Chapter 3 Micromechanical Analysis of a Lamina

Elastic Moduli

Dr. Md Kharshiduzzaman
Department of Mechanical and Production Engineering
Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology

Courtesy of the Textbook

Mechanics of Composite Materials by Kaw

1
A f = t f h,

Am = t m h, and
Ac = t c h

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 A m
Af V m=
Vf= Ac
Ac
tm
tf =
= tc
tc
= 1-V f

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 3 2

tc

Lc

t m/2

tm/2
tf FIGURE 3.3
tc Representative volume element of a
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unidirectional lamina. 4
 h
σc
σc

tm/2
tf
tm/2
tc

FIGURE 3.4
A longitudinal stress applied to the representative volume element to calculate
the longitudinal Young’s modulus for a unidirectional lamina.

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 Fc = F f + Fm

F c = σ c Ac , σ c = E1 ε c ,
F f = σ f A f , and σ f = E f ε f , and
F m = σ m Am σ m = Em ε m

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 E1 ε c Ac = E f ε f A f + E m ε m Am

If (ε c = ε f = ε m), then :

Af Am
E1 = E f + Em E1 = E f V f + E m V m
Ac Ac

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 E1 = E f V f + E m V m
F c = σ c Ac , σ c = E1 ε c ,

F f = σ f A f , and σ f = E f ε f , and
F m = σ m Am σ m = Em ε m

F f Ef
= Vf
Fc E1
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FIGURE 3.5
Fraction of load of composite carried by fibers as a function of
fiber volume fraction
Dr. Kharshidfor constant fiber to matrix moduli ratio.
Zaman 9
Example 3.3

Find the longitudinal elastic modulus of a unidirectional Glass/Epoxy

lamina with a 70% fiber volume fraction. Use the properties of glass
and epoxy from Tables 3.1 and 3.2, respectively. Also, find the ratio of
the load taken by the fibers to that of the composite.

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Example 3.3

Ef = 85 Gpa

Em = 3.4 GPa

E 1 = (85 ) (0.7 ) + ( 3.4 ) (0.3)

= 60.52 GPa

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Example 3.3

FIGURE 3.6
Longitudinal Young’s modulus as function of fiber volume fraction and
comparison with experimental data points for a typical glass/polyester lamina.
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Example 3.3

Ff 85
= (0.7 ) = 0.9831
F c 60.52

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 σc

σc
tm/2
tf
tm/2
tc

FIGURE 3.7
A transverse stress applied to a representative volume
element used to calculate transverse Young’s modulus of a
unidirectional lamina.

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 σ c=σ f =σ m
∴ Δc = Δ f + Δ m
σ
εc = c,
Δc = t c ε c , E2
σf
Δ f = t f ε f , and εf= , and
Ef
Δm = t m ε m εm =
σ m

Dr. Kharshid Zaman Em 15

 1 1 tf 1 tm
= + , and
E2 E f tc Em tc

1 V f Vm
= +
E2 E f Em

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Example 3.4

Find the transverse Young's modulus of a Glass/Epoxy lamina with a fiber

volume fraction of 70%. Use the properties of glass and epoxy from Tables
3.1 and 3.2, respectively.

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Example 3.4

E f = 85 GPa
Em = 3.4 GPa

1 0.7 0.3
= +
E 2 85 3.4

E 2 = 10.37 GPa

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 1
d ⎛ 4V f ⎞ 2
=⎜ ⎟
s ⎝ π ⎠

d ⎛⎜ 2 3 V f ⎞⎟ 2
=
s ⎜⎝ π ⎟
⎠

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s

d
(a)

FIGURE 3.9
d
Fiber to fiber spacing in (a) square packing
(b)
geometry and (b) hexagonal packing geometry.
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FIGURE 3.10 Theoretical values of transverse Young’s modulus as a function
of fiber volume fraction for a boron/epoxy unidirectional lamina (Ef = 414 GPa, vf =
0.2, Em = 4.14 GPa, vm = 0.35) and comparison with experimental values. Figure
(b) zooms figure (a) for fiber volume fraction between 0.45 and 0.75. (Experimental
data from Hashin, Z., NASA tech. rep. contract no. NAS1-8818)
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 h
σ1
σ1

tm/2
tf
tm/2
(a) tc

tm/2

tc + δcT tf + δfT tf tc

tm/2

Lc

(b)

FIGURE 3.11
A longitudinal stress applied to a representative volume element to
calculate Poisson’s ratioZaman
Dr. Kharshid of unidirectional lamina. 22
 T T T
δ = δ +δ
c f m

δ Tf
ε Tf = ,
tf
T
δ m T T T
T
ε = , and
m tc ε = t f ε + tm ε
c f m
tm
T
T δ c
ε =
c
tc
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 ε T
f
ν f =- L , T T T
εf = +
tc ε t f ε f tm ε m
c

T
εm - t c ν 12 ε cL = - t f ν f ε Lf - t m ν m ε mL
ν m = - , and
L
εm

T
ε c
ν 12 = - L
ε c

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 ε T
f
ν f =- L ,
εf

T
εm - t c ν 12 ε cL = - t f ν f ε Lf - t m ν m ε mL
ν m = - , and
L
εm

T
ε c
ν 12 = - L
ε c

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 - t c ν 12 ε cL = - t f ν f ε Lf - t m ν m ε mL
L L L
If ε c = ε f = ε m , then :

t c ν 12 = t f ν f + t m ν m

tf tm
=
ν 12 ν f +ν m ν 12 =ν f V f +ν m V m
tc tc
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Example 3.5

Find the Major and Minor Poisson's ratio of a Glass/Epoxy lamina with a
70% fiber volume fraction. Use the properties of glass and epoxy from
Tables 3.1 and 3.2, respectively.

