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Micromechanics - Engineering Constants
Micromechanics - Engineering Constants
Elastic Moduli
Dr. Md Kharshiduzzaman
Department of Mechanical and Production Engineering
Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology
1
A f = t f h,
Am = t m h, and
Ac = t c h
tc
Lc
t m/2
tm/2
tf FIGURE 3.3
tc Representative volume element of a
Dr. Kharshid Zaman
unidirectional lamina. 4
h
σc
σc
tm/2
tf
tm/2
tc
FIGURE 3.4
A longitudinal stress applied to the representative volume element to calculate
the longitudinal Young’s modulus for a unidirectional lamina.
F c = σ c Ac , σ c = E1 ε c ,
F f = σ f A f , and σ f = E f ε f , and
F m = σ m Am σ m = Em ε m
If (ε c = ε f = ε m), then :
Af Am
E1 = E f + Em E1 = E f V f + E m V m
Ac Ac
F f = σ f A f , and σ f = E f ε f , and
F m = σ m Am σ m = Em ε m
F f Ef
= Vf
Fc E1
Dr. Kharshid Zaman 8
FIGURE 3.5
Fraction of load of composite carried by fibers as a function of
fiber volume fraction
Dr. Kharshidfor constant fiber to matrix moduli ratio.
Zaman 9
Example 3.3
Ef = 85 Gpa
Em = 3.4 GPa
FIGURE 3.6
Longitudinal Young’s modulus as function of fiber volume fraction and
comparison with experimental data points for a typical glass/polyester lamina.
Dr. Kharshid Zaman 12
Example 3.3
Ff 85
= (0.7 ) = 0.9831
F c 60.52
σc
tm/2
tf
tm/2
tc
FIGURE 3.7
A transverse stress applied to a representative volume
element used to calculate transverse Young’s modulus of a
unidirectional lamina.
1 V f Vm
= +
E2 E f Em
E f = 85 GPa
Em = 3.4 GPa
1 0.7 0.3
= +
E 2 85 3.4
E 2 = 10.37 GPa
d ⎛⎜ 2 3 V f ⎞⎟ 2
=
s ⎜⎝ π ⎟
⎠
d
(a)
FIGURE 3.9
d
Fiber to fiber spacing in (a) square packing
(b)
geometry and (b) hexagonal packing geometry.
Dr. Kharshid Zaman 20
FIGURE 3.10 Theoretical values of transverse Young’s modulus as a function
of fiber volume fraction for a boron/epoxy unidirectional lamina (Ef = 414 GPa, vf =
0.2, Em = 4.14 GPa, vm = 0.35) and comparison with experimental values. Figure
(b) zooms figure (a) for fiber volume fraction between 0.45 and 0.75. (Experimental
data from Hashin, Z., NASA tech. rep. contract no. NAS1-8818)
Dr. Kharshid Zaman 21
h
σ1
σ1
tm/2
tf
tm/2
(a) tc
tm/2
tc + δcT tf + δfT tf tc
tm/2
Lc
(b)
FIGURE 3.11
A longitudinal stress applied to a representative volume element to
calculate Poisson’s ratioZaman
Dr. Kharshid of unidirectional lamina. 22
T T T
δ = δ +δ
c f m
δ Tf
ε Tf = ,
tf
T
δ m T T T
T
ε = , and
m tc ε = t f ε + tm ε
c f m
tm
T
T δ c
ε =
c
tc
Dr. Kharshid Zaman 23
ε T
f
ν f =- L , T T T
εf = +
tc ε t f ε f tm ε m
c
T
εm - t c ν 12 ε cL = - t f ν f ε Lf - t m ν m ε mL
ν m = - , and
L
εm
T
ε c
ν 12 = - L
ε c
T
εm - t c ν 12 ε cL = - t f ν f ε Lf - t m ν m ε mL
ν m = - , and
L
εm
T
ε c
ν 12 = - L
ε c
t c ν 12 = t f ν f + t m ν m
tf tm
=
ν 12 ν f +ν m ν 12 =ν f V f +ν m V m
tc tc
Dr. Kharshid Zaman 26
Example 3.5
Find the Major and Minor Poisson's ratio of a Glass/Epoxy lamina with a
70% fiber volume fraction. Use the properties of glass and epoxy from
Tables 3.1 and 3.2, respectively.
ν f = 0.2
ν m = 0.3
E1 = 60.52 Gpa
E2 = 10.37 GPa
E2
ν 21 =ν 12
E1
10.37
= 0.230
60.52
= 0.03941
τc
τc
tm/2
tf
tm/2
tc
FIGURE 3.12
An in-plane shear stress applied to a
representative volume element for finding in-plane
shear modulus of a unidirectional lamina.
Dr. Kharshid Zaman 31
δ c = δ f +δ m
δ c = γ c t c ,
δ f = γ f t f , and
δ m = γ m tm
If τ c =τ f =τ m , then :
1 1 tf 1 tm
= +
G12 G f t c G m t c
1 V f Vm
= +
G12 G f G m
Find the in-plane shear modulus of a Glass/Epoxy lamina with a 70% fiber
volume fraction. Use properties of glass and epoxy from Tables 3.1 and 3.2,
respectively.
E f = 85 GPa ν f = 0.2
Ef
Gf =
2 (1 +ν f )
85
=
2 (1 + 0.2)
= 35.42 GPa
Dr. Kharshid Zaman 36
Example 3.6
3.40
=
2 (1 + 0.3 )
= 1.308 GPa
1 0.70 0.30
= +
G12 35.42 1.308
E1 = E f V f + E m V m
E2 = 1+ ξ η V f
Em 1 -η V f
( E f / E m) - 1
η= Reinforcing
( E f / E m) + ξ factor
Find the transverse Young's modulus for a Glass/Epoxy lamina with a 70%
fiber volume fraction. Use the properties for glass and epoxy from Tables 3.1
and 3.2, respectively. Use Halphin-Tsai equations for a circular fiber in a
square array packing geometry.
σ2
FIGURE 3.14
Concept of direction of loading for calculation of
transverseDr.Young’s modulus by Halphin–Tsai equations.
Kharshid Zaman 42
Example 3.7
(85/3.4) - 1
η=
(85/3.4) + 2
= 0.8889
E 2 = 1 + 2(0.8889)(0.7)
3.4 1 − (0.8889)(0.7)
E 2 = 20.20 GPa
FIGURE 3.16
Concept of direction of loading to calculate in-
plane shear modulus by Halphin–Tsai equations.
Dr. Kharshid Zaman 46
ν 12 =ν f V f +ν m V m
G12 1 + ξ η V f
=
Gm 1 -η V f
(G f / G m) - 1
η=
(G f / G m) + ξ
ξ = 1 + 40 V 10f
Dr. Kharshid Zaman 47
Example 3.8
Glass: E1= 85 MPa, E2= 85 MPa, Ef= 85 MPa; vf= 0.2 G12 1 + ξ η V f
=
Epoxy: Em= 3.4 MPa, vm=0.3 Gm 1 -η V f
(G f / G m) - 1
η=
(G f / G m) + ξ
ξ = 1 + 40 V 10
f
(35.42/1.308) - 1
η=
(35.42/1.308) + 1
= 0.9288
ξ = 1 + 40 V 10f
= 1 + 40 (0.7 )10
= 2.130
(35.42 / 1.308 ) - 1
η=
(35.42 / 1.308 ) + 2.130
= 0.8928