UNIT 3.
TOWARDS A LIBERATION PSYCHOLOGY  1970's a group of eminent academecians
(888)
A. Sikolohiyang Pilipino
KASAYSAYAN
 How applicable are western theories and
methods inunderstanding the Filipino
personality, situation, and environment?-
question that Filipino scholars wanted to
answer at the turn of 20th century.
 In the late 1690's, the discontent Filipino
Scholars started to take shape.
 The UP Department of Psychology, through
the initiative of Virgilio Enriquez, introduced
the concept of Sikolihiyang Pilipino.
What is Filipino
Psychology
it is an Indigenous Psychology.
*Indigenous- originating in a particular place
*Psychology- the scientific study of human
mind and mental processes
KAHULUGAN
Sikolohiyang bunga ng karanasan, kaisipan,
at oryentasyon ng Pilipino batay sa
kabuuang pagggamit ng kultura at wikang
pilipino.
KASAYSAYAN
 Kung gayon; dapat ay naayon sa
konstektong ginagalawan ng isang indibidwal
 Konstekto- kultura(culture); lipunan(society)
Ang mga pagpapahalaga at
pinapahalagahan sa isang kultura ay
maaring makita sa wika.
 Bigas - Rice
 Palay - Rice Grain
 Kanin - Cooked Rice
 Bahaw - Cold Rice
 Tutong - "Burnt" Rice
 Suman - Rice Cake
 Lugaw - Porridge
MAIKLING KASAYSAYAN
pioneered the use of Filipino Perspective in
Social Science.
- Dr. Zeus Zalazar, Historian
- Dr. Virgilio Enriquez, Psychologist
- Dr. Prospero Covar, Anthropologist
Together they developed a Filipino
perspective and methodology to study
Philippine Society and Culture.
- Adopted by UNICEF
VIRGILIO ENRIQUEZ
--- a.k.a Doc E.
--- Itinuturing na Ama ng Sikolohiyang
Pilipino
---NAg-aral ng post graduate studies sa
ibang bansa
--- Taong 1970's bumalik sa pilipinas
CORE VALUE OR KAPWA
(Togetherness)
 Show how Filipino psyche community
oriented.
Ex.
Pakikibagay (act of conformity is more
practiced towards outsiders)
Pakikipagkaisa (being one with others) is
usually done in relation to insiders.
1. Pivotal Interpersonal Value
 Pakikiramdam (shared inner perception)
 Knowing through feelings, Participatory
Sensitivity.
 DEFINITION
Filipinos use damdam, or the inner
perception of other emotions, as a basic tool
to guide his dealings with other people. It
characterizes Filipino emetion. Enriquez
named this emotional quality "shared
perception".
2. Linking Socio-personal Value
 Kagandahang Loob (shared humanity)
 This value allows charity towards other,
based on the ideal that we belong to the
same community.
 The practice of bayanihan entails the
participation of the community on a task
 that is meant to improve the quality of life
and livelihood of the members of the
locality.
3. Accommodative Surface Values
 Hiya (Propriety)
 Utang na loob (Debt of gratitude)
 Pakikisama (Esteem/Companionship)
4. Confrotative Surface Values
 Bahala Na (Determination)
 Lakas ng Loob (Guts/Courage)
 Pakikibaka (Resistance)
Exhibited by Filipinos when confronted by
adversity.
5. Societal Values
 Karangalan (Honor)
 Katarungan (Justice)
 Kalayaan (Freedom)
Esssential in to the preservation of Filipino
societal Harmony
TATLONG ANYO NG SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO
1. SIKOLOHIYA SA PILIPINAS
2. SIKOLOHIYA NG MGA PILIPINO
3. SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO
SIKOLOHIYA SA PILIPINAS
 Tumutukoy ito sa mga kaganapan sa
sikolohiya ng ating bansa.
 Halimbawa:Gaano ba karami ang pag-aaral na
ginawa tungkol sa sikolohiyang pilipino?
 Ito ang pinaka malaki o kabuuang anyong
sikolohiya sa kontextong pilipino
SIKOLOHIYA NG MGA PILIPINO
 Tinutukoy nito ang anumang Teorya o
kaalaman sa pag-üsip tungkol sa mgaPilipino
kahit saan man ito nang-galing, kanluranin
man o lokal.
 Ito ang palasak na anyo sapagkat
pangkaraniwan o madali itong makita.
 Halimbawa: Ilan ba sa bawat Pilipinoang mas
nais bumili ng imported gamit kumpara sa
sariling atin?
SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO
 Tinutukoy nito ang sikolohiya base sa
tunay na nararamdaman, iniisip,
kamalayan, at pag-uugali ng mga Pilipino.
Dapat na nagmula rin sa mga konsteksto,
Kasaysayan, lingwahe, at pamamaraang
pinamana ng ating lahi.
 Ito ang nilalayong anyo, sikolohiyang bunga
ng karanasan, kaisipan, at oryentasyong
Pilipino.
 Halimbawa: Isang Makasaysayang Pag-aaral
sa Salitang Binukot: Prinsesa ng Lahing
Pilipino
B. Sociopolitical Problems
The Implication of Filipino Psychology
More than thirty years ago, Virgilio G. Enriquez
published one of his most important works to date and
its message was clear: Psychology, as studied and
practiced in the Philippines, needed to be reoriented so
Filipinos could understand their own behavior using
their own perspective. Enriquez brought to fore
Sikolohiyang Pilipino’s (SP) dual nature—it is both an
indigenous psychology and a movement.
Language
❖ In 1970 during the U.P. Psychology faculty
meeting Lagmay asked the staff who would
like to teach psychology in Filipino.
➢ Alfredo Villagracia Lagmay was a
respected Filipino psychologist and
Professor Emeritus of Psychology
 at the University of the Philippines
Diliman. He received his Ph.D. in
psychology from Harvard
University and trained under the
renowned psychologist and
founder of the radical behaviorism
movement, B.F. Skinner.
❖ The Academe responded to this call by trying
to make the university more relevant to the
interest of the common tao (people or mass).
❖ In 1971, Enriquez embarked on a full-scale
effort translating psychological materials into
Filipino after arriving from the United States.
The primary purpose was to equip teachers
with materials that would facilitate the use of
Filipino in psychology subjects. Several
