Physical development

 Physical development in children follows a directional

pattern. Muscles in the body's core, legs and arms develop
before those in the fingers and hands. Children learn how
to perform gross (or large) motor skills such as walking
before they learn to perform fine (or small) motor skills
such as drawing. Muscles located at the core of the body
become stronger and develop sooner than those in the feet
and hands. Physical development goes from the head to
the toes.
 Physical development also can be influenced by nutrition
and illness.
Use motor skills.
 Gross-motor skills and fine-motor skills develop during
infancy and toddlerhood. Gross-motor skills involve the
mastery of large muscle movements, as well as the building
of strength in muscle groups like the arms, legs, and core.
Examples of such skills for infants and toddlers include
reaching, rolling, crawling, walking, and climbing.
 Fine-motor skills involve smaller, more precise movements,
particularly movements of the hands and fingers, such as
grasping, pointing, and clapping.

Cognitive development
 The cognitive domain includes intellectual development
and creativity. As they develop cognitively, kids gain the
ability to process thoughts, pay attention, develop
memories, understand their surroundings, express
 creativity, as well as to make, implement, and accomplish
plans.
The child psychologist Jean Piaget outlined four stages of
cognitive development:
 Sensorimotor Stage (Birth to Age 2)
This stage involves learning about the environment through
movements and sensations. Infants and toddlers use basic
actions like sucking, grasping, looking, and listening to learn
about the world around them.
 Preoperational Stage (Ages 2 to 7)
During this stage, children learn to think symbolically as
well as use words or pictures to represent things. Kids in
this stage enjoy pretend play, but still struggle with logic
and understanding another person's perspective.
 Concrete Operational Stage (Ages 7 to 11)
Once they enter this stage, kids start to think more
logically, but may still struggle with hypothetical situations
and abstract thinking. Because they are beginning to see
things from another person's perspective, now is a good
time to start teaching empathy.
 Formal Operational Stage (Age 12 and Up)
During this stage, a child develops an increase in logical
thinking. They also develop an ability to use deductive
reasoning and understand abstract ideas. As they become
more adept at problem-solving, they also are able to think
more scientifically about the world around them.
 Social emotional development
 The social-emotional domain includes a child's growing
understanding and control of their emotions. They also
begin to identify what others are feeling, develop the ability
to cooperate, show empathy, and use moral reasoning.
 This domain includes developing attachments to others and
learning how to interact with them. For instance, children
learn how to share, take turns, and accept differences in
others. They also develop many different types of
relationships, from parents and siblings to peers, teachers,
coaches, and others in the community.
 Children develop self-knowledge during the social-
emotional stage. They learn how they identify with
different groups and their innate temperament will emerge
in their relationships.
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Language development
 Language development is dependent on the other
developmental domains. The ability to communicate with
others grows from infancy, but children develop these
abilities at different rates.
 Aspects of language include

 Phonology: Creating the sounds of speech

 Pragmatics: Communicating verbally and non-verbally in
social situations
 Semantics: Understanding the rules of what words mean
 Syntax: Using grammar and putting sentences together
 Two areas of the brain are particularly important for
language development and use:
Broca's area is important for the production of speech, and
Wernicke's area is important for understanding and making
sense out of speech.
 Telegraphic speech
When children make sentences that contain only the
essential words
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