Applied Thermal Engineering 100 (2016) 227–236

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Applied Thermal Engineering

j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e : w w w. e l s e v i e r. c o m / l o c a t e / a p t h e r m e n g

Research Paper

Experimental investigation on thermal performance and fluid flow

characteristics in heat exchanger tube with solid hollow circular disk
inserts
Alok Kumar a,*, Sunil Chamoli b, Manoj Kumar b
a Mechanical Engineering Department, TULA’S Institute, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248197, India
b Mechanical Engineering Department, DIT University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248009, India

H I G H L I G H T S

• Influence of “Solid hollow circular disk” on heat transfer is presented.

• Significant improvement in η is observed.
• Statistical correlations have been developed for Nu, f, and η.

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Article history: Enhancement in heat transfer by generating turbulence in the fluid stream inside the heat exchanger
Received 2 September 2015 tube has become an innovative area of research for the researchers. Hence, many techniques have been
Accepted 16 January 2016 investigated and adopted on enhancement of heat transfer rate to reduce the size and cost of the heat
Available online 12 February 2016
exchangers. In the present study the effect of solid hollow circular disk (SHCD) turbulators on heat trans-
fer, friction factor and thermal performance factor of the heat exchanger is evaluated through
Keywords:
experimentation. The different parameters used for the experimentation include fixed thickness ratio (t/
Heat transfer
D) of SHCD, i.e. 0.0075, diameter ratios (d/D = 0.6, 0.7 and 0. 8) and pitch ratios (l/D = 1, 2, 3 and 4). The
Friction factor
Thermal performance factor experiments are conducted in the range of Reynolds number from 6500 to 23,000. The test setup com-
Solid hollow circular disk prises of the test section (1.4 m long) with a hydraulic diameter (D) of 68 mm. Constant heat flux is provided
in the test section with the help of a variable voltage transformer and coiled wire heater. On the basis
of experimental investigation, there is around 4.45 times enhancement in heat transfer in case of PR = 1
and DR = 0.6, and around 1.4 times enhancement in thermal performance factor for PR = 1 and DR = 0.8
when compared to smooth tube heat exchangers.
© 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
Heat exchangers are widely used in most of the thermal and me-
chanical devices. Its main purpose is the exchange of heat from one
body to another, and hence it is used in both cooling and heating
applications. Many researchers have been carried out in order to
improve the heat transfer and thermal performance of heat ex-
changers in order to reduce the cost and space required for its
installation and working. Among several methods used, passive
method [1] of heat transfer enhancement is the main area of in-
vestigation for most of the researchers. Creating turbulence or
modifying the fluid stream by using some geometry as a hin-
drance in the fluid path causes enhancement in heat transfer. At the
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +91 9528657527.
E-mail address: alok.protone@gmail.com (A. Kumar).
same time it is also important to control the pressure drop due to
these disturbances which causes a rise in friction factor and finally
affects the thermal performance of heat exchangers.
Different geometries with different geometrical and flow pa-
rameters have been used by different researchers for the
experimental investigation [2–23]. Bas and Ozceyhan [2] and Bhuiya
et al. [3,4] used single, double and triple twisted tapes with differ-
ent width ratios and twist ratios in their investigation. They found
that with a decrease in the value of twist ratio there is an increase
in heat transfer. Some researchers like Eiamsa-ard et al. [5] and
Promvonge [6] used combination of twisted tape with circular ring
and wire coiled respectively in their experimentation, which showed
better result as compared to smooth tube heat exchangers. Simi-
larly Promvonge and Eiamsa-ard [7,10] used conical ring with twisted
tape and serrated twisted tape, Eiamsa-ard and Promvonge [8,11]
used double sided delta wing twisted tape and conical nozzle, Bhuiya
et al. [9] used perforated twisted tape, and Kongkaitpaiboon et al.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.01.081
1359-4311/© 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
