COMPLEX GRAMMAR

(Simple Present, Simple Past, Simple Future, Continuous

Tense, Perfect Tense)

Lecturer: Ni Made Lisma Martarini, S.Pd., M.Pd.

By:

Purushotamma Krsna Persad (213008)

A.A. Krisna Premana Garnish (213062)
Ni Luh Wulan Basundari Loka (213034)
Ni Kadek Catri Dwi Cahyanti (213020)

English Education Study Program

STKIP Agama Hindu Amlapura
Academic Year 2021/202
 PREFACE

First of all, we would like to say thank you to The Almighty God, Ida
Sang Hyang Widhi Wasa, because of His Blessings, this paper in title
“COMPLEX GRAMMAR” could be finished on time. The purpose of writing
this paper is to fulfill the task from Ms. Ni Made Lisma Martarini, S.Pd., M.Pd. as
a lecturer in Complex Grammar. In the process of making this paper, we found a
lot of challenges and obstacles. But by the help of many part and also all of our
group, those challenges and obstacles could be passed, and this paper could be
finished. However, we also realized that our paper still has many mistakes,
especially in the process of writing this paper.

Therefore, we would like to say thank you to every part that helped us to
finished this paper. May God gives you all His Blessings and Mercy. We realized
this paper still has some lack, in it is structure and content, so we hope the readers
could give us some critics, so it could help us to make a better paper in the future.
Finally, hopefully this paper can help readers to increase their knowledge,
especially about Complex Grammar. Thank you.

Author
 TABLE OF CONTENT

PREFACE................................................................................................................. i
TABLE OF CONTENT...........................................................................................ii
CHAPTER I
Introduction.............................................................................................................. 1
1.1.Background..................................................................................................... 1
1.2.Purpose of the Paper....................................................................................... 1
1.3.Problem Formulation...................................................................................... 1
CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION.......................................................................................................... 2
2.1. Simple Present Tense.....................................................................................2
2.1.1. Nominal Simple Present Tense............................................................... 2
2.1.2. Verbal simple present tense.....................................................................3
2.1.3. Positive/Affirmative Simple Present Tense.............................................3
2.1.4. Negative Simple Present Tense............................................................... 4
2.1.5. Question Simple Present Tense............................................................... 4
2.1.6. W/H Question Simple Present Tense...................................................... 4
2.2. Simple Past Tense.......................................................................................... 4
2.3. Simple Future Tense...................................................................................... 8
2.3.1. Usage of Simple Future Tense................................................................ 8
2.4. Continuouse Tense.........................................................................................9
2.4.1.Present Continuous................................................................................. 10
2.4.2.Present Perfect Continuous.....................................................................10
2.4.3.Past Continuous...................................................................................... 10
2.4.4.Past Perfect Continuous..........................................................................11
2.4.5.Future Continuous.................................................................................. 11
2.4.6.Future Perfect Continuous...................................................................... 12
2.4.7.Conditional Continuous.......................................................................... 12
2.4.8.Conditional Perfect Continuous..............................................................12
2.5. Perfect Tense................................................................................................13
 2.5.1. The Perfect Tenses........................................................................... 13
2.5.2. The Perfect Progressive Tense...............................................................13
CHAPTER III
Conclusion..............................................................................................................15
3.1.Conclusion.....................................................................................................15
REFERENCES....................................................................................................... 16
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

1.1.Background
When we learn about English, we must be often heard about Grammar.
Grammar is the most important part in learning English. In the definition,
Grammar is rules of a language governing the sounds, words, sentences, and other
elements, as well as their combination and interpretation. The word grammar also
denotes the study of these abstract features or a book presenting these rules. In a
restricted sense, the term refers only to the study of sentence and word structure
(syntax and morphology), excluding vocabulary and pronunciation.

In Grammar, there is a part called “Tenses”. Tenses is a verb-based

method used to indicate the time, and sometimes the continuation or completeness,
of an action or state in relation to the time of speaking. ORIGIN Latin tempus
"time".

