Introduction to Business Administration

KH4005SSL

Name: KEROLLOS AKRAM

ID: 202000832

Assessment 2: Individual essay

Module leader: Dr. Alastair Milne
Management involves four steps: planning, developing, directing, and overseeing. (Holmer,
1964) Performance management is an ongoing relationship formed by two or more
individuals who rely on somebody to accomplish their goals (Robbins & Coulter, 2021).
Leadership is concerned with persuading followers to believe in and comprehend the
politician's vision and to work with him to achieve the organization's goals, whereas
management is more interested with operational issues to ensure that day-to-day activities
flow effectively (Ferreira et al., 2017).

There are a few key differences between leaders and managers:

1- Leaders manage, guide, and inspire their subordinates' actions in order for them to
achieve certain goals. A manager, on the other hand, is a supervisor of a business who
monitors the progress of the work of workers and takes appropriate steps as required.
(Turcotte, 1983).
2- Leaders can provide vision, specify a course of action, and motivate employees to
fulfil the organization's objectives. They create new formations and combine in
unexpected ways. Managers, on the other side, plan, coordinate, finance, supervise,
govern, and perform tasks inside pre-existing organisations. (Turcotte, 1983).
3- Managers are concerned with functions, whereas leaders are concerned with roles.
4- 4- Leaders point people in the direction of the company's aims, while executives
encourage them to realize them. Turcotte (1983)
5- 5- Managers ensure that day-to-day operations run smoothly, whilst high-level
employees officials, influence, and encourage others. (Turcotte, 1983).
6- Politicians believe outside the box, whilst management believes within it.
7- Managers are focused on the here and now now, however leaders are focused on the
now and.
8- Managers perform the role of missionaries, whilst leaders perform the role of
visionaries.

These distinctions determine their positions within an organisation:

Managerial duties are often outlined in a company's job description. The basic goal of a
manager is to achieve organisational goals. The manager is in charge of planning and
scheduling, organisation, and delegating tasks to team members. They are primarily in
charge of ensuring that participants know their specific roles and duties. Managers
monitor, appraise, and evaluate the growth of their personnel. Managers are also in charge
of hiring and training new staff (Ackerman, 1985).

The CEO of a firm impacts worker that provide direction through developing,
implementing, and convincing staff to meet the company's corporate purpose. A leader
oversees subordinates' actions and furnishes the organization with the equipment it needs
to accomplish its management and assignment demands. As a guide, he acts as a
corporate spokesman, encouraging the entire team to interact and assisting them in
 carrying out their responsibilities. A leader creates projects that benefit both the employee
and the organisation (Thuis and Stuive 2019).

Jeff Bezos, CEO of Amazon, is an example of a business leader who connects with and
impacts people's views. Brian Olsavsky, the head of Amazon Finance, on the other hand, is a
director who prioritises departmental work.

To summarise, a corporation's leader performs just one managerial functions, that of sets the
direction, meanwhile the manager performs all management functions, such as thinking,
arranging, equipping, controlling, and managing.

Question 2:

The following are the primary functional areas of business:

The operation functional area is in control of transforming input materials such as

environmental assets, agricultural products, human capital, including capital into outputs such
as services and goods in adequate amounts to meet customer expectations. (Bolton, 1994).
The operation manager is in charge of overseeing and supervising the company's day-to-day
operations. Output budgeting, transportation, organizing, All of these technical service roles
are critical for regulating production, enhancing operational efficiency, and monitoring
quality. Efficient organizational management may assist a business in thriving by first
ensuring the performance of the system and products to ensure that they have been fit for
consumers. Second, to get the best outcomes, maintain proper productivity, personnel
employment, and resource allocation. Third, by meeting customers ’ needs, strategic
management may aid in the organization's growth (Heizer and Render 2002).