228 A. Kumar et al./Applied Thermal Engineering 100 (2016) 227–236
Fig. 1. Schematic view of experimental setup.
[12,14] used perforated conical ring and circular ring turbulator in
their experimentation. Some of the other insert geometries used
were equilateral cross section coiled wire [13], twisted ring [15],
inclined vortex ring [16], short length twisted tape [17], non-
uniform wire coil with twisted tape [18], V-nozzle [19], broken
twisted tape [20], conical nozzle [11], free spacing snail entry with
conical nozzle [21], conical ring [22], perforated helical twisted tape
[23], etc. It is closely observed that the effect of all these geom-
etries used by different researchers, one thing is very common, i.e.
creating turbulence in fluid stream in order to enhance heat trans-
fer. Some used geometries like twisted tapes which focus on core
fluid disturbance, while some worked one surface modification by
using coiled wire. Some researchers also investigated the combi-
nation of both surface and core disturbance in fluid steam on heat
transfer.
So, on the basis of previous research and looking at the litera-
ture gap for Kongkaitpaiboon et al. [14], it is decided to use solid
hollow circular ring (SHCR) as insert geometry for the present work.
The different parameters used for the experimentation include fixed
thickness ratio (t/D) of SHCD, i.e. 0.0075, diameter ratio (d/D = 0.6,
0.7 and 0.8) and pitch ratio (l/D = 1, 2, 3 and 4). The experiments
are conducted in the range of Reynolds number from 6500 to 23,000.
In the present work, the effect of SHCD insert on heat transfer and
friction factor is studied through an experimental investigation.
In this study, some assumptions are made in order to avoid minor
losses during the experimentation. These assumptions are:
i. Test section is perfectly insulated, hence there is no heat loss
from the test section.
ii. Heat flux is uniformly distributed throughout the test section.
iii. Heat transfer is taking place only through forced convection.
2. Research methodology
Experimental facility mainly comprised inlet section, also called
as calming section, test section, heating arrangement and air supply
system (blower). Inlet section is 2.5 m long and its main purpose
is to allow fully developed flow to enter into the test section and
to avoid flow separation and stratification. Inlet section is fol-
lowed by test section which is 1.4 m long. It comprises heating
arrangement which is made of coil wire heater made of Nichrome
wire attached with variable voltage transformer, followed by insu-
lation at the outer surface of the tube. Well calibrated T-type
thermocouples are placed near the tube wall, inlet and exit of the
flow stream to sense the wall and fluid temperature with the help
of a data logger with transient response of one second which is at-
tached to the computer with Labview software. For measuring
pressure drop across the test section, a digital micromanometer is
used, which is attached to tap placed at the inlet and exit of the
test section. Test section is followed by flow arrangement which com-
prises blower with 3 HP motor and 3 Φ power supply. In between
blower and test section, a flow measurement device is attached. The
flow measurement device comprises orifice plate with U-Tube ma-
nometer filled with water as manometric fluid. Adjacent to blower,
flow control valve is attached to control the flow rate and to vary
the fluid flow rate during the experimentation. Schematic diagram
of the experimental test setup is shown in Fig. 1. The experimen-
tal uncertainties in the measurement of various results are calculated
using the methodology given by Kline and McClintock [24]. The
maximum uncertainties calculated for the non-dimensional pa-
rameters are ±5.2% for Reynolds number, ±6.9% for Nusselt number
and ±7.4% for friction factor.
As discussed above solid hollow circular disk is used as insert
geometry with different geometries and flow parameters in this
study. A photographic view of SHCD insert is shown in Fig. 2.
3. Data reduction and validation
At the steady state condition of the experiment, it is assumed
that convective heat transfer from the wall surface of heat ex-
changer tube is equal to the heat gain by the fluid circulating in the
tube. Hence the energy balance equation can be written as:
Q air = Q conv . (1)
 Cp ( To − Ti )
where Q air = m (2)
 A. Kumar et al./Applied Thermal Engineering 100 (2016) 227–236 229

Fig. 2. Photographic view of solid hollow circular disk inserts.