materials in the different areas of psychology
were published. Enriquez built up a collection
of student papers and set up a library of
Philippine psychology.
❖ The reaction to the use of Filipino was
varied. Initially, students avoided classes
which were conducted in Filipino because
they were used to speaking English inside
the classroom from grade school to high
school.
➢ Today, a large percentage of
classes at the Department are
conducted in Filipino, whether
completely or partially.
➢ The benefits are many – more
relaxed atmosphere, more
confidence on the part of students
to express themselves, discovery
of indigenous concepts,
opportunities for creative
discussions, and a realization that
psychology must relate intimately
and significantly to the life of the
people.
Sikolohiyang Pilipino as a Subject
❖ In 1978, Sikolohiyang Pilipino as a subject
was instituted and offered at the
undergraduate level for the first time.
❖ The University of the Philippines is one the
first universities to offer this subject. The first
faculty member to teach the course was Jose
Ma. Bartolome.
❖ Rogelia Pe-Pua took off where Bartolome left
as far as teaching the subject Sikolohiyang
Pilipino (Psychology 108) was concerned.
❖ The greatest difficulty during the first
semester was the lack of a textbook. As a
result the students and Pe-Pua immediately
worked at gathering these materials,
reproducing them and binding them into one
volume.
❖ The next group of students the following
semester helped with indexing and
publication work. The final printed form of the
book Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Teorya, Metodo
at Gamit was launched towards the end of
that semester in 1982.
❖ The book was given an English subtitle,
Filipino Psychology: Theory, Method and
Application
❖ Enriquez described this as a “reflection of the
language situation in the Philippine academic
setting. English is still dominant in academe
but Filipino has emerged as the language of
the educated Filipino in the seventies.’’
❖ After that two more compilation was
published
➢ In 1985, Sikolohiyang Pilipino Isyu,
Pananaw at Kaalaman (New
Directions in Indigenous
Psychology) edited by two
postgraduate students of Enriquez,
Allen Aganon and Ma. Assumpta
David, was published.
➢ In 1992, Enriquez came out with
Indigenous Psychology: A Book of
Readings.
 ❖ Aside from these major books, proceedings
of the conferences on Sikolohiyang Pilipino
have been published by the Pambansang
Samahan sa Sikolohiyang Pilipino.
❖ The first M.A. Psychology thesis in Filipino
was written in 1972 by Amelia Alfonso. The
first two dissertations, defended in May 1990,
were by Danilo Tuazon and Grace Aguiling-
Dalisay.
❖ Lagmay was the first to teach Philippine
Psychology as a ‘‘special topics’’ course at
the graduate level before it was formally
instituted as a separate graduate course in
1978.
Debates within Sikolohiyang Pilipino
The most prominent debate in the area was
initiated by Zeus Salazar, a historian who did
most of his graduate and postgraduate
training in Europe.
Filipino Americans
❖ Salazar criticized Enriquez for including the
study of Filipino Americans in the discourse
of Sikolohiyang Pilipino. For Salazar,
FilipinoAmericans are not ‘‘Filipinos’’ since
they are not legitimate culture bearers – they
were born in the United States, do not share
the Philippine cultural experience, and hardly
speak any Philippine language
❖ Sikolohiyang Pilipino, according to him,
should focus on the lived experiences of
people immersed in Philippine life and
culture. Filipino-Americans do not have what
both Salazar and Enriquez call a ‘‘national
consciousness’’ precisely because they are
‘‘outsiders’’ and unable to participate in
national discourse that shapes
consciousness.
❖ Enriquez, on the other hand, called Salazar’s
‘‘pantayong pananaw’’ as ‘‘unabashedly
emic’’. He labeled Salazar’s position as
‘‘reactionary ethnocentrism’’ which limits his
views to the confines of national boundaries’’.
He maintained that Filipino-Americans are
Filipinos because some aspects of their
identity and cultural experiences are still
Filipino.
❖ Protacio-Marcelino (1996) responded to
these points in her Ph.D. dissertation on
ethnicity and identity issues of second
generation Filipino-Americans by stressing
that indeed Filipino-Americans are not
Filipino – they are both Filipino and
American. They have different cultural
experiences growing up in America.
However, they can still lay claim to Filipino
cultural identity.
Psychology and Culture
❖ Psychology, according to Salazar, is
necessarily part of culture. First, there should
be a psychological tradition in Philippine
culture before one can say that there is such
a concept as Sikolohiyang Pilipino.
❖ Enriquez, on the other hand, held that culture
is derived from the process of discovering
individual psychological elements and
themes. To him, Sikolohiyang Pilipino exists
as long as Filipinos exist.
Universality of Psychology
❖ For Salazar, the history and traditions of a
particular culture is sufficient to contribute to
universal psychology.
❖ For Enriquez, it is necessary to understand
the experiences of many cultures and
traditions before one can contribute to
universal knowledge in psychology.
While there may be differences in thinking between
Salazar and Enriquez as discussed by Avila-Sta Maria
we think that it is more appropriate to look at this in a
continuum. Salazar’s more ‘‘emic’’ approach and
Enriquez’s more ‘‘etic’’ approach when put together
eventually leads to the formation of universal
knowledge in psycholog