1.2.Purpose of the Paper

The purpose of this paper are:

1. To fulfill the assignment of Ms. Ni Made Lisma Martarini, S.Pd., M.Pd as

lecturer in Complex Grammar
2. To explain about Basic Grammar
3. To help the reader understand about Basic Grammar

1.3.Problem Formulation
1. What is the Simple Present?
2. What is the Simple Past?
3. What is the Simple Future?
4. What is the Continuous Tense?
5. What is the Perfect Tense?
 CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION

2.1. Simple Present Tense

Simple present tense is a sentence with a verb form that expresses an event
that is taking place in the present.

In general, the simple present tense formula is Subject + Verb 1(s/es) +

Complement for positive sentences with verbal patterns. If the pattern is nominal,
then the present tense formula becomes Subject + auxiliary verb (to be) +
Complement.

2.1.1. Nominal Simple Present Tense

Nominal Simple Present Tense
Subject Predicate(verb) Complement
I Am Noun
You Are Adjective
They
We
Plural Subject
He Is Adverb
She
It
Singular Subject

Example:

1. I Am Jennifer Miller.
2. You are in my class.
3. She is in ou class.
4. It is Miller.
 2.1.2. Verbal simple present tense
In verbal sentences, we don't need to add to be after the subject because the
"task" to become the predicate is the verb.

Verbal simple present tense

Subject Predicate(verb) Complement
I Verb 1 Noun
You Adjective
They
We
Plural Subject
He Verb 1-s/es Adverb
She
It
Singular Subject

Example:

1. I walk to school.
2. You ride your bike to school.
3. He works near here.
4. She takes the bus to work.
5. We live with our parents.
6. They use public transportation.

2.1.3. Positive/Affirmative Simple Present Tense

Positive/affirmative Example
I/You/They + V1 I walk to school.
You ride your bike to school.
He/She/It + V1 (s,es,ies) He works near here.
She takes the bus to work.
 2.1.4. Negative Simple Present Tense
Negative Example
I/You/They + Don’t + V1 I don’t walk to school.
He/She/It + Doesn’t + V1 He doesn’t work near here.

2.1.5. Question Simple Present Tense

Question Simple Present Tense Example
Do + I/You/They + V1 Do you get up early?
Do they take a bus to class?
Does + He/She/It + V1 Does he eat lunch at noon?

2.1.6. W/H Question Simple Present Tense

W/H Question Simple Example
Present Tense
What Do + I/You/They + What time do you
Who V1 get up on Sundays?
When When do they take
Where the subway?
Why
How
What Does + He/She/It + What time does he
Who V1 have dinner?
When
Where
Why
How
2.2. Simple Past Tense
Simple past tense is used to describe a completed activity that happened in
the past. In simple past tense sentences, the verb used is the second form of the
verb (V2). There are two types of verb, such as regular verb and irregular verb.

REGULAR VERB IRREGULAR VERB

(Use the verb’s base from + ed/d) (Alter their form in some other way)
talk talked eat Ate
phone phoned drink drank
arrive arrived swim swam
walk walked run ran

ask asked see saw

play played go went

The simple past tense has two types of sentences such as verbal sentences
and nominal sentences. Verbal sentence is a sentence that has a verb and nominal
sentence is a sentence that do not use a verb.

SUBJECT VERB 2 COMPLEMENT

I
VERBAL You Regular/irregular Object
They verb Adjective
We Adverb
He Etc
She
It
SUBJECT AUXILIARY (TO COMPLEMENT
BE)
NOMINAL I
You Was
They Object
We Adjective
 Adverb
Etc

He Were
She
it

Simple past tense has three sentences form, namely positive, negative, and
interogative sentences. Below I attach how to make positive, negative, and
interogative sentences along with the example.

SENTENCE FORMULA EXAMPLE

Verbal S + V2 + We went to
POSITIVE Object/Adjective/Adverb chicago last
+ week.
Nominal S + Was/Were + He was at home
Object/Adjective/Adverb with me
yesterday.
Verbal S + Did not + V1 + We did not go to
NEGATIVE Object/Adjective/Adverb chicago last
- week.
Nominal S + Was/Were + Not + He was not at
Object/Adjective/Adverb home with me
yesterday.
Verbal Did + S + V1 + Did we go to
INTEROGATIVE Object/Adjective/Adverb Chicago last
? week?
Nominal Was/Were + S + Was he at home
Object/Adjective/Adverb with me
yesterday?
 In interogative sentences, simple past tense also use W/H and yes/no
question. The interogative verbal sentences use “did” and for interogative nominal
sentences use were/was adjust with the subject.