And the convective heat transfer from the heat exchanger wall Re = ρVD μ (8)
is given by:
and the value of friction factor is obtained by:
Q conv = hA ( Twm − Tb ) (3)
f = ΔP {(L D) (ρV 2 2)} (9)
where Tb is bulk mean temperature of fluid and it is calculated by
the following equations: in which V is the mean velocity of the tube. All of the thermal prop-
erties of the tested fluid are determined at the bulk mean
Tb = ( To + Ti ) 2 (4)
temperature of fluid.
According to Webb and Kim [25] thermal performance factor is
and
defined as the Nusselt number ratio to the friction factor ratio at
Twm = ∑ Tw 12 (5) same pumping power, which is calculated by the following equa-
tion:
where ‘Tw’ is the local wall temperature at which thermocouple was
placed. ‘Twm’ is mean wall temperature, which was again the average Nu Nus
η= (10)
temperature of the total thermocouple placed on the wall surface. (f fs )1 3
It is assumed that temperature distribution is uniform through-
out the wall surface. The average heat transfer coefficient, ‘h’, and A thorough check of the instruments and the test set-up was fol-
the average Nusselt number, Nu, are estimated as follows: lowed by experimentation on conventional smooth pipe. The average
values of Nusselt number and friction factor were determined. These
 Cp ( To − Ti ) A ( Twm − Tb )
h=m (6) values are compared with the values obtained from the standard
correlation like Blasius equation for friction factor and Dittus–
and Boelter equation for Nusselt number in case of smooth tube. The
standard equations for friction factor and Nusselt number are given
Nu = hD k (7)
as:
The value of Reynolds number is obtained by standard equa-
tions mentioned below: Blasius equation

90
Nusselt Number (Nu)

80 Correlation
Experimental
70

60

50

40

0.031
0.030
0.029
Friction Factor (f)

0.028
0.027
0.026
0.025
0.024
0.023
0.022

10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000

Reynolds Number (Re)

Fig. 3. Validation of experimental setup.

230 A. Kumar et al./Applied Thermal Engineering 100 (2016) 227–236

270
DR=0.6, PR=1
DR=0.6, PR=2
240 DR=0.6, PR=3
DR=0.6, PR=4
DR=0.7, PR=1
DR=0.7, PR=2
210
DR=0.7, PR=3
DR=0.7, PR=4
Nusselt number (Nu) DR=0.8, PR=1
180 DR=0.8, PR=2
DR=0.8, PR=3
DR=0.8, PR=4
150

120

90

60

6000 9000 12000 15000 18000 21000 24000

Reynolds number (Re)
(a)

5.0

4.8 DR=0.6, PR=1 DR=0.6, PR=2 DR=0.6, PR=3 DR=0.6, PR=4

DR=0.7, PR=1 DR=0.7, PR=2 DR=0.7, PR=3 DR=0.7, PR=4
4.6 DR=0.8, PR=1 DR=0.8, PR=2 DR=0.8, PR=3 DR=0.8, PR=4

4.4

4.2

4.0
Nu/Nus

3.8

3.6

3.4

3.2

3.0

2.8

2.6
6000 9000 12000 15000 18000 21000 24000
Reynolds number (Re)
(b)
Fig. 4. (a) Variation in Nusselt number with Reynolds number. (b) Variation in Nu/Nus with Reynolds number.

