter Calcium hydro4
hydro4ide
ide Calcium aluminate hydrate

-Ca* Al,*) Fe,*) ' 217,* ' ,Ca#*7&,   0Ca* Al,*) Fe,*) 2,7,*

etracalcium
etracalcium aluminoferr
aluminoferrite
ite <a
<ater
ter Calcium hydro4
hydro4ide
ide Calcium aliminoferrite hydrate

)Ca* Al,*) ' 217,* ' Ca+*- ,7,*  )Ca* Al,*) Ca+*- 2,7,*

ricalcium aluminate !ater ypsum Calcium monosulf
monosulfoaluminate
oaluminate hydrate
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Cement

• Fineness of Portland Cement:

Fineness is important. +ince hydration starts at the surface of
cement particles. he larger the surface area the faster the
hydration. i.e finer material results in faster strength

development.
detrimental to Finesses
concrete is related to productivity cost and
@uality.
Blaine air permea"ility est
est #A+8
 #A+8 C,1-& or 
( passing the 1.1-mm sieve #9o.),&
sieve #9o.),& #A+8 C-)1&

• 7ydration of Portland Cement:

7ydration is a chemical reaction "et!een cement particles
and !ater. he solidification of the cement paste relates to
the time of setting.
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Cement

• Properties of 7ydrated Cement: uality control issue

 G  +etting: stiffening of the cement paste or change from
 plastic to solid state.
• +etting  Final / 5nitial setting levels
• =icat est #A+8 C22& or illmore #A+8 C,10&

 G  +oundness: a"ility of cement paste to retain its volume after

setting.
• >e ChHtelier
ChHteli er est
est
 G  Compressive +trength: measured "y preparing 1 mm cu"es and
su"Iect them to compression #A+8 C21&. 8inimum values of
compressive strength in A+8 C21
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Cement

• <ater/Cement ?atio: #A"rams 223& !c affects the

concrete @uality #strength and other desira"le properties&.
7ydration re@uires 1.,, G 1., %g !ater per 2 %g cement.
Concrete re@uire e4cess moisture$ "eyond hydration$ for
!or%a"ility.
As !c increases. Concrete porosity and permea"ility
increase$ the strength decreases.
>o! !c increases the resistance to !eathering$ provides
good "ond "et!een concrete layers$ and "et!een concrete
and steel reinforcement$ and limits volume change due to
!etting and drying.
drying.
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Cement
• <ater/Cement ?atio #contd&:
8Pa %s i 8Pa
-1 0 -1 0
%si

,3/day
 
)1 )1

-
,3/day -

,1 ,1 6/day
) )

6/day )/day
, ,
21 )/day 21

2
2/day 2
2/day
1
1.- 1. 1.0 1.- 1. 1.0
!c $ air/entrained Cylinders 24)1 cms !c $ non/air/entrai
non/air/entrained
ned
concrete ype 5$ ,2oC cured concrete
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Cement
+pecifications of +tandard Properties of Portland Cement #A+8 C21&/ #contd&

Comp. 5 5A 55 55A 555 555A 5= =

+trength
8Pa

2 day / / / / 2,.- 21.1 / /

) days 2,.- 21.1 21.) 3.) ,-.2 2.) / 3.)

6 days 2.) 2. 26., 2).3 / / 0. 2.,

,3 days / / / / / / 26., ,1.6

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Cement

• Admi4tures for Concrete:

 G  Air entrainers
 G  <ater reducers
 G  7igh/range !ater reducersJ+uperplasticiKers

 G  ?etarders
 G  Accelerators
 G  Fine minerals
 G  +pecialty admi4tures
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Cement

•
Admi4tures for produce
Concrete
 G  Air entrainers: produce
entrainers: #contd&:
tiny air "u""les in hardened
concrete to provide space for !ater to e4pand upon
freeKing. # salts of !ood$ synthetic;&
 G  <ater ?educers:
?educers: minimiKe the amount of !ater
re@uired for !or%a"ility. 5ncrease the mo"ility of
cement particles in the plastic mi4. #no effect on slump$
increase strength$ decrease cost using less cement&
 G  +uperplasticiKers:
+uperplasticiKers: increase
 increase the flo! of fresh concrete or
reduce the amount of !ater re@uired.
 G  ?etarders:
?etarders: delay
 delay the initial set of concrete # offset the
effect of hot !eather$ allo! for long distances
 placement$ provide time for special finishes&
finishes&
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Cement