C. Ethnic diversity and Neocolonialism
Ethnic Groups in Luzon
 Tagalog- One of the major ethnic groups in the
Philippines.
- Largest ethnic groups in the Philippines.
- Most of these locals live in National Capital
Region (NCR), Region 4A(CALABARZON) and Region
4B (MIMAROPA).
- The mother tongue of the Filipinos, and it was
chosen as the basis of the national language and is
taught in schools.
 Ilocano- is the third largest ethno linguistic group
in the Philippines.
-Mostly reside within the Ilocos Region and
some parts of the Cagayan Valley Region.
-Known for being prudent and hardworking.
-Continuously practices their old traditions to
preserve their nature.
 Kapampangan- is a Luzon ethnic group that lives
mostly in Pampanga and some parts of Central
Luzon.
- Culinary Capital of the Philippines
because Kapampangan people takes pride in their
sumptuous recipes and gives importance to strong ties
of family.
 Bicolano- These people live in Bicol Region.
-Known for being religious and calm.
- They're also known for their distinct way of
cooking where coconut milk is a must in Bicolano
Dishes.
 Aeta- Also called Ita.
- One of the oldest ethnic in the Philippines.
- They have a simple life and hunt for food.
 Ifugao- group of wet-rice agriculturists occupying
the mountainous area of northern Luzon,
Philippines
-Built the Banaue Rice Terraces which is often
called the "8th Wonder of the World".
-They are known for their narrative literature such
as Hudhud.
 Igorot- found in the Cordillera Administrative
Region (CAR).
- They are known for metalworking in iron
and brass, weaving, and animal sacrifice.
-They believe in spirits, including those of
ancestors, and have complex rituals to propitiate them
 Ivatan- one of the most popular ethno linguistic
groups in the Philippines because of being
hardworking and honest
-Most tourists consider ivatans as the kindest
locals.
-They are found in Batanes.
 Mangyan- found in Mindoro Provinces and is
divided into 8 groups.
-to this day, mangyan is still practicing their
traditions and culture in the hopes of preserving them.
One of these is writing "Ambahan" a form of poem and
they carve it in a bamboo.
Ethnic Groups in Visayas
 Cebuano- One of the major ethnic groups in the
Philippines.
-Most people live in Cebu and Mindanao.
-Known for being creative, soft-spoken, calm.
 Waray- Found in Samar and Leyte.
- Known for being brave and strong yet loving
especially when it comes to their family.
 Ilonggo- Most notable ethnic group in the
Philippines, the best word that describes them is
tender.
-They are sweet and soft-spoken
-live in Iloilo, Panay, Guimaras and Negros
 Ati- They shouldn't confuse them with aetas.
Although they look similar, they speak different
languages.
-Like Aetas, hunting is also a huge part of their
living.
-Found in Aklan, Capiz, Antique, Iloilo
 Suludnon- they are popular for their cultural
dance Binanog where they mimic the movement
of the eagle while using the agung.
-They live in Capiz, Lambunao.
Ethnic Groups in Mindanao
 Badjao- can be found in Zamboanga and Sulu
where they live in above water that is why they
are called "Sea Nomads" or Sea Gyspsies".
-They are all good swimmers so the major source
of their income comes from the sea.
 Yakan- lives in Basilan. Weaving is a part of their
culture.
 B’laan- lives in South Cotabato and Davao Del
Sur.
 - famous for making clothes made of abaca
embellished with ornaments, bass and beads.
 Maranao- lives in South Cotabato and Davao Del
Sur.
-derived from the phrase "Lawa ng Lanao del
Sur at Lanao del Norte"
-made the traditional clothing malong popular
across the country.
 T’boli- one of the ethnolinguistic groups in
Mindanao that is very popular.
 -known for their beautiful clothing called
T'Nalak
-lives in South Cotabato and Sultan Kudarat
 Bagobo- they are the first to encounter Spanish
colonizers. However, Spain failed to colonization.
-mostly live in Davao
The ecological diversity and differential
cultural adjustments of particular popular to their
effective environment both physical and natural, have
led to the evolution of at least 77 major ethno linguistic
groups in the Philippine Archipelago.
Due to the generally homogeneous forms of
ecosystems prevalent in some broad areas, and the
relatively more increased interaction between ethnic
groups that inhabit proximate areas, some patterning of
culture may be seen in certain regions in the
Philippines.
More than geographic and environmental
circumscription is the social boundaries that separate
one group of people from another. From the basic
biological unit of parents and children, the more
sociologically operable unit composed of the household
that extends the concept of family, as the former forms
the basic economic, social and ritual unit-household.
Usually, households are bound together into a more or
less cohesive aggraputation based on Kim
relationships of some kind in avrying degrees of
distances in consanguinity or affinity, gravitating around
the household of a senior member.
Ethnic groups become marked also by
means of which inheritances are distributed among
kinship.
Religion, too, is a powerful organizing
principle that defines the edges of an ethnic group.
Neocolonialism
 the economic and political policies by which a
great power indirectly maintains or extends
its influence over other areas or people.
Four Centuries of Foreign Rule
The Philippines was under Spanish Colonial Rule from
1565 to 1898 when it gained its independence through
the Philippine Revolution. The newly liberated former
colony was immediately handed over to the US under
the Treaty of Paris., and the First Republic of the
Philippines continued to resist colonial rule through
revolution. The U.S. considered this insurrection, which
led to the Philippine-American War resulting in the U.S.
victory. The Philippines remained a U.S. colony until it
was granted independence in 1946. Since then,
American neo-colonialism has hidden behind Philippine
"independence" and "sovereignty".
D. Cultural Revalidation and Theoretical Reorientation
Cultural Revalidation
It is revisiting the effectiveness with which science
assessment addresses the sociocultural influences that
shape student thinking and the ways in which students
make sense of science items and respond to them.
Cultural Revalidation in relation to Filipino
Psychology…
- Culture influences psychological processes.
Individual thoughts and actions influence cultural norms
and practices as they evolve over time, and these
cultural norms and practices influence the thoughts and
actions of individuals.
-The importance of Filipino Psychology would
help Filipinos to recognize their personality and culture
that would help them fin their own sense of
belongingness and allows them to categorize
themselves from the influence of western cultures.
Conclusion
The Filipino people have a distinct Asian background,
with a strong Western tradition. The modern Filipino
culture developed through influence from Chinese
traders, Spanish conquistadors, and American rulers.
Filipino people tend to be very hospitable, especially to
Western visitors.

