Bone Page 1 of 2

Identification
Designation
Bone

General Properties
Density 1.8e3 - 2.1e3 kg/m^3
Price * 7.57e3 - 1.13e4 COP/kg

Composition overview
Composition (summary)
Hydroxyapatite/Collagen
Base Other

Composition detail (polymers and natural materials)

Natural material 100 %

Mechanical properties
Young's modulus 17 - 22 GPa
Flexural modulus 17 - 22 GPa
Shear modulus 3.3 - 6 GPa
Bulk modulus * 18 - 23 GPa
Poisson's ratio 0.31 - 0.41
Shape factor 4.6
Yield strength (elastic limit) 120 - 160 MPa
Tensile strength 120 - 160 MPa
Compressive strength 114 - 167 MPa
Flexural strength (modulus of rupture) * 150 - 200 MPa
Elongation * 0.55 - 0.94 % strain
Hardness - Vickers * 20 - 40 HV
Fatigue strength at 10^7 cycles * 82.5 - 110 MPa
Fracture toughness 3.5 - 6.6 MPa.m^0.5
Mechanical loss coefficient (tan delta) * 0.01 - 0.06

Thermal properties
Glass temperature * 110 - 130 °C
Maximum service temperature * 110 - 130 °C
Minimum service temperature * -73 - -23 °C
Thermal conductivity * 1 - 5 W/m.°C
Specific heat capacity * 1.2e3 - 1.5e3 J/kg.°C
Thermal expansion coefficient * 10 - 30 µstrain/°C

Electrical properties
Electrical resistivity 4.47e9 - 1.58e10 µohm.cm
Dielectric constant (relative permittivity) *5 - 8
Dissipation factor (dielectric loss tangent) * 0.001 - 0.01
Dielectric strength (dielectric breakdown) *5 - 7 MV/m

Optical properties
Transparency Opaque

Durability: flammability
Flammability Non-flammable

Values marked * are estimates.

No warranty is given for the accuracy of this data
 Bone Page 2 of 2

Durability: fluids and sunlight

Water (fresh) Excellent
Water (salt) Acceptable
Weak acids Acceptable
Strong acids Unacceptable
Weak alkalis Excellent
Strong alkalis Unacceptable
Organic solvents Acceptable
UV radiation (sunlight) Good
Oxidation at 500C Unacceptable

Primary material production: energy, CO2 and water

Embodied energy, primary production 6.98 - 7.72 MJ/kg
CO2 footprint, primary production * 0.38 - 0.42 kg/kg
Water usage 500 - 1.5e3 l/kg

Material recycling: energy, CO2 and recycle fraction

Recycle
Recycle fraction in current supply 0.1 %
Downcycle
Combust for energy recovery
Landfill
Biodegrade
A renewable resource?

Notes
Typical uses
Primitive tools; ornaments; corsets; calcined for bone china
Warning
Bone is a very variable material. Its properties depend on age, moisture content and source. Data is for
air-dry bone.
Reference sources
Data compiled from multiple sources. See links to the References table.

Links
ProcessUniverse
Reference
Shape

Values marked * are estimates.

No warranty is given for the accuracy of this data