Prepared By: ID NO

1. Zehara Yassin 1.
2. Amanuel Tegegne 2.

Submitted to: Million Haile

Mersa, Ethiopia
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Contents
Scope ......................................................................................................................... iii
Abstract ......................................................................................................................iv
Chapter one ............................................................................................................... 1
Introduction .............................................................................................................. 1
What is operating system? ....................................................................................... 1
Feature of operating system ........................................................................................ 2
History of operating system ..................................................................................... 2
Chapter two ................................................................................................................ 4
Types of operating system .......................................................................................... 4
Microsoft windows operating system ........................................................................... 4
History .................................................................................................................. 5
Advantage and disadvantage ................................................................................... 5
Linux operating system .............................................................................................. 6
History .................................................................................................................. 6
Advantage and disadvantage ................................................................................... 7
Apple mac operating system ....................................................................................... 8
Advantage and disadvantage ................................................................................... 9
Google’s android operating system ............................................................................ 10
History ................................................................................................................ 11
Advantage and disadvantage ................................................................................. 11
Apple iPhone operating system ................................................................................. 12
History ................................................................................................................ 13
Advantage and disadvantage ................................................................................. 13
Chapter three ........................................................................................................... 14
Function and disadvantage of operating system........................................................... 14
Functions ............................................................................................................ 14
Chapter four ............................................................................................................. 17
How work operating system ..................................................................................... 17
Summery .................................................................................................................. 23
Index ........................................................................................................................ 25
References ............................................................................................................... 26

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Figure of content
FIGURE 1:DEFINE THE OPERATING SYSTEM’S TASK .................................................................. 1
FIGURE 2:MICROSOFT WINDOW OPERATING SYSTEM ............................................................. 4
FIGURE 3 WORK OPERATING SYSTEM ..................................................................................... 17
Table of content
TABLE 2: ADVANTAGE OR FUNCTION OF MAC OS ................................................................. 9

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Scope
This document talk about operating system and describe its type, function, dis advantage,
future, how work and its meaning. Operating system is important for any computers, it is
interface between user and computer hardware.
It has many type but, in this document, described the main 5 types of OS and main/concept
features, advantages or functions, disadvantage and the concept how work OS.

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Abstract
Operating system is the program that manages the computer resources, especially the
allocation of those resources among other programs. An operating system is the program that
after being initially loaded into the computer by a boot program, manages all of the other
application programs in a computer.
An operating system is most important for mobile, tablet, computer, and other computer
device. Operating system of a computer can aptly be compared with brain of human being.
An operating system (OS) is an interface between a computer user and computer hardware.
An operating system (OS) a software performs all the basic tasks.

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Chapter one
Introduction
What is operating system?
An operating system is a software that manages computer hardware, software resources the
hardware must provide appropriate mechanisms to ensure the correct, and provide common
services for computer program. An operating system acts an intermediary between the user of
a computer and computer hard ware. the purpose of
an environment in which a user can execute programs
conveniently and efficiently. An operating system is
most important software that runs on a computer. it
manages the computer’s memory and processes, as
well as all of its software
Operating system (OS), program that manages a
computer resources especially the allocation of those
resources among other programs. An operating
system (OS) is the software which helps in operating
both hard ware and software of the computer and it
also manages all other.
An operating system (OS) is the program that after being Figure 1:define the operating
initially loaded into the computer by a boot program, system’s task
manages all of the other application programs in a
computer. The application program makes use of the operating system by making requests for
service through a defined application program interface(API).

An operating system is a software program required to manage and operate a computing

device like smart phone, tablets, computers, super computers, cares, network towers,
smartwatches, etc. it is the operating system that eliminates the need to know coding
language to interact with computing device. An operating system (OS) is an interface
between a computer user and computer hardware. An operating system (OS) a software
performs all the basic tasks. Operating system of a computer can aptly be compared with
brain of human being. ()
It is an integral part of a computer. A computer is rated based on the operating system plat
form it users. any operating system works continuously in the kernel of tis computer it
provides necessary interface between the user and the computer hardware. The necessity and
importance of operating system (OS) is seen from the emergence of a number of different
operating system from time to time within a short period (from DOS to android) and the
emergence of revised version of existing operating system.