Example
The family is the basic and most important aspect of
Filipino culture. Divorce is prohibited and annulments
are rare. The family is the safety net for indivuduals,
especially older people, during difficult economic times.
Children will often stay with their parents into
adulthood, only leaving when they get married. Political
and business ties are often influenced by family
relationships.
Theoretical Reorientation
It is recalling the concepts or perspectives a mental
health professional uses to assess, understand and
treat their clients.
Theoretical Reorientation in relation to Filipino
Psychology…
-It is concerned with Filipino people's proper
applications to health, agriculture, art, mass media,
religion, and other social involvement and other
spheres of people's daily life.
Conclusion
It fosters national identity to western countries and
consciousness, social involvement, and psychology of
language and culture.
Methods
As principal methods of investigation, Filipino
Psychology encourages cross- indigenous method,
multi-method multi-language approach, appropriate
field methods, total approach (triangulation method).
E. Alternative Psychology Literature: Filipino
An Analysis of Dekada ‘70
Brief Biography of the Author
Lualhati Bautista
-Was born in Tondo, Manila on December 2,
1945
-Was a journalism student at the Lyceum of the
Philippines, but dropped out to pursue her passion in
writing.
-Became known for her honest realism,
courageous exploration of Philippine women's issues,
and her compelling female protagonists.
-Garnered several Palanca Awards (1980, 1983
and 1984) for her novels ‘GAPÔ, Bata, Bata… Pa’no
Ka Ginawa?, and Dekada '70 exposing injustices and
chronicling women activism during the Marcos regime.
Brief Background
-It was written during the 80s and was published
on 1988.
-It is a historical fiction depicting the struggles of
a typical Filipino family trying to survive under the
Martial Law regime.
-It is mainly viewed from the perspective of a
traditional Filipino housewife, mother, and citizen.
-At it's core it details stories of youth activism,
identifying the schemas of Filipino youth, and the
differences in the sociopolitical awareness and
participation of the youth (as seen with the different
Bartolome brothers.)
Themes
-Raising social and political consciousness in the
youth
-Breaking free from oppression
-Women empowerment
-Familial love
Characters
Amanda Bartolome
-A typical Filipina mother, wife, and citizen.
-Loves her children so much, will do
everything for them
-Very honest with what she wants.
-Despite being submissive at first, learned
how to stand up for herself
Julian Bartolome Sr.
-A traditional patriarch during the 60s-80s
-A "strong man" that never shows any
emotion or fragility or vulnerability
-"My way or the highway" when it comes to
his relationship with his wife.
-A role model for his kids.
-"A man is not a man if he does not live and
die by his principles."
Julian Bartolome Jr.
 -An extremely intelligent man.
-He knows what matters to him and he
does everything in his power to fight for it.
-He is an activist through and through
-Him and his father are two sides of the
same coin.
Isagani Bartolome
-Very impulsive
-Became a father and a husband at a very
young age
-Complete opposite of his elder brother,
Jules.
-He's the typical xenocentrist filipino.
Emmanuel Bartolome
-He was an activist like his brother Jules.
-Fought against injustice and tyranny using
his mind and affinity for literature as weapons.
-He was a writer. A journalist, who would
risk his life just so he could provide the truth to
his countrymen.
Jason Bartolome
-Is considered the blacksheep of the family.
-He constantly flunked his schools, but he
was very charming and funny.
-He died after being tortured and salvaged.
Benjamin Bartolome
-Bingo was the innocent kid who were
always by his mother's side.
-Often times neglected by his mother,
father, and brothers.
-His family tried their best to shield him and
protect him from the horrors that took place.
-Became mature for his age because of the
things that happened to their family.
Filipino concepts, behaviors, and values shown in
Dekada '70
Ilus
-Sharing of surplus food
-This value is widely practiced among filipino
houses especially during special occassions like
birthday parties, fiestas and the likes.
Hiya
-The value of shame that is present in most if not
all of local Filipino cultures.
-Hiya is a kind of conscious self-control or
restraint. It connotes an active effort.
Concept of "The Golden Thread"
-A maternal instinct that kicks in to signify that the
mother's child needs to be taken care of.
-There are studies in western psychology that
showed mothers even in the absence of giving birth or
lactation still undergo neuroendocrinological
transformations that could be linked with this maternal
instinct.
How Filipinos React to Stress and Frustration
-Lee (1976) characterized the way Filipinos react
to frustration by asking “Kung ano ba ang ginagawa ng
mga Pilipino kapag siya'y nabibigo? Sa pag-ibug
halimbawa, paano nito ipinapahayag sa kanyang awit?”
-He used the Filipino song called “Ako'y Iniwan
Mo” and compared it with English songs in order to
show the dichotomy between how these two cultures
differ in their responses to stress and frustration.
-This topic can be approached by calling
attention to Reyes (1968) description of a dog's
reaction to being lashed by someone. Reyes compared
the reactions of a Filipino Dog to being lashed three
times and the reactions of a Western Dog to being
lashed three times.
Pagsasamantala
-Abuso
-Usual bantering is considered as “lambing”.
However, if the bantering is maliciously motivated, it is
considered as Pagsasamantala.
-Can also be viewed as the blatant exploitation of
people.
Tampo to Hinanakit
-If there are doubts about the meaning of the
Pagsasamantala/Pang-aabuso behavior, Tampo is the
usual response of a Filipino.
-The absence of peace-making ammends or
explanation of the behavior, turns the Tampo response
into perceptible degrees of Hinanakit which is usually
expressed nonverbally or through indirect verbal
means.
Pakikibaka
-A Filipino knows the meaning of cooperation and
concerted action to promote the rights of a minority
culture.
 -A Filipino knows that pakikibaka is just as valid
an aspect of pakikipagkapwa in the face of injustice
and adversity.
-f kapwa-tao is challenged, the Filipino coping
response is not pakikisama or yielding to the leader or
the majority, but most definitely pakikibaka even when
he seems utterly powerless.
UNIT 3: Towards A Liberation Psychology (889)
A. Sikolohiyang Pilipino (SP)
● Filipino Psychology, Virgilio Enriquez, 1970
● Refers to the psychology born out of the
experience, thought and orientation of the
Filipinos, based on the full use of Filipino
culture and language
● The approach is one of indigenization from
within whereby the theoretical framework and
methodology emerge from the experiences