2.Human resources (HR):

Employees are an organization's human resources. Strategic hr management is in charge of

hiring, training, evaluating, and encouraging employees to help the organisation accomplish
its goals (Bolton, 1994). HR activities include hiring and developing the right person,
workforce planning, demand forecasting, academic support, success evaluation systems, and
remuneration and benefits (Helm & Utteridge, 2010). The performance of an organisation is
determined by its human resources. The human resources manager maximises work
efficiency while also protects the company from any difficulties that may occur within the
workforce. Human resources develops pay and benefit polices that the firm's wages are
equitable with those of other businesses in the area, in the same industry, or competing for
employees with equivalent talents. HR also contributed to the institution's security by staying
informed of any regulations that may affect the organisation and its staff (Helm & Utteridge,
2010).

3.Sales and Marketing:

Advertising is all about finding and satisfying the demands and desires of customers (Bolton,
1994).

Undertaking and analyze the market research to obtain feedback on new and existing goods
and services, as well as discussing the findings and implications with management.

Using a range of advertising and promotional venues to market goods and services, including
as magazines, broadcast, the website, sales promotion, and sponsorships.

Developing, managing, and marketing the company website (Pride & Ferrell, 2020).

Promotional tools assist to an organization's growth in a range of methods, such as: For
starters, it promotes sales by informing buyers about item availability. Second, marketing
generates income. Decreased production expenses, as well as media marketing and
promotions, are revenue-boosting and customer-attracting techniques. Furthermore,
marketing may assist the company in developing its goals by using certain marketing
techniques, growing the recognition of their business, and encouraging the company to
maintain its reputation. As a result, the firm will establish defined goals for its employees to
understand their objectives, and marketing will help the organisation by influencing decision-
making Pride and Ferrell (2020).

4.Information technology (IT):

The procedures and technologies used to handle and manage information are referred to as
information technology. It lets a corporation to analyse particular data, efficiently manage its
business course, solve challenging difficulties, and prepare for the future. Many businesses
and industries have been transformed by the Internet. Information technology is used by
businesses for anything from day-to-day operations to strategic decision-making (Conaway,
2019).

IT is crucial to the company's performance for a multitude of reasons. To begin, it may have
an impact on decision-making by gathering reliable data, such as Big Data, Google Analytics,
and Microsoft CRM. Furthermore, it aids a corporation in doing market research through the
use of online surveys, newsletters, podcasts, and breakout sessions on the Online World.
Second, IT may help a business improve its marketing approach. Digital management is a
relatively new phenomena that is being utilised to promote businesses and services all over
the world. Search engine marketing (SEO), weblog, mails, Mms, online marketing, and
Mobile phone app advertising are all part of it. Businesses have lately recognised that they
will always perform economically well even if they have an online presence, which explains
the growth of the internet business. Third, good communication is critical for understanding
consumer demands, challenges, and overall satisfaction. Businesses have profited from the
Internet's capacity to connect in real time without having to wait for millions of prospective
or current consumers, which has resulted to increasing sales (Conaway, 2019).

5. Finance and accounting

All businesses rely heavily on financial data. Companies need to manage their income,
expenses, assets and liabilities (Horner, 2000). Accountants provide managers with the
knowledge they need to make decisions about allocating company resources. The main
purpose of this role is to ensure that a company's financial transactions are fairly reflected by
various stakeholders, including government agencies, and both the company's owners and
investors. Treasury functions are closely related to accounting, but to the creation,
acquisition, and management of corporate funds (Horner, 2000). Financial data is essential to
the operation of an organization and influences decision making.

Financial Accountants are largely in charge of creating financial statements to aid entities
both in and out of organisation in evaluating the company's financial health.

Managerial accountants help managers make choices by providing data on expenditures,

budgeting, investment strategy, and performance evaluation.

Finance managers plan for short- and long-term financial capital needs, and also the influence
of borrow on the corporation's economic well-being and the long-term consequences of
financing decisions (Horner, 2000).

6.Project management:

We've observed an increase in the utilisation of projects to produce results faster as the
commercial market has grown, necessitating the development of cross-functional teams.
From conception to completion, project managers plan, organise, and manage projects
(Conaway, 2019). Project management is an essential method for finishing a project while
staying within a given budget and timeframe and producing an adequate service or
product.Project manager role represents a useful as well as incredibly effective arrangement
that assist in recognising and continuing to focus on priority areas, giving leadership to tasks,
locating and assessing results, resolving difficulties, trying to address unique events as those
who emerge, and attaining superior performance, that all lead to a company's performance
(Morris, 2013). 