f s = 0.316 × Re−0.25 (11) According to experimental value, Fig. 3 shows the validation of
friction factor and Nusselt number over the standard smooth tube
equation. Deviation of ±5% is seen in the case of Nusselt number
Dittus–Boelter equation
and ±7% in case of friction factor, as compared to smooth tube heat
exchanger. This small deviation in experimental result allows pro-
Nus = 0.023.Re0.8 .Pr 0.4 (12)
ceeding with the experimentation.
 A. Kumar et al./Applied Thermal Engineering 100 (2016) 227–236
Fig. 5. Velocity vector contour and flow behavior.
4. Results and discussion
On the basis of experimental investigation different results have
been obtained for different set of insert geometries. Variation of heat
transfer and friction factor on the basis of different geometries and
flow parameters is obtained through experimental data. These data
are further used to plot graphs which show variation of heat trans-
fer and friction factor with respect to different geometrical and flow
parameters.
4.1. Effect on heat transfer
The main objective of the experiment is to enhance heat trans-
fer compared to smooth tube heat exchangers. The effect of all insert
geometries on heat transfer is shown in Fig. 4a and b.
It was noticed that as the value of diameter ratio decreases, heat
transfer increases significantly, and for DR = 0.6 heat transfer rate
was maximum as compared to other diameter ratios. This happens
because of dominant jet impingement for the lower value of di-
ameter ratio. These dominant disturbances cause generation of eddy
and vortex near the SHCD, which causes proper mixing of flow
stream, which leads to heat transfer enhancement. As the value of
DR increases these dominant disturbances also lose its effect, causing
decreases in heat transfer for higher diameter ratios. A similar effect
is observed for pitch ratio also. As the value of pitch ratio de-
creases, heat transfer increases because of densely populated SHCD
in case of PR = 1. This leads to increase in frequency of eddy gen-
eration across the SHCD, which causes an enhancement of heat
transfer. These dominant disturbances can be clearly seen in Fig. 5,
which is based on a CFD analysis done using ANSYS 14.2 software.
The K-epsilon model has been selected as a turbulence model for
the CFD analysis. The grid independent test was also being per-
formed during the analysis. The triangular grid system was used for
grid independence test and it was found that after 724,000 mesh,
grid system was behaving like independent of all the insert geom-
etries. The motive of this analysis was only to show the flow pattern
of the fluid because of the obstruction produced due to the SHCD.
Maximum augmentation in heat transfer was observed for PR = 1
and DR = 0.6, which was around 4.5 times higher as compared to
231
smooth tube heat exchangers for the lower range of Reynolds
number.
4.2. Effect on friction factor
Friction factor (f) plays a dominant role in the efficient working
of heat exchangers. For the higher values of friction factor the thermal
performance decreases, so it is very necessary to control friction
factor in order to improve thermal performance. Fig. 6a and b shows
the effect of different geometries and flow parameters on the value
of friction factor during experimentation.
It is observed that, with the increase in Reynolds number, fric-
tion factor value decreases as it is inversely proportional to the square
of velocity. As the value of DR decreases, friction factor increases
significantly. This is because of the increase in flow disturbances
due to lower diameter ratio. Because of densely populated insert
geometry in case of PR = 1, there is a frequent obstruction in the fluid
flow, which leads to high friction factor. The physical behavior of
fluid flow can be observed in Fig. 5. Minimum friction factor value
was observed at the higher range of Reynolds number for the insert
parameter PR = 3 and DR = 0.8.
4.3. Effect on thermal performance factor
Thermal performance factor is a very important aspect for the
utilization of heat exchanger which is calculated by Eq. (10), which
is ratio of enhanced Nusselt number to the enhanced friction factor
as compared to plain tube and tube with insert. As there is tre-
mendous increase found in the value heat transfer and friction factor
for different insert geometries, it is very important to use only such
geometry in which thermal performance factor is maximum or more
than unity (η ≥ 1).
It is found that thermal performance factor value is higher in the
lower range of Reynolds number and as the value of flow param-
eters increases, the thermal performance factor decreases
significantly. Maximum thermal performance factor is observed for
the insert parameter of PR = 1 and DR = 0.8, and it is 1.4 times higher
as compared to smooth tube heat exchangers. As the value of PR
increases, the thermal performance factor decreases significantly,
232 A. Kumar et al./Applied Thermal Engineering 100 (2016) 227–236