of the people from the indigenous culture
● It is based on assessing historical and
sociocultural realities, understanding the
local language, unraveling Filipino
characteristics, and explaining them through
the eyes of the native Filipino (Pe – Pua and
Protacio – Marcelino, 2000)
What is Sikolohiyang Pilipino?
● Sikolohiyang Pilipino is anchored on Filipino
thought and experience as understood from
a Filipino perspective (Enriquez, 1975).
● Sikolohiyang Pilipino is the scientific study of
psychology derived from the experience,
ideas, and cultural orientation of Filipinos.
● “Sikolohiyang bunga ng karanasan, kaisipan,
at oryentasyong Pilipino, batay sa kabuuang
paggamit ng kultura at wikang Pilipino.”
Distinctions among the forms of Psychology in the
Philippines
● Sikolohiya sa Pilipinas Psychology in the
Philippines
● Sikolohiya ng mga Pilipino Psychology of
Filipinos
● Sikolohiyang Pilipino Filipino Psychology
(Virgilio G. Enriquez (1976) in Sikolohiyang
Pilipino: Teorya, metodo at gamit. Rogelia
Pe-Pua (Ed.) (1989) University of the
Philippines Press: Quezon City.)
Ethnic psychology Native psychological thought
● Indigenous psychology - kinagisnan and
katutubong sikolohiya.
● Psychology of Filipinos - perceived ethnic
traits, as observed by foreigners or as felt
and expressed by Filipinos.
● The practice of psychology by Filipinos –
techniques of enculturation, socialization.
Psychology: the Filipino tradition
Ethnic psychology
● Kinagisnang sikolohiya - the subconscious
psychology embedded in the native
language, art, music, culture and religion
(one has been born into; unaware).
e.g. kaluluwa at ginhawa
(Zeus A. Salazar (1977) in Sikolohiyang
Pilipino: Teorya, metodo, at gamit. Rogelia
Pe-Pua (Ed.) (1989). University of the
Philippines Press: Quezon City.)
● Katutubong sikolohiya psychology worked
out by Filipinos with indigenous elements as
basis (innate to the Filipino)Katutubong
sikolohiya and Kinagisnang sikolohiya
constitute Katutubong sikolohiya. e.g.
Kartilya of the Katipunan, Jose Rizal,
Hermano Pule, Isabelo de los Reyes.
B. Socio-political Problems
Philippine political psychology has been enriched by
the colorful politico-historical changes in the country.
Philippine research from the early 60's until the 1980's
shows the close relationship between psychological
processes and political situations,in studies on: kinship
and political power, political socialization, social
conflict, democratic transition, and public opinion
surveys
As the new democracy stabilized, new fields of
Philippine political psychology developed, such as:
Filipino electoral behaviors, political influence of the
Church, political personalities, peace psychology;
ideological groups, women in politics, corruption, and
people's empowerment
There were five predominant political conditions each
having a corresponding focus of study. The political
context a~d. their respective predominant topics of
interest 'were:
(a) Pre-martial rule, before 1970- Kinship system
and political power (Hollnsteiner,
1962; Lande, 1968);
(b) Early martial rule: 1970-1975:- Socializa-.
tion; attitudes toward abstract political concepts
(Appleton, 1975;
Ortega, 1984; Sicat, 1970, 1976; Youngblood, 1972);
(c) Middle and.late martial rule: 1976-1985-
Politicalconflict and its effects (Acuna,
1989; Butalid, 1982; Carlos, 1985; Carroll, 1984;
Claver,' 1984; Decenteceo, '1989a, 1989b; Estrada-
Claudio, Bartolome, AquilingDalisay, 1990; Karaos,
1985; Lopez 1987, 1988; Montiel, 1984; Protacio-
Marcelino, 1985);
(d) People's Power Revolution of 1986-transition
from dictatorship to democracy (Abinales, 1987;
Fernandez, 1987; Hernandez, 1987; Hornedo, 1987;
Lagmay, 1986;
Licuanan, 1987,.1989; Magno, 1986; Montiel"1'986,
1988a,1~89a; 1990; Nebres, 1988)
(e) Post People's Power Revolution -Present -
Nationwide public opinion surveys (Arroyo, 1989,
1990;Guidote, 1989; Mangahas, 1989; Montiel, 1988b,
1989b ; Montiel
& Mendoza, 1990a; 1990b).
The ruthlessness of martial law intensified from the
mid-70's until . the People's Power Revolution in 1986.
Research related to political psychology during these
years reflect social psychological processes of a
society undergoing extreme duress. Social scientists
studied conflict and stress at both the personal and
societal levels. At the individual level, psychologists
worked on stress, coping, and therapy for torture
victims, political detainees and their children
Findings showed that children of political detainees
faced both material and psychological problems. They
were impoverished and malnourished. '
Psychologically, they lived in a constant state of stress,
fearful of having lost their parents' security and
protection. Under constant stress, children of detainees
tended to be withdrawn, depressed, and irritable.
Detainees' children found resources to cope with their
situation from a variety of sources such as: a
democratic lifestyle within their family, and emotional
support from their extended family. Another source of
healing was spontaneous and therapeutic play with
peers inside the detention center
C. Ethnic Diversity and Neo-colonialism
Ethnicity - identity related to a specific cultural or
national tradition
Ethnic diversity - refers to the presence of people
from a variety of cultural and ethnic backgrounds or
identities.
The impact of ethnic and cultural diversity in
regards to identity is important because the way we see
ourselves shapes our thoughts, feelings, and
behaviors. In turn, the way we perceive others based
on their ethnicity or other diverse factors can shape
how we treat someone else.
The people of the Philippines are known as
Filipinos. Throughout the colonial era the term "Filipino"
originally referred to only the Spanish and Spanish-
mestizo minority. The definition, however, was later
changed to include the entire population of the
Philippines regardless of ethnic origin.
Largest Filipino Ethnic Groups
● Tagalog
● Cebuano
● Ilokano
● Bicolano
● Kapampangan
● Maranao
● Maguindanao
● Tausug
Neo-colonialism - It is the use of economic, political, it was imported and implanted in the
cultural, or other pressures to control or influence other country,the concepts, frameworks, theories,
countries, especially former dependencies. and methods that came with it were adopted
and adapted as well.
Like many countries in Latin America, the Philippines
has been a continuous colony, first of Spain from 1565 DEVELOPMENT OF INDIGENOUS PSYCHOLOGY
until 1898, then by the United States (U.S.) in 1898
until July 4, 1946. That is three hundred eighty-one ● Kamalayan
years of subjugation under two successive foreign ● Ulirat
masters. The country has suffered further foreign ● Isip
control in the form of neo-colonial rule by the United ● Diwa
States disguised in the seemingly innocuous ● Kalooban
international financial institutions (IFIs) known as the ● Kaluluwa
World Bank (WB) and the International Monetary Fund
(IMF). SP’s research goals