To recapitulate, these six functions are critical to the running of every organisation since
these contribute to its success.

Question 3:

Companies unite the core business functional areas across their whole organisation using four
primary business tools.

The power to lead and affect individual choices or even the order of things is referred to as
control (Eliot, 1974). It is the process through which organizations ensure that materials are
collected and used efficiently in order to meet the goals of the business. Control is a key
strategy that organisations utilise to unify company functional divisions throughout their
whole organisation. To begin with, it is a dynamic function that is linked to another 3
functions of management of organizing, executing, and guiding. It allows managers to
evaluate the effectiveness of any of these three duties. Second, control systems influence
employee behavior to achieve a company's goals. Third, control systems ensure coordination
of HR work and resource integration across the organization (Misun & Misunova Hudakova,
2020). For example, the manager uses control of the project management feature to ensure
that the project completes on time and everyone in the group understands the assignment.

Second, control systems influence employee behavior to achieve a company's goals. Third,
control systems ensure coordination of HR work and resource integration across the
organization (Misun & Misunova Hudakova, 2020). For example, the manager uses control
of the project management feature to ensure that the project completes on time and everyone
in the group understands the assignment.

Kroeber and Kluckhohn (1985) Culture is defined as a people's way of life, which reporting
at least, ideals, and structures transmitted down through the ages (Kroeber et al., 1985).
Organizational culture has an impact on all company functional areas. All commercial
functional areas are influenced by organisational culture. The way workers are treated in
conformity with the company's ideals and aims is influenced by organisational culture. It has
an influence on customers, sales, and distribution as well.. It can also influence the reputation
and decisions of companies entering new markets and manufacturing new products.
Understanding the organizational culture, who you are dealing with, and the differences
between timing and ethics are important for effective business partnerships and the
achievement of your organization's goals (Kroeber et al., 1985). For example, a manager in
the human resources department needs to look at differences in the cultural background of
employees in a company in order to properly manage their employees. Organizational culture
is extremely important in the marketing and advertising functional area since it specifies the
type of product to be advertised as well as the manner of promoting to be employed.
Choosing an organisational structure for a firm is one of the most essential decisions that a
business owner must make. An aspirational description that explains the allocation and
distribution of specific responsibilities in order to achieve the goals of an organisation
(Locker, 1991). The system is an essential method for linking business specific functions
inside an institution. Organizational structures of many types (disciplinary, hierarchical, and
matrix) provide employees with higher transparency, involve controlling expectations, help to
improved judgement, and provide regularity. It assures the adherence to rules and procedures.
It also delegated authority, delegated tasks, allocated resources, and ensured that critical
actions were accomplished on time. When these characteristics are combined, they make it
more efficient and, as a result, production (Locker, 1991). A particular operational design, for
one, is employed in the administration to guarantee that all programs and products run
smoothly as possible. To maintain the economic stability of the firm, the structure of an
organization is equally vital in the finance subject department.

Technology is the sum of all knowledge, processes, activities, practices, or the potential to
achieve them related to the production of goods and services. B. Scientific research (Betz,
1998). Enterprises use technology to improve the overall performance and effectiveness of
items, services, and solutions, how they build and maintain customer relationships, and how
they grow quickly and efficiently. Thanks to the World Wide Web and artificial intelligence,
businesses can operate physically and electronically, with or without offices. Reduce
management costs while increasing organizational capabilities and profitability (Betz, 1998).

Technology is undeniably significant in the Information Systems functional area; technology

impacts organisational dynamics. Technology is important to a company's ability to compete
(Betz, 1998). Moreover, technique is implemented to advertise and expand its customer base
in the advertising and marketing functional department. Firms use online ads to persuade
clients. Software has also evolved into an integral element of a firm's marketing mix,
assisting in income generating (Betz, 1998).

In summary, management, organizational structure, organizational culture, and technology are key
techniques used in all areas of business function to keep a company running smoothly and
contributing to its success.
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