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Feature of operating system
There are many features of operating system:
➢ Device management.
➢ Files management.
➢ Resource allocation.
➢ Printing accountability.
➢ Deadlock presentation.
➢ Virtual storage space.
Those are the main feature of operating system(OS).
1, device management: device management also known as mobile device management
(MDM), it is administration of mobile devices such as phones, tablets, and laptops. Device
management in an operating system means controlling the input/output devices like disk,
microphone, keyboard, printer, magnetic tape, USB ports, etc.
2, File management: file management is the process and act of creating an organized structure
in which you store information for easy retrieval.
3, Resource allocation: resource allocation is also known as resource scheduling, recognizes
and assigns resources for a specific period to various activities. Resource allocation the
process of assigning the best available resources to tasks and projects.
4, Printing accountability: printing accountability can help answer all your tough questions
with full visibility in to your printer and copier usage.
5, Deadlock presentation: deadlock presentation in the operating system(OS) is a situation of
indefinite blocking of one or more process that complete for resources. Deadlock involves
resources needed by two or more process at the same time that cannot be shared
6, Virtual storage space: virtual storage means that each running program can assume it has
access to all of the storage defined by the architectures addressing scheme. Virtual storage
refers to multiple physical storage devices pooled together in to a single storage device like a
storage area network (SAN). ()

What would be the problem in a PC without any operating system?

The computer would stop working because windows is the operating system, the software
that makes it tick and provides a platform for programs, like your web browser, to run on.
Without an operating system your laptop is just a box of bits that do not know how to
communicate with one another, or you.

History of operating system

The first operating system was introduced in the early 1950’s it was called GMOS and was
created by General motors for IBM’s machine the 701. Operating system in the 1950’s were
called single stream batch processing system because the data was submitted in groups.

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first operating system
The first operating system was introduced in the early 1950's, it was called GMOS and was
created by General Motors for IBM's machine the 701. Operating systems in the 1950's were
called single-stream batch processing systems because the data was submitted in groups. ()
How did the first operating system work?
The operating system (OS) manages all of the software and hardware on the computer. It
performs basic tasks such as file, memory and process management, handling input and
output, and controlling peripheral devices such as disk drives and printers.
The original Operating System was actually the job of a person or people who would
manually load in the program and the state into the computer and then read out the output
once the program was complete. This was fairly straightforward back when computers could
only run one piece of software at a time.
How created operating system
The operating systems get created with the monolithic kernel and micro kernel. The
monolithic kernel implements all the services in the kernel whereas microkernel has a small
kernel combined with user implementing services.
Why operating system created
Operating systems are designed to create a platform so that programmers can write additional
applications, allowing the computer to do even more useful things. Application software
(sometimes referred to as software applications, applications or even just apps) performs
specific tasks for the user.

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Chapter two
Types of operating system
There are five main types of operating system these five types of OS are likely what run your
phone, computer, or other mobile device like a tablet.
The main types of operating systems are:
➢ Microsoft windows operating system
➢ Linux operating system
➢ Apple mac operating system
➢ Google’s android operating system
➢ Apple IOS ()

Microsoft windows operating system

Microsoft windows operating system also called windows and
win OS, computer operating system developed and published by
Microsoft corporation to run personal computer(PCs).It provides
a way to store file, run software, play games, watch videos, and
connect to the internet.
Microsoft windows operating system is a group of several
proprietary graphical operating system families, all of which are
developed and marketed by Microsoft.

Figure 2:Microsoft
window operating
system

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History
The first version of windows, version 1.0, was released on November 20, 1985, achieved
little popularity. as a graphical operating system shell for MS-DOS in response to the
growing interest in graphical user interface (GUIs). Windows is the most popular desktop
operating system in the world, with 75% market share as of April 2022 according to stat
counter.
Example: windows 7 is a major release of the windows NT operating system developed by
Microsoft. It was released to manufacturing on July 22, 2009, and became generally available
on October 22, 2009. It is the successor to windows vista. Released nearly three years earlier.

Advantage and disadvantage

Advantages
• Backing for all equipment as.
• Convenience
• Programing support
• Fitting and play highlight
• Work area and contact

Disadvantage
▪ High resource requirements
▪ Closed source
▪ Poor security
▪ Virus susceptibility
▪ Outrageous license agreement
▪ Poor technical support
▪ Hostile treatment of legitimate users
▪ Extortionist prices

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Linux operating system
Linux is a Unix-like, open source and community- developed operating system for
computers, servers, mainframes, mobile device and embedded device. It is supported on
almost every major computer plat form, including x86, ARM and SPARC, making it one of
the most widely supported operating system.
Linux® is an open source operating system (OS). An operating system is the software that
directly manages a system’s hardware and resource’s like CPU, memory, and storage. The
OS sits between application and hardware and makes the connection between all of your
software and the physical resource that do the work.
Many devices you probably own, such as android phones and tablets and Chromebook,
digital storage device, personal video recorders, cameras, wearables, and more, also run
Linux operating system.