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Example 3.5

ν f = 0.2
ν m = 0.3

ν 12 = (0.2 ) (0.7 ) + (0.3) (0.3)

= 0.230

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Example 3.5

E1 = 60.52 Gpa

E2 = 10.37 GPa

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Example 3.5

E2
ν 21 =ν 12
E1
10.37
= 0.230
60.52
= 0.03941

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 h

τc
τc
tm/2
tf
tm/2
tc

FIGURE 3.12
An in-plane shear stress applied to a
representative volume element for finding in-plane
shear modulus of a unidirectional lamina.
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 δ c = δ f +δ m

δ c = γ c t c ,

δ f = γ f t f , and

δ m = γ m tm

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 δ c = δ f +δ m
τ
γ c= c , δ c = γ c t c ,
G12
τf
γf= , and δ f = γ f t f , and
Gf
τ
= m
γm δ m = γ m tm
Gm
τc τf τm
tc = tf + tm
G12 Gf Gm
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 τc τf τm
tc = tf + tm
G12 Gf Gm

If τ c =τ f =τ m , then :

1 1 tf 1 tm
= +
G12 G f t c G m t c

1 V f Vm
= +
G12 G f G m

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Example 3.6

Find the in-plane shear modulus of a Glass/Epoxy lamina with a 70% fiber
volume fraction. Use properties of glass and epoxy from Tables 3.1 and 3.2,
respectively.

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Example 3.6

E f = 85 GPa ν f = 0.2

Ef
Gf =
2 (1 +ν f )

85
=
2 (1 + 0.2)

= 35.42 GPa
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Example 3.6

E m = 3.4 GPa ν m = 0.3

Em
Gm =
2 (1 +ν m)

3.40
=
2 (1 + 0.3 )

= 1.308 GPa

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Example 3.6

1 0.70 0.30
= +
G12 35.42 1.308

G12 = 4.014 GPa

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FIGURE 3.13 Theoretical values of in-plane shear modulus as a function of fiber
volume fraction and comparison with experimental values for a unidirectional
glass/epoxy lamina (Gf = 30.19 GPa, Gm = 1.83 GPa). Figure (b) zooms figure (a) for
fiber volume fraction between 0.45 and 0.75. (Experimental data from Hashin, Z.,
NASA tech.) 39
HalpinTsai equation

E1 = E f V f + E m V m
E2 = 1+ ξ η V f
Em 1 -η V f

( E f / E m) - 1
η= Reinforcing
( E f / E m) + ξ factor

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Example 3.7

Find the transverse Young's modulus for a Glass/Epoxy lamina with a 70%
fiber volume fraction. Use the properties for glass and epoxy from Tables 3.1
and 3.2, respectively. Use Halphin-Tsai equations for a circular fiber in a
square array packing geometry.

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 σ2
Example 3.7

σ2

FIGURE 3.14
Concept of direction of loading for calculation of
transverseDr.Young’s modulus by Halphin–Tsai equations.
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Example 3.7

ξ=2 Ef = 85 GPa Em = 3.4 GPa

(85/3.4) - 1
η=
(85/3.4) + 2

= 0.8889

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Example 3.7

E 2 = 1 + 2(0.8889)(0.7)
3.4 1 − (0.8889)(0.7)

E 2 = 20.20 GPa

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FIGURE 3.15 Theoretical values of transverse Young’s modulus as a function of fiber
volume fraction and comparison with experimental values for boron/epoxy
unidirectional lamina (Ef = 414 GPa, νf = 0.2, Em = 4.14 GPa, νm = 0.35). Figure (b)
zooms figure (a) for fiber volume fraction between 0.45 and 0.75. (Experimental data
from Hashin, Z., NASA tech. rep. contract no. NAS1-8818) Dr. Kharshid Zaman 45
 τ12
τ12

FIGURE 3.16
Concept of direction of loading to calculate in-
plane shear modulus by Halphin–Tsai equations.
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 ν 12 =ν f V f +ν m V m

G12 1 + ξ η V f
=
Gm 1 -η V f

(G f / G m) - 1
η=
(G f / G m) + ξ

ξ = 1 + 40 V 10f
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Example 3.8

Using Halphin-Tsai equations, find the shear modulus of a Glass/Epoxy

composite with a 70% fiber volume fraction. Use the properties of glass and
epoxy from Tables 3.1 and 3.2, respectively. Assume the fibers are circular
and are packed in a square array. Also get the value of the shear modulus by
using Hewitt and Malherbe’s8 formula for the reinforcing factor.

Glass: E1= 85 MPa, E2= 85 MPa, Ef= 85 MPa; vf= 0.2 G12 1 + ξ η V f
=
Epoxy: Em= 3.4 MPa, vm=0.3 Gm 1 -η V f

(G f / G m) - 1
η=
(G f / G m) + ξ

ξ = 1 + 40 V 10
f

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Example 3.8

ξ =1 G f = 35.42 GPa G m = 1.308 GPa

(35.42/1.308) - 1
η=
(35.42/1.308) + 1

= 0.9288

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Example 3.8

G12 1 + (1) (0.9288) (0.7)

=
1.308 1 − (0.9288) (0.7)

G12 = 6.169 GPa

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Example 3.8

ξ = 1 + 40 V 10f
= 1 + 40 (0.7 )10
= 2.130

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Example 3.8

(35.42 / 1.308 ) - 1
η=
(35.42 / 1.308 ) + 2.130
= 0.8928

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Example 3.8

G12 1 + (2.130 ) (0.8928) (0.7)

=
1.308 1 - (0.8928) (0.7 )

G12 = 8.130 GPa

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