2.2
DR=0.6, PR=1 DR=0.6, PR=2 DR=0.6, PR=3 DR=0.6, PR=4
DR=0.7, PR=1 DR=0.7, PR=2 DR=0.7, PR=3 DR=0.7, PR=4
2.0 DR=0.8, PR=1 DR=0.8, PR=2 DR=0.8, PR=3 DR=0.8, PR=4

1.8

1.6

Friction factor (f)

1.4

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

6000 9000 12000 15000 18000 21000 24000

Reynolds number (Re)
(a)

DR=0.6, PR=1 DR=0.6, PR=2 DR=0.6, PR=3 DR=0.6, PR=4

80
DR=0.7, PR=1 DR=0.7, PR=2 DR=0.7, PR=3 DR=0.7, PR=4
DR=0.8, PR=1 DR=0.8, PR=2 DR=0.8, PR=3 DR=0.8, PR=4
72

64

56

48
f/fs

40

32

24

16

6000 9000 12000 15000 18000 21000 24000

Reynolds number (Re)
(b)
Fig. 6. (a) Variation in friction factor with Reynolds number. (b) Variation in f/fs with Reynolds number.

and as the value of DR increases, the thermal performance factor
also increases. Effect of different parameters on the thermal per-
formance factor is shown in Fig. 7.
5. Future aspect
Looking at the future aspect of the present work and consider-
ing high friction factor in case of solid disk insert future work can
be carried out by introducing perforation in solid disk. A single set
of reading is taken with perforation and comparison is made
between present and past work of Kongkaitpaiboon et al. [14],
which is shown in Fig. 8a and b. It is found that perforation shows
tremendous impact on the thermal performance factor of the
heat exchanger tube. Also, this comparison shows that with de-
creases in PR, significant improvement in thermal performance
factor can be seen.
 A. Kumar et al./Applied Thermal Engineering 100 (2016) 227–236 233

1.5
DR=0.6, PR=1 DR=0.6, PR=2 DR=0.6, PR=3 DR=0.6, PR=4
DR=0.7, PR=1 DR=0.7, PR=2 DR=0.7, PR=3 DR=0.7, PR=4
DR=0.8, PR=1 DR=0.8, PR=2 DR=0.8, PR=3 DR=0.8, PR=4
1.4

Thermal performance factor ( )

1.3

1.2

1.1

1.0

0.9
6000 9000 12000 15000 18000 21000 24000
Reynolds number (Re)

Fig. 7. Variation in thermal performance factor with Reynolds number.

6. Correlations " f = 0.1284 Re−0.1199 DR −4.2233 PR −0.2374 exp {0.0033 (ln PR 2 )} (14)

According to the experimental results obtained for Nusselt

number, friction factor and thermal performance factor with respect
to different flow and geometrical parameters of SHCD inserts, sta-
tistical correlations have been formulated. These correlations are
entirely based on the experimental results obtained under the range
of temperature and pressure achieved in the present work and is
valid only for air as working fluid and the same kind of insert ge-
ometry, as used in the present work. Many investigators like Hans
et al. [26] and Singh et al. [27] used statistical methods to develop
correlations for Nusselt number and friction factor and found that
these statistical correlations are capable of predicting the perfor-
mance of the roughened heat exchanger as the difference in the
predicted and experimental values is within acceptable limits. Sigma
plot-12 software has been used as a statistical tool for regression
analysis and to develop the correlations for Nusselt number, fric-
tion factor and thermal performance factor of the heat exchanger
tube with SHCD insert. It is observed from experimental data that
Nusselt number, friction factor and thermal performance factor are
strong functions of geometrical and flow parameters. It can be said
that Nusselt number, friction factor and thermal performance factor
are the functions of these parameters and can be written as:
• η = 5.1867 Re−0.1201 DR 0.8107 PR 0.0632 exp {−0.0952 (ln PR 2 )} (15)
7. Comparison with previous work
According to the experimental study, a very significant augmen-
tation of heat transfer and thermal performance factor can be
observed when SHCD is used as insert geometry. Comparison of the
present work with some of the similar past work can be seen in
Table 1. The benefits of using SHCD over other insert geometries are
many. It is very easy to manufacture SHCD as it can be simply made
using punching and blanking operation using die and punch of a
particular size. Cost of manufacturing is also very less as only single
operation is used in making SHCD. Since very thin sheet metals are
used as raw materials, SHCD are not that costly as compared to
twisted tapes or conical rings. Manufacturing of other insert ge-
ometries like twisted tape has more complications as there is always
a chance of material wastage, as twist ratios have to be main-
tained uniformly throughout the twisted tape. Hence use of SHCD
can be advantageous as compared to other geometries used in such
kind of study.