THE PHILIPPINE-AMERICAN NEO-COLONIAL ● Social awareness and involvement

RELATIONSHIP - The Philippine-American neo- ● Emphases on identity and national

colonial relationship began immediately after the consciousness

Philippine independence in 1946, with the inauguration ● Psychology of language and culture

of the Bell Trade Act of 1946, also known as the ● Applications and bases in fields like health

Philippine Trade Act. practices, agriculture, art, mass media,and

religion
Bell Trade Act - “the right to own and operate public
utilities and to develop natural resources in the Research on Sikolohiyang Pilipino

Republic on an equal footing with Filipino citizens.”

● Qualitative Paradigm - allows researchers to
focus on less elite Filipinos, privileging their
input, and giving them the "voice"
D. Cultural Revalidation and Theoretical ● Indigenization - refer to possible strategies
Reorientation that can be used in developing concepts and
methods in Sikolohiyang Pilipino.

Cultural revalidation of local concepts and methods is

Sikolohiya sa Pilipinas – the general form of still necessary (Enriquez, 1992), subjecting them to
psychology in the Philippine context. rigorous empirical tests in the search that indeed they
can account for behavior for (Yacat, 1997):
● This includes: Sikolohiyang may kinalaman
sa mga Pilipino and Sikolohiyang walang a. Katibayan (evidence)
kinalaman sa mga Pilipino b. Pagpapatibay (confirmation)
c. Pagpapatotoo (validation)
Sikolohiya ng mga Pilipino
Church & Katigbak (2002) distinguish among four
● Sikolohiya ng mga Pilipino - refers to studies aspects of indigenization, namely: theoretical and
that postulate about the psychological conceptual, methodological, topical, and
makeup of the Filipino people, whether from institutional.
a foreign or local perspective. (utang na loob,
hiya)
● "Angat-patong”– which often led to
inaccuracies and distortion of the picture of
the Filipinoy – owing to the fact that
psychology is a Western discipline and when

d. Institutional – For this study, only the first three
aspects were used in the assessment since institutional
indigenization looks into the “extent to which
institutional and organizational structures and
processes support the creation and diffusion of
indigenous psychological knowledge” in the form of
courses, degree programs, journals and publications,
among others.
E. Alternative Psychology Literature: Filipino
According to the American Psychological
Association (APA), alternative psychology is any
approach to understanding psychological issues that
ignores or rejects accepted academic, scientific, or
mainstream views. These approaches may involve
unorthodox metaphysical assumptions and focus on
spiritualistic and mystical influences. Emphasis may be
on aspects of human thought, feeling, and actions that
are ignored by mainstream psychology.
The meaning of what 'alternative psychology'
is in the Western view does not fully comply with the
standard of Filipino Psychology. Most of the ideas and
practices in Filipino Psychology encompass those
which can be classified as Ethnic Psychology or
Indigenous Psychology hence it is considered as such.
Our culture greatly differs from that of the West
especially in considering what is 'conventional' in terms
of practices involving psychology.
Filipino Psychologists
● Jaime C. Bulatao (September 22, 1922 -
February 10, 2015) - Most known to his
students and coworkers as "Father Bu". He
was a Filipino Jesuit priest and psychologist.
He is one of the co-founders of the Ateneo
de Manila University's Department of
Psychology and the Psychological
Association of the Philippines (Wikipedia,
2022).
● Jaime T. Licauco (July 25, 1940 - present) -
Also known as Jimmy Licauco, is a
parapsychologist, author, and teacher of
management in the Philippines. He is the
founder and president of the Inner Mind
Development Institute, a training center for
parapsychology, philosophy, psychic
investigation, and metaphysics (Everipedia,
n.d.).
Filipino Literature in Alternative Psychology
● Consciousness Mapping: Exploring your
Relationships Through the Star Matrix (2010)
- a guide of how to tap into one's
consciousness, through the use of
consciousness maps.
● Understanding the Psychic Powers of Man
(1978, revised 2008) - a discussion of
psychic and paranormal matters by the
author himself including true-to-life
experiences of people who shared their own
views.
● Soul Mates: Karma and Reincarnation (1996)
- a related Philippine mysticism book, which
explains the existence of soul mates, of
universal justice, and of multiple rebirths.