•
Admi4tures fordevelop
 G  Accelerators: Concrete
early#contd&:
strength of concrete at a
faster rate than that developed in normal concrete. he
ultimate strength$ ho!ever$ is the same as in normal
concrete. #reduce curing time$ increase rate of strength$
 plug lea%s under hydraulic pressure efficiently&.
 G  Fine minerals: #!aste
minerals: #!aste from a production process&
improve the characteristics of "oth plastic and hardened
concrete # cementitious$ poKKolanic$ ;&
 G  +pecialty Admi
Admi4tures
4tures:: !or%a"ility agents$ corrosion
inhi"itators$ damp proofing agents$ permea"ility
reducing agents$ pumping aids$ "onding agents$
coloring agents$;etc.
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Test ASTM No !imits "rocedure

Portland Cement A+8 C21 his specification covers eight types of portland cement$
as follo!s #see 9ote ,&:
2.2.2 ype
ype 5JFor use !hen the special
s pecial properties
specified for any other type are not re@uired.
2.2., ype 5AJAir/entraining cement for the same uses
as ype 5$ !here air/entrainment is desired.
2.2.) ype 55JFor general use$ more especially !hen
moderate
sulfate resistance or moderate heat of hydration is desired.
2.2.-asype
ype55AJAir/entraining cement
55$ !here air/entrainment is for the same uses
desired.
2.2. ype
ype 555JFor use !hen high early strength is
desired.
2.2.0 ype 555AJAir/entraining cement for the same use
as ype 555$ !here air/entrainment is desired.
2.2.6 ype
ype 5=JFor use !hen a lo! heat of hydration is
desired.
2.2.3 ype
ype =JFor use !hen high sulfate resistance is
desired.
#see a
a"le
"le ). +tandard Physical ?e@uirements&
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Test ASTM No "rocedure

Potential Al%ali A+8 C,,6 his test method covers the determ
determination
ination of the
?eactivity of suscepti"ility of cement/aggregate com"inations to
Cement/ e4pansive reactions involving hydro4yl ions
Aggregate associated !ith the al%alies #sodium and potassium&
Com"inations  "y measurement
measurement of the increase
increase #or decrease&
decrease& in
#8ortar/Bar length of mortar "ars containing the com"ination
8ethod& during storage under prescri"ed conditions of test.
Al%alies participating in the e4pansive reactions
usually are derived from the cementL under some
circumstances they may "e derived from other
constituents of the concrete or from e4ternal sources.
!o types of al%ali reactivity of aggregates are
recogniKed: #2& an al%ali/silica reaction involving
certain siliceous roc%s$ minerals$ and natural or
artificial glasses and #,& an al%ali/car"onat
al%ali/car"onatee reaction
involving dolomite in certain calcitic dolomites and
dolomitic limestones
limestones #see +tandard C ,-&. he
method is not recom
recommended
mended as a means to detect the
latter reaction "ecause e4pansions produced in the
mortar "ar test "y the al%ali/car
al%ali/car"onate
"onate reaction #see
est 8ethod C 30& are generally much less than
those produced "y the al%ali/silica reaction
reaction for
com"inations having e@ually harmful effects in
service.
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Cement

a"le
a"le of E@uivalence "et!een different 9orms
CE9 >5B9*? A+8
CE9 5 /// P MPE 5 C21/,
CE9 5 ///? P/7? MPE 555 C21/,
CE9 5///P?5+E 8E? P/?8+ MPE 55 C21/,
CE9 5///P8E+ P/?++ MPE = C21/,
CE9 552 ou B/+// PA/+ #?8+& 5+#8+& C,/)
CE9 55A ou B/= PA/= #?8+& 5P#8+& C,/)
CE9 555A ou B/// C/+ ?++Ch B + 7+/>7 C,/)