History
Linux, computer operating system created in the early 1990s by Finnish software engineer
Linus Torvalds and the free software foundation (FSF).While still a student at the university
of Helsinki, Torvalds started developing Linux to create a system similar to MINIX, a UNIX
operating system.

Linus Torvalds
Hi was creator of the Linux operating system, hi was born December 28,1969 in Helsinki,
Finland. His grandfather had a commodore VIC-20 that he had the opportunity to work with;
by age ten was already dabbling in programming.

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Advantage and disadvantage
Advantage
Linux provide many advantages over other operating system: open-source software available
for everyone to contribute, modify, and enhance the source code. It is also available for user
to download and use for free. Linux is less vulnerable and more secure than windows
operating system.
Linux facilitates with powerful support for networking. The client-server system can be
easily set to a Linux system. It provides various command-line tools such as ssh, ip, mail,
telnet, and more for connectivity with the other system and serve. Tasks such as network
backup are much faster than other.

Disadvantage
It is a bit more difficult to find distributions of Linux where you have vendor support. Much
of the commercial desktop software does not run on Linux. It has gotten better, but there is
still a pretty steep learning curve to move to Linux from windows, or even macOS.

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Apple mac operating system
Mac OS is the computer operating system for Apple desktops and laptops. It is a proprietary
graphical OS that powers every mac. Mac OS was previously known as Mac OS X and later
OS X.
Mac OS is an operating system designed by Apple. The operating system is what allows you
to use a computer . macOS comes preloaded on all new Apple Macintosh.
Features of Mac OS
Mac OS Mojave, out now, introduces a number of new features and enhancements to apple’s
desktop. Stacks helps you keep a tidy desktop. A system- wide dark mode looks cool and
makes night time computing easier on the eyes. Also onboard is a new screenshot tool, an
improved finder and safari favicons.

History of apple mac OS

Mac OS X server 1.0. it was built using the technologies apple acquired from neXT, but
didn’t include the signature aqua user interface. The desktop version aimed at regular users-
mac OS X 10.0 shipped in march 2001.

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Advantage and disadvantage
Advantage or function
no Main advantage of mac OS
1 Good customer support
2 Similar GUI for all the products
3 Performance and long life
4 Default apps
5 Support NTFS and FAT
6 Can run windows
7 Fewer virus attack
Table 1: advantage or function of Mac OS

Disadvantage
Limited software support
It makes it very challenging for the users as quite a lot of windows data cannot run on Mac
book. Despite the availability of a few apps versions to support mac users, the overall user
experience is not very comfortable, especially with apps that don’t have dedicate Mac
versions.
Expensive
the minimum cost of a mac PC is higher than s1000. You can get good windows PC at s1000
with more hardware.

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Google’s android operating system
The android operating system is a mobile operating system (OS) developed by Google’s
primarily for touch screen device, such as cell phone and tablets.
Android OS is a Linux-based mobile operating system that primarily runs on smart phones
and tablets. The android platform includes an operating system based upon the Linux kernel,
a GUI, a web browser and end-user application that can be downloaded.
Features of android
1, beautiful UI android OS basic screen provides a beautiful and intuitive user interface.
2 , connectivity GSM/EDGE, IDEN, CDMA, EV-DO, UMTS, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, LTE, NFC
and WiMAX.
3 storage SQ lite, a lightweight relational database, is used for data storage purposes.

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History
Android began in 2003 as a project of the American technology company android lnc., to
develop an operating system for digital cameras. In 2004 the project changed to become an
operating system for smartphones. Android lnc., was bought by the American search engine
company Google lnc,
in 2005.The android operating system was developed by Google (GOOGL) for use in all of
its touchscreen devices, tablets, and cell phones. This operating system was first developed
by Android lnc., a software company located in Silicon Valley before it was acquired by
Google in 2005.