W/H QUESTION
W/H Auxiliary Subject Infinitive Compliment
What I
VERBAL Where Did You Verb 1 Object
When They Adjective
Why We Adverb
Who He Etc
How She
It
Example :
1. What did I do yesterday?
2. Where did you go last week?
3. When did they graduate?
4. Why did we see a teacher?
5. Who did he deliver two days ago?
6. How did she complete the task?

W/H Auxiliary Subject Compliment

What We
NOMINAL Where Were You Object
When They Adjective
Why Adverb
Who I Etc
How Was He
She
It
Example :
1. Why were you late?
2. Where were they ten minutes ago?
3. Who was your teacher yesterday?
4. How was she’s movie?
5. What was that noise?
YES/NO QUESTION
QUESTION SHORT ANSWER

Auxiliary Subject Infinitive Compliment Positive Negative

I Yes, I did No, I did not

Did You V1 Object Yes, you did No, you did not
They Adjective Yes, they did No, theydid not
We Adverb Yes, we did No, we did not
He Etc Yes, he did No, he did not
She Yes, she did No, she did not
It Yes, it did No, it did not
Example :
1. Did I meet you last week? Yes, you did / No, you did not
2. Did you enjoy your dinner? Yes, you did / No, you did not
3. Did they work the article yesterday? Yes, they did / No, they did not
4. Did he miss te point of the story? Yes, he did / No, he did not
5. Did she buy some snack? Yes, she did / No, she did not

2.3. Simple Future Tense

The simple future is a form of the verb that shows the action will take place in the
future. In using this tense, we can go with two ways, the first way we can use
“Will” or we can use “be going to”
Subject + will + verb1 +
Object/Adjective/Adverb
FORMULA
Subject + will + verb1 +
Object/Adjective/Adverb
 2.3.1. Usage of Simple Future Tense
a. Simple Future Tense can be used to say what is “expected” or
“predicted” to happen in future.
Example :
- I will see Ben next week.
- I am going to see Ben next week.
- It will rain tomorrow.
- It is going to rain tomorrow.
b. Simple Future Tense can be used to express intend or willing to do
something. In other words, you want to do it, or you have no problem with
doing it.
Example :
- I will get you your coat.
- Yes, I will marry you.
- Mr. Smith will see you now.
c. Simple Future Tense can be used to express something that has been
planned. In other words, it was decided or determined before the time of
speaking or writing.
Example :
- Ronny is going to come to my house at 7 o’clock tonight.
- He has an appointment. He is going to meet his business partner at
noon.
- I am going to go to the shopping mall. Do you want to go with me?

2.4. Continuouse Tense

Continuous tenses or it can called progressive tenses is shows an action that
is, was or will be in progress at a certain time. The tense can use to describe
events that are happening in the present, past or future. Basic continuous tenses is
formed with the “verb-ing”. It is show which is happening at the time of speaking.
In general, continuous tenses has eight types of tenses, namely; present
continuous, present perfect continuous, past continuous, past perfect continuous,
future continuous, future perfect continuous, conditional continuous and
conditional perfect continuous. Furthermore, continuous tenses have to use the
main verb “to be” to make a sentence. Consequently, below will be described the
writing of all types of continuous tenses;

2.4.1.Present Continuous
The present continuous can use to talk about the things that are happening
at the moment of speaking, still nonetheless it can not use state verb in the present
continuous tense. It tense use to be: am, is and are. Am (Subject: I) Is (Subject:
She, he, it, and singular) and Are (Subject: You, they, we, and plural)

The structure is subject + to be + verb-ing.

Example:

 I am washing dishes.
 They are playing football.
 She is watching cinema.

2.4.2.Present Perfect Continuous

Present perfect continuous use to talk something that started in the past
and continues to the present. This tense use to be: have and has. Have (Subject: I,
you, they we, plural) and Has (Subject: She, he, it, singular)

The structure is subject + have/has + been + verb-ing.

Example:

 Anya has been washing dishes for an hour already.

 I have been watching the new series on cinema.