Psy 2103
Unit 4. Kapwa Psychology and the Filipinization of
Personality Theories
Topic 1. The Filipino Personality: The Shared Inner
Self
HISTORY OF KAPWA
● The kapwa ideology existed in our country long
before the time of our colonizers.
● The basic structure of our ancestral social groups
made kapwa not just a virtue, but a
law, a set of unspoken rules which dictated the
hierarchy of a barangay (village),
maintained social order, and ensured all families’
needs were met and provided for.
● When the Spanish, and then the Americans, landed
in our country, kapwa was a way for
Filipinos to stand in solidarity against Western
influence.
● Kapwa = Filipinos
● Them/Others = Colonizers
KAPWA: A CORE CONCEPT IN FILIPINO
PSYCHOLOGY
● Sikolohiyang Pilipino or Indigenous Filipino
Psychology is also known as Kapwa
Psychology.
● The core of Filipino personhood is kapwa. This
notion of a “shared self” extends the I to
include the other.
● Enriquez (1978) defined kapwa as “the unity of the
self and others, a recognition of
shared identity, an inner self shared with others.”
● Enriquez proposed a new rendition of the word
kapwa that bears its profound and
powerful meaning: shared inner self.
● The ako (ego) and the iba-sa-akin (others) are one
and the same in kapwa psychology.
● ” Once ako starts thinking of himself as different from
kapwa, the self, in effect, denies
the status of kapwa to the other (Enriquez, 1978).
SOCIO-PERSONAL VALUES
● Kagandahang-loob (shared humanity)
● karangalan (dignity),
● katarungan (justice),
● kalayaan (freedom).
●
PAKIKIPAGKAPWA
● shared identity and a shared inner self.
● “accepting and dealing with the other person as an
equal.”
● “a regard for the dignity and being of others”
TAGALOG WORDS THAT CARRY WITH
SENTIMENTS AND FEELINGS THAT RESONATE
AT A SUBLIMINAL LEVEL:
● Kababayan means my fellow-countryman
● Kaakbay means to support.
● Kaibigan means friend
● Kasama means someone I am with
● Kaanak means one’s kin
● The word “kapwa” originated from two words: Ka– a -
union and Puwang– space.
● Union - any kind of relationship
● Space - something that we share with others as
fellow-Filipinos and fellow-human
beings
PAKIKIRAMDAM: THE PIVOTAL ASPECT OF
KAPWA
● Pakikiramdam refers to heightened awareness or - ability of a person to get along with others to maintain
sensitivity. good and harmonious
● Pakiramdam is described as an all-important “shared relationships.
inner perception” that compliments
the “shared identity” of kapwa. ● ACCOMMODATIVE SURFACE VALUE
● Pakiramdam operates behind all Filipino values. BIRO “joke”
● Because of kapwa, Filipino feeling, or pakiramdam, is - famous Filipino trait to find humor or joy in everything
a participatory process, where
emotions are experienced mutually. TAMPO “affective disappointment”
● Pakikiramdam is necessarily tied to the operation of - refer to that feeling of not being angry and not being
all Filipino surface values: happy either after being
pakikisama, hiya, utang na loob. ignored or insulted by somebody.
● Utang na loob or the debt of gratitude - we owe to
others, particularly those who are LAMBING “sweetness”
superior to us. - a way of affection and tenderness
● The improvisatory character of pakikiramdam is
operative in bahala na, lakas ng loob, ● CONFRONTATIVE SURFACE VALUE
pakikibaka BAHALA NA “determination”
● The centrality of pakikiramdam in behavioral and - courage and faith in God; derived from the word
interpersonal domains: “bathala na”
biro-lambing-tampo.
LAKAS NG LOOB “guts”
BAHALA NA (TACIT TRUST) - being courageous in the midst of problems and
● The way Filipinos use the expression, “Bahala Na” uncertainties
had long been misinterpreted by
foreigners as demonstrating the fatalism of happy-go- PAKIKIBAKA “resistance”
lucky people. - ability of Filipinos to undertake revolutions & uprisings
● Sikolohiyang Filipino salvaged “Bahala Na!” from this against the common Enemy
fatalistic reputation into a value.
● “determination in the face of uncertainty” FILIPINO CONCEPTS IN UNDERSTANDING
● Lagmay attributed the dynamics of courage and PERSONALITY
determination to this notion of ● In defining the concept of Filipino personality,
“Bahala-na!” which calls for risk-taking in the face of Enriquez (1994) notes that we have
possible failure. actually a long tradition of theorizing.
● resourcefulness and creativity in order to survive.
● “Bahala-na!” then, signifies an improvisatory skill.THE THREE REFLECTIONS ON THE FILIPINO
PERSONALITY
DIFFERENT CONCEPTS IN THE THEORY OF
KAPWA 1. Ma’aram’s concept of pagkatawo (personhood)
● ACCOMMODATIVE SURFACE VALUE 5 ELEMENTS:
Hiya “propriety / dignity” ❖ Ginhawa (vital principle)
- is shame, shyness, losing face, and embarrassment. ❖ Buot (perception)
It is the Filipino reaction to ❖ Isip (mind)
anything which is an affront to his honor, dignity, or ❖ Dungan (sleep spirit)
pride. ❖ Kalag (life spirit)
UTANG NA LOOB “gratitude”
- a Filipino cultural trait that means debt of gratitude or 2. Baltazar’s bait (sanity), muni (reflection), and
reciprocity hatol (judgment)