Creators of android operating system

Andy Rubin
Rich Miner
Nick Sears

Advantage and disadvantage

Advantage
Benefits of Android Operating System:
In recent times ,Android based devices has received greater response. One such main feature
about android is the integration of Google products and services like Gmail. You Tube and
more.
Also, it is well known for the feature of running multiple apps at the same time.

Disadvantage
• Apps remain active in the background.
• Developers are having a rough time.
• Low specification smartphones run slowly.
• Defense from viruses.
• Many advertisements in apps.

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Apple iPhone operating system
Apple iOS is a proprietary mobile operating system that runs on mobile devices such as the
iPhone ,iPad and iPod touch. Apple iOS is based on the mac OS x operating system for
desktop and laptop computers. The IOS developer kit provides tools that allow for IOS app
development.
IOS is a mobile operating system that is provided by apple incorporation. It is mainly
designed for apple mobile devices like iPhone and iPod touch. It was earlier known as iPhone
OS.
What does iOS stand for
An acronym for iPhone operating system, is a Unix-derived operating system powering all
of apple’s mobile devices. The name iOS was not officially applied to the software until
2008, when apple released the iPhone software development kit(SDK), enabling any app
makers to create application for the platform.
Features of iOS
Multitasking: iPhone offers multitasking features, social media: sharing content and
displaying an activity stream.

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History
The version history of the mobile operating system iOS, developed by apple Inc. began with
the release of iPhone OS 1 for the original iPhone on June 29, 2007.
Since its initial release, it has been used as the operating system for iPhone, iPad, iPod touch,
and Home Pod.

Advantage and disadvantage

Advantage
• Excellent UI and fluid responsive.
• Developer can design apps because less number of models.
• Metal and shiny coating are ultimate for apple device.
• Jailbreaking for customization.
• Generates less heat when compared to android.
• Excellent for media entertainment.
• Suits for business and gaming.
• iOS is more “intuitive”

disadvantage
• same icons with same lock on home screen even after upgrades
▪ too simple & doesn’t support computer work as in other OS.
▪ No widget support for iOS apps that are also costly.
▪ Limited device use as platform runs only on apple device.
▪ Doesn’t provide NFC and radio is not in-built.

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Chapter three
Function and disadvantage of operating system.
Functions
There are many advantages (function) of operating system(OS)
The main advantages (functions) of operating system(OS):
➢ User friendly interface.
➢ Source of computing.
➢ Sharing resource.
➢ Data protection.
➢ Job accounting.
➢ Multitasking.
➢ Update software.
➢ System error.
1, user friendly interface: user friendly interface is an interface that is created for a specific
group of people or without a clear target audience, but is aimed at maximum user convenience.
The main goal of use friendly interface is to provide a perfect user experience.
2, source of computing: a source computer is a computer designated to assemble or generate a
program for code. Due to the compile time or the number of people working on the same
program simultaneously, the source computer may be the only computer used to build a
program.
Computing is the process of using computer technology to complete a given goal oriented
task.sh Computing may encompass the design and development of software.
3, sharing resource(shard resource): sharing (shard) resource also known as network resource,
refer to computer data, information, or hardware device that can be easily accessed form.
And it refers to an outscoring delivery(engagement) model in which an organization’s
employees, or resource, are shared among different teams and programs. This means resource
can support multiple clients, service lines and industries at the same time.
4, data protection: data protection is the process of safeguarding important information from
corruption, compromise or loss. The importance of data protection increases at the amount of
data created in a stored continues to grow at unprecedented rates. The data protection act (DPA)
controls how personal information can be used and your rights to ask for information about
yourself.

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5, Job accounting: job accounting is the process of assigning incurred costs (variable and
fixed) to specific job, project, or client. A Job accounting is simply the process of making a
custom product. Each job will be different and have different and have different requirements
based on the custom product.
Job accounting in operating system: is a function available on every i5/OSTM system that can
be used to track usage of system resources. The journal accounting information system value
(QACGLVL) determines what type of system usage information is journaled to the system
accounting journal(QACGJRN).

6, multitasking: multitasking in an operating system (OS) is allowing a user to perform

more than one computer task(such as the operating of an application program) at a time. The
operating system is able to keep track of where you are in these tasks and go from one to the
other without losing information. Multitasking is operating system provides the interface for
executing the multiple program tasks by single user at the same time.
And multitasking is the capability of the operating system of running several applications at
the same time. Process that hold common processing resources, such as CPU. It is useful by
it’s the ability to have several applications open and working at the same time.