• Nu = Nu(Re, DR, PR)

• f = f(Re, DR, PR)
• η = η(Re, DR, PR) Table 1
Comparison of present work with some of similar past work.
On the basis of regression analysis and correlation obtained with S. No. Reference Enhanced heat Thermal
the help of sigma plot software, it is seen that the deviations of ex- transfer (Nu/Nus) performance
perimental and predicted values are ±5%, ±14% and ±8%, respectively, factor (η)

for heat transfer, friction factor, and thermal performance factor. 1. [5] 4.5 1.42
These deviations are shown in Figs. 9, 10 and 11 respectively. 2. [6] 6.5 1.54
3. [7] 3.67 1.95
On the basis of regression analysis, correlations obtained for
4. [12] 3.8 0.92
Nusselt number, friction factor and thermal performance factor are 5. [18] 3.7 1.25
given by the following equations: 6. [21] 4.1 1.1
7. [22] 3.3 1.8
• Nu = 0.1284 Re0.7253 DR −0.5792 PR −0.088 exp {−0.0246 (ln PR 2 )} (13) 8. Present work 4.45 1.4
234 A. Kumar et al./Applied Thermal Engineering 100 (2016) 227–236

1.35

Present work (DR=0.7, PR=1)

Future aspect using perforation (DR=0.7, PR=4)
1.30
Kongkaitpaiboon et al. (DR=0.7, PR=4)
Thermal performance factor ( )
1.25

1.20

1.15

1.10

1.05

1.00
6000 9000 12000 15000 18000 21000 24000
Reynolds number (Re)
(a)

Perforation in SHCD

(b)
Fig. 8. (a) Thermal performance factor comparison curve. (b) Perforated inset used for future aspect prediction.

8. Conclusions significantly with the decrease in PR, and for PR = 1, thermal

On the basis of experimentation and results obtained, the fol-
lowing conclusions are made:
• For DR, as the value of DR increases, there is a significant de-
crease in the amount of heat transfer. The same trend is observed
for friction factor also; for a higher range of DR, friction factor
is less. But it shows different effect on thermal performance factor.
As the value of DR increases, the thermal performance factor also
increases significantly, and for DR = 0. 8, thermal performance
factor is maximum.
• For PR, increase in the amount of heat transfer is observed as
there is decrease in the value of PR, and for PR = 1, heat
transfer is maximum. Similarly, as the value of PR increases,
friction factor decreases significantly, and for PR = 4, friction
factor is minimum. Thermal performance factor increases
performance factor is maximum for all sets of geometrical
parameters.
• Flow parameter also shows significant effect on heat transfer, fric-
tion factor and thermal performance factor respectively. With
the increase in Reynolds number heat transfer increases for all
sets of geometries. But there is a decrease in the value of fric-
tion factor in the higher range of Reynolds number. Thermal
performance factor was found to be maximum for all sets of ge-
ometrical parameters for the lower range of Reynolds number.
• On the basis of regression analysis and correlation obtained, it
is seen that the deviations of experimental and predicted values
are ±5%, ±14% and ±8%, respectively, for heat transfer, friction
factor, and thermal performance factor.
• SHCD can be used as insert geometry as its manufacturing is com-
paratively easy and less costly. Also, it is easy to place it inside
the tube.
 A. Kumar et al./Applied Thermal Engineering 100 (2016) 227–236 235

300

250

+ 5%
Nupredicted 200

- 5%
150

100

50
50 100 150 200 250 300

Nuexperimental

Fig. 9. Plot for deviation between experimental and predicted values of Nu.