PAKIKISAMA “companionship”
3. Covar’s concept of Filipino personhood is based
on:
4 ELEMENTS:
❖ Kaluluwa (spirit) - life’s source
❖ Budhi (conscience) - guides a person in his actions
and judges the life he
leads
❖ Katauhang Panlabas (external appearance) - refers
to the physical
characteristics associated with body parts and its
related meanings
❖ Katauhang Panloob / Loob (innermost being) -
refers to the innermost
feeling of an individual
OTHER FILIPINO CONCEPTS OF LOOB
CONCEPT
DEFINITION
 IPAGKALOOB TO ENTRUST
 LAGAY NG LOOB MOOD, STATE OF MIND /
FEELING
 TINING NG LOOB CLARITY OF THINKING &
FEELING
 KABABAANG LOOB HUMILITY
 KUSANG LOOB INITIATIVE
 KAPALAGAYANG LOOB CONFIDANT
 MASAMA ANG LOOB ANGRY, HOLDING A
GRUDGE
 MASAMANG LOOB CROOK
 MAHINA ANG LOOB COWARD
 LABAG SA KALOOBAN UNWILLING
 MALUWAG SA KALOOBAN WILLING
 KABUTIHANG LOOB GOOD NATUREDNESS
Topic 2. Indigenous Identity vs. the Colonial Image
of the Filipino
THE COLONIAL IMAGE OF THE FILIPINO
● Colonial Period
- It began in 1521 when Ferdinand Magellan arrived
and claimed it as a Spanish
colonial empire.
- It ended in 1898 but was also the beginning of
American occupation.
- In 1941 was the start of the Japanese occupation.
- 1946 is when the Philippines finally gained
independence.
● Indio - A Spanish colonial racial term used on the
native people of the Philippines during
the 16th and 19th centuries.
-
It referred to as “poor people of our country who could
be slaves and peasants
only.”
● Filipino Identity and Self-image
- Due to colonialism, racial superiority and inferiority
have become evident and
have resulted in uneven power relations. colonization
has hindered Filipinos from
developing a genuine cultural identity by
institutionalizing whiteness in the Filipino
culture.
- Whiteness, a discursive practice that reinforces the
symbolical association of a
white skin tone with superiority.
● Rizal’s Annotation of Sucesos de las Islas
Filipinas
- Rizal had definite views about the problems of what
we would call today
"Orientalist" images of Filipino society held by colonial-
era scholars.
- This comes across very clearly in his annotation and
republication of Antonio de
Morga's Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas (Historical
Events of the Philippine
Islands), a work that first appeared in 1609 and created
by De Morga.
- Rizal's objective in annotating and republishing this
work was to correct what he
understood to be erroneous reports and slanderous
statements that could be found in most Spanish works
on the Philippines.
- He also wanted to recover the pre-colonial past that
was erased from the
memory of Filipinos by colonization.
Topic 3. The Compliant Filipino
COMPLIANT
- Ready or disposed to comply.
- Conforming to requirements.
Synonyms: OBEDIENT and SUBMISSIVE (Merriam-
Webster, n.d.)
WHY ARE FILIPINOS COMPLIANT?
1. Hiya
● Shame
● Controls the social behaviors and interactions of a
Filipino.
● Causes Filipinos to obey and show respect to their
parents, older siblings, and
other adults in authority.
● An essential component of family loyalty.
(Geminiano, 2022)
2. Utang na Loob
● Debt of gratitude and reciprocity. (Menguin, n.d.)
3. Learned to be compliant to power
● Carrying out the commands of colonizers, dynastic
monarchs, or tribe elders.
● Want to maintain good relationships and avoid
punishment. (JoeAm, 2019)
OBEDIENT VS. SUBMISSIVE
(DifferenceBetween.com, 2014)
Obedient
Submissive
● Following orders or commands.
● The act is not the genuine desire of
the individual.
● A mere response to an order,
command, or instruction.
● When a person obeys a rule, it is not
because the individual wills it but
because they have little choice to do
otherwise.
Example:
A worker who has been ordered to work
extra hours during the festive season would
complete the work and obey the orders of
their superiors. Why is it an act of
obedience? Because it results in a situation
where if the worker does not comply with the
instructions, he may risk his position.
● Yielding to power or authority.
● Willful and out of respect for the
person in power or authority.
● As an individual submits to authority
or power, there exists a particular bond between the
one who submits and the one in power.
Example:
When we speak of God, we submit to God
and do not obey God. This is because there
is love and respect for the greater power and
authority.
ARE FILIPINOS OBEDIENT?
YES… but
● “When they are obedient, there were reasons for
doing so."
● “People remain obedient, but they are still fearful and,
perhaps, even more confused.”
● The obedience came from fear and the hope of
finding a base for security and
confidence. (Montelibano, 2021)
NO… because of the following factors:
1. Common sense, not too common
● If you look at the rules that most Filipinos ignore or
disregard, these are rules that
don’t take much common sense to figure out.
2. The “Diskarte” culture
● As a means to circumvent rules, no matter the
consequences or no matter what kind of inconvenience
it may bring to other people. It doesn’t matter, as long
as the outcome is favorable to them.
3. Following rules is corny
● Since breaking them is cool.
4. Herd Mentality
● “Everyone is doing it, so why shouldn’t I?” (The
Weekend Warrior, 2021)
DEPENDS
● "I have observed that Filipino discipline is situational.
If the enforcement of laws is proper
and fair, Filipinos follow accordingly. However, if we
know that leaders don’t follow the
order themselves, we easily do the same! Since many
of our leaders are corrupt, it’s no
wonder that many of our government services are
corrupt, too! Discipline indeed starts in
the family; children normally follow what their parents
do. If parents are disciplined,
children will likely grow disciplined, too." (Anacta, n.d.)
FILIPINOS BEING SUBMISSIVE
1. Colonial Mentality
● The perception of ethnic and cultural inferiority.
● A form of internalized racial oppression.
● A direct consequence of the Philippines' long history Negative
of colonialism. (Decena, ● having courage and faith to God
2014) ● encouraging their selves
“The Philippines’ history of colonization created ● having determination
uncertainty about what really defines our ● Filipino become lazy
culture, to the point that many Filipinos now have ● a fatalistic submission or a form of
feelings or otherness and shame about avoidance of responsibility.
our Filipino culture and ourselves,” (Heins, 2022)
How can we can slowly change our mindset? Is Bahala Na attitude helpful?
By remembering: The bahala na phenomenon becomes a coping
“You are not what the colonizer perceives you as. You mechanism in the face of risky undertakings.
are not inferior. You are not less than. You determine This hope keeps people going. Without hope, we would
your own identity, your own worth, and your own self- live a life of despair, desperation and
perception. You have the power to be whom you want fatalism.
to be, and no one has the right to diminish
that.” LAKAS NG LOOB
● "courage or fortitude"
● inner strength
● having a strength or courage to do something despite
of problems

Topic 4. The Confrontative Filipino PAKIKIBAKA

CONFRONTATIVE ● struggle , conflict, war or to fight
from the word confront tending toward or ready for ● means concurrent clashes
confrontation ● "NOT just activism but a desire to change the world".
To meet face-to-face, especially defiantly
CONFRONTATIVE SURFACE VALUE
-the ability of the Filipino to undertake revolutions and
uprisings against a common enemy.
For example, the EDSA revolution does not guarantee
freedom but with the mentality of bahala na, lakas ng
loob, and pakikibaka the Philippines was freed from
dictatorship.
What makes Filipino Confrontative?
Bahala Na
Lakas Ng Loob
Pakikibaka

BAHALA NA
● "whatever happens, happens,"
● is a Filipino attitude that expresses courage and faith
in God.
● The word bahala is actually a derivative of the word
Bathala
● bahala na is the attitude of a risk-taker, of the
unreasonable man
Bahala Na as Positive or Negative Trait
Positive