7, update software: software update means releases of software, in object code form, or
firmware, which provide minor fixes, improvements and modification to the software or
equipment. Kodak software releases that are designated as update will be identified A.B.x
where the x designates the release as a software.
A software update (also known patch) is a sat of changes to a software to update, fix improve
it. changes to the software will usually either fix bugs, fix security vulnerabilities, provide
new features or improve performances and usability

8, system error: means any causes of a malfunction of a digital system which is completely
internal to the digital system without any external influence. Is an instruction that easier not
recognized by an operating system or is in violation of the procedural rules. A system error is
a software malfunction that causes the operating system to no longer work properly.

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Disadvantages
➢ Expensive.
➢ System failure
➢ Highly complex
➢ Virus threats
Those are disadvantages of operating system

1, Expensive: some of the operating systems are more expensive than open source platform
like Linux. While free operating systems are available, they are often more difficult to
operate than other. Furthermore, operating systems with GUL functionality and other built in
feature, such as Microsoft windows, are expensive.

2, system failure: an operating system failure can be caused by a hardware malfunction or

a software crash, and it usually results in the inability of the operating system to boot. The OS
may repeatedly reboot and freeze with an error message displayed on the screen, or it may
completely stop running with no notifications.

3, Highly complex: highly complex-operating system are highly complex, and the
language which used to establish these OS are not clear and well defined.

4, virus treats: a computer virus attack is a malicious piece of computer code designed to
spread from device to device. A subset of malware, these self-copying threats are usually
designed to damage a device or steal data. ()

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Chapter four
How work operating system
Work Operating System (Work OS) is the core
where organizations and workers can create the
strategy, execute the operations, and record
user
performance in favor of their projects, functions,
productivity, actions, and effort. By using the
work OS, the team members can attain mutual
system operatin application
results by being coordinated with the processes soft ware g system soft ware
and methods in their establishment.
In the past, users had to design the application
acknowledged to the internal structure of the
hard
hardware. So, there was a need for an Operating
ware
System to facilitate a user's design of the
implementation without any specific concerns for
the details of the PC’s internal structure. And that's
how the operating system became the essential Figure 3 Work Operating system
computer software that manages software and
hardware resources.
With an operating system (OS), devices in today's time tend to do more complicated
functions than before. An OS takes the road of reducing the barrier of managing tasks and
their resources, providing interfaces with various hardware and software components.
We cannot imagine the scenario of not using an OS on your computer. You can still run
without an OS, but you need to handle more different tasks by yourself.
In the instance, I, alongside my team, are running, planning, or tracking our everyday routine
that includes projects, tasks, or initiatives. We needed better and improved results while
keeping in touch with development and progress. It is one of the reasons on how I've come to
Work OS (Work Operating System) - our favorite software where we are tracking our
processes and executing projects - which is our daily routine.
These are the crucial features I am looking for in an operating system:
Tracking progress
Track progress to help provide owners and teams to understand what all team members are
achieving and how they should adequately implement their plans or timelines.
Automatization of the workflow
Automatization is to remove the human error as well as eliminating manual dirty work when
attaining repetitive and predictable tasks. The automation needs to be codeless and created for
business users to focus on what matters the most and to reduce manual work.

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Data (storing, sharing, dashboarding options)
Data capturing and completing the tasks are vital to my team and me. On the other hand, data
dashboarding creates visibility of the workflow, including organizations, projects,
departments, and executive management. Improving cross-team collaboration is essential too,
which means keeping workroom assets and saving enough time for the team in locating files
and in providing version control. But can we keep all our data safe and private?
All of the Work OS offerings vary in ease to run and adapt because of its flexibility. It’s
necessary to use the best system for your needs. It depends on your preferences.

Operating system activities in Process Management

▪ Creation and deletion of both user and system processes.
▪ Suspension and resumption of processes.
▪ Provision of mechanisms for process synchronization.
▪ Provision of mechanisms for process communication.
▪ Provision of mechanisms for deadlock handling.
Process Management
A program does nothing unless its instructions are executed by a CPU. A process is defined
as a program in execution. A process needs certain resources, including CPU time, memory,
files and I/O devices to accomplish its task.
Program by itself is not a process. A program is a passive entity, such as the contents of a file
stored on disk. Process is an active entity, with a program counter specifying the next
instruction to execute. The execution of a process progress in a sequential fashion. A process
is the unit of work in a system. Some of which are operating system processes and remaining
are user processes.