Acknowledgements
η Thermal performance factor
PR Pitch ratio
The author would like to gratefully acknowledge DIT Universi-
DR Diameter ratio
ty, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India, for its support and facilities
Patm Atmospheric pressure (Pa)
provided for the research.

m Mass flow rate of fluid (kg/s)
D Hydraulic diameter (m)
Nomenclature
d Internal diameter of insert (m)
A Surface area of test section (m2)
Re Reynolds number
q Heat flux (W/m2)
Nu Nusselt number
Cd Coefficient of discharge
Pr Prandtl number
L Length of test section (m)
f Friction factor

2.0

1.8

1.6

1.4 + 14%
fpredicted

1.2

1.0
- 14%
0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0

fexperimental

Fig. 10. Plot for deviation between experimental and predicted values of f.
236 A. Kumar et al./Applied Thermal Engineering 100 (2016) 227–236

1.6

1.4
+ 8%
predicted

1.2

- 8%
1.0

0.8

0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6

experimental

Fig. 11. Plot for deviation between experimental and predicted values of η.

l Spacing of two consecutive inserts (m)
h Convective heat transfer coefficient (W/m2K)
K Thermal conductivity of air (W/mK)
Tw Local wall temperature (K)
Tb Bulk mean temperature (K)
Twm Mean wall temperature (K)
Ti Fluid inlet temperature (K)
To Fluid exit temperature (K)
ΔP Pressure drop across test section (Pa)
ΔPo Pressure drop across orifice plate (Pa)
References
[1] L. Liebenberg, J.P. Meyer, In-tube passive heat transfer enhancement in the
process industry, Appl. Therm. Eng. 27 (2007) 2713–2726.
[2] H. Bas, V. Ozceyhan, Heat transfer enhancement in a tube with twisted tape
inserts placed separately from the tube wall, Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci. 41 (2012)
51–58.
[3] M.M.K. Bhuiya, A.S.M. Sayem, M. Islam, M.S.U. Chowdhury, M. Shahabuddin,
Performance assessment in a heat exchanger tube fitted with double
counter twisted tape inserts, Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transf. 50 (2014) 25–
33.
[4] M.M.K. Bhuiya, M.S.U. Chowdhury, M. Shahabuddin, M. Saha, L.A. Memon,
Thermal characteristics in a heat exchanger tube fitted with triple twisted tape
inserts, Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transf. 48 (2013) 124–132.
[5] S. Eiamsa-ard, V. Kongkaitpaiboon, K. Nanan, Thermohydraulics of turbulent
flow through heat exchanger tubes fitted with circular-rings and twisted tapes,
Chin. J. Chem. Eng. 21 (6) (2013) 585–593.
[6] P. Promvonge, Thermal augmentation in circular tube with twisted tape and
wire coil turbulators, Energy Convers. Manag. 49 (2008) 2949–2955.
[7] P. Promvonge, S. Eiamsa-ard, Heat transfer behaviors in a tube with combined
conical ring and twisted-tape insert, Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transf. 34 (2007)
849–859.
[8] S. Eiamsa-ard, P. Promvonge, Influence of double-sided delta-wing tape insert
with alternate-axes on flow and heat transfer characteristics in a heat exchanger
tube, Chin. J. Chem. Eng. 19 (3) (2011) 410–423.
[9] M.M.K. Bhuiya, M.S.U. Chowdhury, M. Saha, M.T. Islam, Heat transfer and
friction factor characteristics in turbulent flow through a tube fitted with per-
forated twisted tape inserts, Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transf. 46 (2013) 49–
57.
[10] S. Eiamsa-ard, P. Promvonge, Thermal characteristics in round tube fitted with