2.4.3.Past Continuous
Past continuous use to tell what was happening at the specific time in the
past. Otherwise to tell when an action was happening then there was an
interrupted by another action. This tense use to be; was and were. Was (Subject; I,
She, he, it and singular) and Were (Subject; You, they, we, and plural)

The structure is subject + was/were + verb-ing.

Example:

 We were playing when he slept.

 Anya was cooking breakfast this morning.
 It was snowing when i went outside.

2.4.4.Past Perfect Continuous

Past perfect continuous are often use to talk about an action in the past that
continued up to certain time and continued after it. Or talk about a repeated action
in the past up to certain point. This tense use to be: had been for all subjects.

The structure is subject + had been + verb-ing.

Example:

 I had been working there for four years when the company closed.
 She had been asking the students to get ready for fifteen minutes before
they decided to listen to her.

2.4.5.Future Continuous
Future continuous is use to talk action that will be in progress at a certain
time in the future. This actions will start and end in the future but we do not know
when. Otherwise, it use to talk about a future action that will happen over some
time and not simply in an instant. This tense use to be: will be for all subjects.

The structure is subject + will be + verb-ing.

Example:

 They will be playing tennis tomorrow.

  I will be eating breakfast at 9 am tomorrow.

2.4.6.Future Perfect Continuous

Future perfect continuous describes actions that will be continuing at a
certain point in the future. This tense tell about the duration of that action up to a
specific point in time. In addition, this tense can not use state verbs and use to be
will have been for all subjects.

The structure is subject + will have been + verb-ing

Example:

 I will have been living in Abang for six years in September.

 They will have been travelling continuously for seven years in June.

2.4.7.Conditional Continuous
Conditional continuous put the focus on the duration of a hypothetical
action. This means it use to talk about longer actions or when people to focus on
how long something would take. And also, it use to talk about things we would
hypothetically be doing right now. This tense use to be: would be for all subjects.

The structure is subject + would be + verb-ing.

Example:

 They would be sitting together normally but they had an argument.

 I would be writing emails if I was at work.

2.4.8.Conditional Perfect Continuous

Conditional perfect continuous use to talk about the hypothetical results of
action in the past. This tense use to be: would have been for all subjects.

The structure is subject + would have been + verb-ing.

Example:

 I would have been wearing my red dress if I had washed it.

 She would have been travelling in South Korea if she had not taken the
job in London.

2.5. Perfect Tense

2.5.1. The Perfect Tenses

Form: have + past participle

Meaning: The perfect tenses all give the idea that one thing happens before
another time or event.

PRESENT (a) Tom has already Tom finished eating sometime before
PERFECT eaten now. The exact time is not important.
(b) Tom had already First Tom finished eating. Later his
PAST
eaten when his friend friend arrived. Tom's eating was
PERFECT
arrived. completely finished before anocher time
(c) Tom will already First Tom will finish eating. Later his
FUTURE have eaten friend will arrive. Tom's eating will be
PERFECT when his friend arrives. completely finished before another time
in the future.

2.5.2. The Perfect Progressive Tense

Form: have + been + -ing (present participle)

Meaning: The perfect progressive tenses give the idea that one event is in
progress immediately before, up to, until another time or event. The tenses are
used to express the duration of the first event.
 PRESENT (a) Tom has been Event in progress: studying.
PERFECT studying for two When? Before now, up to now.
PROGRESSIVE hours. How long? For two hours.
(b) Tom had been Event in progress: Studying.
PAST
studying for two hours When? Before another evenc in the
PERFECT
before his friend came. past.
PROGRESSIVE
How long? For two hours.
(c) Tom will have been Event in progress: studying.
FUTURE
studying for two hours When? Before another event in the
PERFECT
by the time his friend future.
PROGRESSIVE
arrives How long? For two hours.
 CHAPTER III
CONCLUSION

3.1.Conclusion
There are 5 basic tenses in English Grammar. They are Simple Present Tense,
Simple Past Tense, Simple Future Tense, Continuous Tense, and Perfect
Tense. Every tenses has their own characteristic, especially in the sentence
formula. This difference depends on the usage of the tenses.
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Lucy, English With (2021) "All The Tenses" https://youtu.be/Ljjiw9mC_Cg

(Page: 1-13) accessed 19 December 2021, 8 PM.

English, Really Learn.2015. English Grammar Stories and Exercises.Ola Zur:

Really Learn English.

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