Operating system activities in memory-management

▪ Keep track of which parts of memory are using by whom.
▪ Which processes are loaded into memory and when memory space becomes available.
▪ Allocate and deallocate memory space as needed.
Main-memory Management
Main-memory is a large array of words or bytes, ranging in size from hundreds of thousands
to hundreds of millions. The central processor reads instructions from main-memory during
the instruction-fetch cycle, and both reads and writes data from main memory during the
data-fetch cycle. The I/O operations implemented via DMA also read and write data through
main memory.
To process data from disk, first transferred to main memory. To improve both the utilization
of CPU and the speed of the computer's response, keep several programs in memory.
Selection of a memory-management scheme depends on many factors.

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Operating System activities in File Management
▪ Creation and deletion of files.
▪ Creation and deletion of directories.
▪ Manipulating files and directories.
▪ Mapping of files onto secondary storage.
▪ Backup of files on stable (non-volatile) storage media.
File Management
(hft6)information on several different types of physical media, such as magnetic tape,
magnetic disk, optical disk, etc. These media properties include speed, capacity, data transfer
rate and access method (sequential or random).
A file is a collection of related information defined by its creator. Commonly files represent
programs (source and object) and data. Data files may be numeric, alphabetic or
alphanumeric. Files are organized into directories to ease their use.
Operating system activities in input/output system management
▪ Memory management component including buffering, caching and spooling.
▪ A general device-driver interface.
▪ Drivers for specific hardware devices.
Input/output System Management
Operating system is to hide the peculiarities of specific hardware devices from the user, only
the device driver knows the peculiarities of the specific device to which it is assigned.
Operating System activities in secondary-storage management
▪ Free-space management.
▪ Storage allocation.
▪ Disk scheduling.
Secondary-Storage Management
The main purpose of a computer system is to execute programs. These programs, with the
data they access must be in main memory during execution. Most programs including
compilers, assemblers, sort routines, editors and formatters are stored on a disk until loaded
into main memory.
Operating system activities in networking
▪ Routing and connection strategies.
▪ Control the problems of connection and security.
▪ Access to a shared resource allows computation speedup, increased data availability
and enhanced reliability.

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Networking
A distributed system is a collection of processors that do not share memory, peripheral
devices or clock. Processors communicate with one another through various communication
lines.
Operating system activities in protecting systems
▪ Device control registers are not accessible to users.
▪ Controlling the access of programs, processes or users.
▪ To distinguish between authorized and unauthorized usage.
Protection System
If a computer system has multiple users and allows the concurrent execution of multiple
processes, then the various processes must be protected from one another's activities.
Working OS when connect with USB cable.
USB ports allow USB devices to be connected to each other with and transfer digital data
over USB cables. They can also supply electric power across the cable to devices that need it.
USB devices plug into the USB port (any USB port). The USB cable may be attached
directly to the gizmo, or you may have to use (or buy) a separate USB cable. Fortunately, the
USB cable has unique ends (as shown in this figure); you can't plug in anything backward.
USB (Universal Serial Bus) Port These can be used to connect almost any type of device,
including mice, keyboards, printers, and digital cameras. They will often appear on the front
and back of the computer. USB is an interface that connects a device to a computer. With this
connection, the computer sends or retrieves data from the device.

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Operating system work when connect with other device
Devices communicate with the computer via signals sent over wires or through the air.
Devices connect with the computer via ports, e.g. a serial or parallel port. A common set of
wires connecting multiple devices is termed a bus.
The OS uses programs called device drivers to manage connections with peripherals. A
device driver: handles the translation of requests between a device and the computer. defines
where a process must put outgoing data before it can be sent, and where incoming messages
will be stored when they are received.
An operating system acts as a communication bridge (interface) between the user and
computer hardware. The purpose of an operating system is to provide a platform on which a
user can execute programs in a convenient and efficient manner.
The hardware provides the raw power and functionality that enables the computer to work,
and the operating system controls the bulk of the hardware's activity. You'd have a hard time
using a computer without an operating system, as all of your hardware parts would be unable
to communicate with one another.
Memory Storage and Management
It manages the computer's memory and processes, as well as all of its software and hardware.
It also allows you to communicate with the computer without knowing how to speak the
computer's language. Without an operating system, a computer is useless.
The operating system constantly swaps out the unused parts for the parts being used. This
gives each process its own space and keeps them from corrupting one another. This technique
is called virtual memory management.
The operating system manages the CPU. When software is opened, the OS finds it and loads
it into memory (RAM). The CPU can then be instructed to execute the program. The
operating system will manage the sharing of processor time.
The operating system works with your RAM sticks to control how much memory is used by
each application, including the OS itself.