serrated twisted tape, Appl. Therm. Eng. 30 (2010) 1673–1682.
[11] P. Promvonge, S. Eiamsa-ard, Heat transfer and turbulent flow friction in a
circular tube fitted with conical-nozzle turbulators, Int. Commun. Heat Mass
Transf. 34 (2007) 72–82.
[12] V. Kongkaitpaiboon, V. Nanan, S. Eiamsa-ard, Experimental investigation of heat
transfer and turbulent flow friction in a tube fitted with perforated conical-rings,
Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transf. 37 (2010) 560–567.
[13] S. Gunes, V. Ozceyhan, O. Buyukalaca, Heat transfer enhancement in a tube with
equilateral triangle cross sectioned coiled wire inserts, Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci.
34 (2010) 684–691.
[14] V. Kongkaitpaiboon, K. Nanan, S. Eiamsa-ard, Experimental investigation of
convective heat transfer and pressure loss in a round tube fitted with circular-
ring turbulators, Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transf. 37 (2010) 568–574.
[15] C. Thianpong, K. Yongsiri, K. Nanan, S. Eiamsa-ard, Thermal performance
evaluation of heat exchangers fitted with twisted-ring turbulators, Int. Commun.
Heat Mass Transf. 39 (2012) 861–868.
[16] P. Promvonge, N. Koolnapadol, M. Pimsarn, C. Thianpong, Thermal performance
enhancement in a heat exchanger tube fitted with inclined vortex rings, Appl.
Therm. Eng. 62 (2014) 285–292.
[17] S. Eiamsa-ard, C. Thianpong, P. Eiamsa-ard, P. Promvonge, Convective heat
transfer in a circular tube with short-length twisted tape insert, Int. Commun.
Heat Mass Transf. 36 (2009) 365–371.
[18] S. Eiamsa-ard, P. Nivesrangsan, S. Chokphoemphun, P. Promvonge, Influence
of combined non-uniform wire coil and twisted tape inserts on thermal
performance characteristics, Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transf. 37 (2010) 850–856.
[19] S. Eiamsa-ard, P. Promvonge, Experimental investigation of heat transfer and
friction characteristics in a circular tube fitted with V-nozzle turbulators, Int.
Commun. Heat Mass Transf. 33 (2006) 591–600.
[20] S.W. Chang, T.L. Yang, J.S. Liou, Heat transfer and pressure drop in tube with
broken twisted tape insert, Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci. 32 (2007) 489–501.
[21] P. Promvonge, S. Eiamsa-ard, Heat transfer in a circular tube fitted with
free-spacing snail entry and conical-nozzle turbulators, Int. Commun. Heat Mass
Transf. 34 (2007) 838–848.
[22] P. Promvonge, Heat transfer behaviors in round tube with conical ring inserts,
Energy Convers. Manag. 49 (2008) 8–15.
[23] K. Nanan, C. Thianpong, P. Promvonge, S. Eiamsa-ard, Investigation of heat
transfer enhancement by perforated helical twisted-tapes, Int. Commun. Heat
Mass Transf. 52 (2014) 106–112.
[24] S.J. Kline, F.A. McClintock, Describing uncertainties in single sample experiments,
Mech. Eng. 75 (1953) 385–387.
[25] R.L. Webb, N.H. Kim, Principles of Enhanced Heat Transfer, second ed., Taylor&
Francis Group, New York, 2005.
[26] V.S. Hans, R.P. Saini, J.S. Saini, Heat transfer and friction factor correlations for
a solar air heater duct roughened artificially with multiple v ribs, Sol. Energy
84 (2010) 898–991.
[27] S. Singh, S. Chander, J.S. Saini, Heat transfer and friction factor correlations of
solar air heater ducts artificially roughened with discrete v-down ribs, Energy
36 (2011) 5053–5064.