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OPERATING SYSTEM SERVICES
Operating system services will differ from one operating system to another.
Some common classes are as follows:
Program creation and execution the system should be able to create and load a program into
memory and to run it.
Access to input/output devices For Input/output operations, a running program may require
input/output devices or a file.
File-system manipulation as the part of the file-system manipulation, operating system can
control the access to files.
Communications There are many circumstances in which one process needs to exchange
information with another process.
Error detection and response Operating system constantly needs to be aware of possible
errors. Errors may occur in the central processing unit (CPU) and in memory hardware.
Another set of operating system functions are also there. These are not for helping the user,
but for ensuring the efficient operation of the system. These are as follows:
Resource allocation When there are multiple users or multiple jobs running at the same time,
resources must be allocated to each of them.
Accounting A good operating system collects usage statistics for various resources and
monitors performance parameters such as response time and keeps track of which users use
how much memory and what kind of computer resources.
Protection The owners of information stored in a multiuser computer system is to control its
use. When several disjoint processes execute concurrently, it should not be possible for one
process to interfere with the others. ()

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Summery
An operating system (OS) is the program that after being initially loaded into the computer
by a boot program, manages all of the other application programs in a computer. An
operating system (OS) is an interface between a computer user and computer hardware. An
operating system (OS) a software performs all the basic tasks. An operating system is most
important software that runs on a computer. it manages the computer’s memory and
processes, as well as all of its software
And it has a 6 main features: device management, files management, resource allocation,
printing accountability, deadlock presentation, virtual storage space.
History
The first operating system was introduced in the early 1950’s it was called GMOS and was
created by General motors for IBM’s machine the 701. Operating system in the 1950’s were
called single stream batch processing system because the data was submitted in groups.
Advantage
There are 8 main advantages: user friendly interface, source of computing, sharing resource,
data protection, job accounting, multitasking, update software, system error.
Disadvantages
There are 4 disadvantages: expensive, system failure, highly complex, virus treat.

OS has five main types

1, Microsoft windows OS: Microsoft windows operating system also called windows and win
OS. is a group of several proprietary graphical operating system families.
2, Linux operating system: Linux® is an open source operating system (OS).Linux is a Unix-
like, open source and community- developed operating system for computers, servers,
mainframes, mobile device and embedded device.
3, apple mac OS: Mac OS is the computer operating system for Apple desktops and laptops.
It is a proprietary graphical OS that powers every mac.
4, Google’s android OS the android operating system is a mobile operating system (OS)
developed by Google’s primarily for touch screen device, such as cell phone and tablets.
5,apple iOS: Apple iOS is a proprietary mobile operating system that runs on mobile devices
such as the iPhone ,iPad and iPod touch.

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The problem of a PC without operating system
The computer would stop working because windows is the operating system, the software
that makes it tick and provides a platform for programs, like your web browser, to run on.
Without an operating system your laptop is just a box of bits that do not know how to
communicate with one another, or you.

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Index

A H
Advantage and disadvantage, History, 10, 13, 16, 18
10, 12, 14, 18
How work operating system, 22
Apple iPhone operating system,
17 L
Apple mac operating system, 13 Linux operating system, 11
F T
Feature of operating system, 7 Types of operating system, 9
Function and disadvantage of
operating system, 19 W

G What is operating system?, 6

Google’s android operating

system, 15

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References
advantages of OS. codingningas. [Online] httP://www.codingningas.com.
apple iOS. apple. [Online] http://www.apple.com.
apple mac OS. wikipedia. [Online] http://www.wikipedia.com.
futuer of OS. interviwbit. [Online] http://www.interviwbit.com.
googles android OS. android. [Online] https://www.android.com.
history of OS. sites.google. [Online] http://www.sites.google.com.
how work OS. go4expert. [Online] http://www.go4expert.com.
linux OS. linux. [Online] http://www.linux.com.
operating system. britannica. [Online] https://www.britannica.com.
types of OS. wgu. [Online] http://www.wgu.edu.
window OS. microsoft. [Online] http://www.microsoft.com.

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