HUMAN POPULATION

Population

refers to the total human inhabitants of a specified area,

such as a city, country, or continent, at a given time
humans are now one of the most numerous vertebrate
species on earth
Global human population

7,000,000,000
from 320
6,000,000,000
Million to 7
5,000,000,000
4,000,000,000
Billion people
3,000,000,000 in the 21th
2,000,000,000 Century
1,000,000,000
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000
Billions
14 C
P
O 12
B
P
10
U A
2025: 8.8 B
L 8
A 2002: 6.0 B
6
T
1950: 2.5 B
I 4
O
1000: 0.3 B 1900: 1.7 B
2
N

0 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200

PERIOD
 • The current population of the Philippines
is 107,678,322 as of Wednesday, March
27, 2019, based on the latest United
Nations estimates.

• The Philippines population is equivalent

to 1.4% of the total world population.

• The Philippines ranks number 13 in the

list of countries (and dependencies) by
population.

• The population density in the Philippines

is 363 per Km2 (939 people per mi2).

• The total land area is 298,170 Km2

(115,124 sq. miles)

• 44.4 % of the population is urban

(48,051,350 people in 2019)

• The median age in the Philippines is 24.3

years.

Philippine Population Density (based

on 2015 Census)
Philippine Population (1799 – 2018)
Philippine population growth and population doubling time
over the past 215 years

Period Population Doubling time

(Million) (years)
1799 1,502,574 0
1840 3,096,031 41
1896 6,261,339 56
1927 12,522,678 31
1957 25,045,356 30
1983 50,090,712 26
2014 100,181,424 31
Birth Rate vis-a-vis Death Rate
 Population Growth
• More people consume more goods and services

• Economics

 Demand function - relationship between a market price and

quantity demanded by the consumers
 Law of Demand - a higher market price means consumers
reduce their quantity demanded

 Supply function - relationship between a market price and

quantity supplied by the producers
 Law of Supply - a higher market price means producers
want to increase their quantity supplied
 Population Growth

Positive effect of Problems of high PG Relation between

moderate PG • Savings rate, PG and
• Demand markets, investment and growth
development
economies of scale • Food supply
• Demographic
• Human capital o Distribution
transformation
(education) o Economic policy
model
• Risk of investment o Natural resources
• Induced technical o Technical progress
progress
• Physical and social
infrastructure
• Capital intensity and
labor productivity
• Dependency ratio
• Labor/structural change
• Income distribution
• Environment
• Urbanization
Population Growth
Increase demands in birth control
Pressure to shrink the population rate size
Environmental degradation
Social justice concerns
Technology and enterprises
More geniuses
Human ingenuity
Large workforce
Population Growth
greater environmental impact
as human populations grow, human demands for resources
like water, land, trees, and energy also grow
 Population Growth
(Strategies to Control)

Education, particularly
for girls
Sustainable Empowerment of
growth women
Population Growth

Social security Reduction in child

mortality

Access to health and

family planning
Is the world
overcrowded already,
or are people a
resource? In large
part, the answer
depends on the kinds
of resources we use
and how we use
them. It also depends
on democracy,
equity, and justice in
our social systems.
Environmental Impacts of Population Growth

Big societies consume more resources compared to

small ones.
Pattern of consumption and choices of technology may
result in more environmental impacts compared to the
number of people.
Environmental effects of human population growth
emerge from interactions between national economic
development and population.
Environmental Impacts of Population Growth

Overconsumption of resources depletes non-renewable

resources.
Human population emit wastes
Untreated sewage wastes and other pollutants have a
negative impact.
Disrupt the natural ecosystem.
In urban, industrialized
countries such as Brazil,
most families now want
only one or two children.
Theories on human population
Malthusian Theory
Marxist Theory
Malthusian theory
Thomas Malthus (1766-1834)
population tended to increase at an exponential or
compound rate
food production either remained stable or increased
only slowly
Malthusian theory
convinced economist per output decreased with rapid
rising population than high fertility rather than
increased industrial output and national wealth
more people will yield more demand and exerts
pressure on the economy
In this work Malthus warned of the constant tendency for
human population growth to outstrip food production and
classified the various ways that such growth would, in
consequence, be slowed.
He distinguished between “positive checks” to population
growth (such as war, famine, and disease) and “preventive
checks” (celibacy and contraception).
MALTHUSIAN CATASTROPHE
happen when population is not met by the demand of
food
Marxist Theory
Karl Marx (1818-1883)
opposite of Malthusian theory
population growth resulted from poverty, resource
depletion, pollution, and other social ills
the problem is the capitalist system
Marxist Theory
because our resources is in cycle there is no
depletion, the problem is the government system
(unequal distribution)
rich becomes richer because of their more access to
resource
Marxist Theory
for us to get rid of the problem, social ills must be
removed
 people must be treated equally
Stereotyping- categorizing people based in social
hierarchy
 Percent Rate -change from one period to
another
-initial population at the beginning
of a time period
Annual Growth Rate -rate of population increase
for a time period
Rule of 70
 The “rule of 70” is a useful way to calculate the
approximate doubling time in years for anything
growing exponentially.
Calculate the Population Doubling Time

If the population is growing at 1.14% per year and

continues at that rate, how long before it doubles?
Calculate doubling time for the world ( growth rate =
1.1% / year), Uganda ( 3.2 %), Nicaragua ( 2.7%), India
( 1.7%), Unites States ( 0.6%) and Japan (0.1%).
Human population levels throughout history. It is clear from
the J-shaped growth curve that human population is
growing exponentially.
Population growth throughout history
Old stone age- the population is more or less constant
but there's a gap which means there is no data
as we progress it is slowly progressing except plague
(global pandemic)
but it has increase in the Industrial Era
Environmental Impact Formula
I= PAT
Where
I= Environmental Impact
P= Population size
A= Affluence
T= Technology
Environmental impacts of
population growth (I) are the
product of population size (P),
times affluence (A) times the
technology (T) used to create
wealth.
Earth’s Carrying Capacity
refers to the maximum number of individuals an area
can contain without significant resource depletion
Ecological Footprint
 the relative amount of productive land required to
support each person on earth
services provided by nature make up a large proportion
of our ecological footprint
for example, forests and grasslands store carbon,
protect watersheds, purify air and water, and provide
wildlife habitat
Ecological footprint analysis
estimating the amount of territory needed to support
all your consumption of food, paper, computers, energy,
water, and other resources
this analysis obviously simplifies and approximates your
real use, but the aggregate measure allows us to
compare resource use among places or over time
Ecological Footprint Analysis
the higher the ecological footprint the higher the
standards of living
Biocapacity
is the capacity of living systems to provide for our
needs
both biocapacity and global footprints can be measured
in gigahectares (gha)
one ha = 2.59 acres. One gha = one billion ha.
faster reduction of the Earth’s biocapacity due to
mining ancient energy sources
Ester Boserup’s theory
Malthus’ theory says that the size and growth of the population
depends on the food supply and agricultural methods.
Boserup’s theory opposes this by saying that the agricultural
methods depend on the size of the population. Malthus states
that in times when food is not sufficient for everyone, the extra
people will have to die.
However, Boserup states that in those times of pressure people
will find ways to increase the production of food by increasing
workforce, machinery, fertilizers, etc.
Boserup: Boomster
Demography- study of population
 (derived from the Greek words demos [people] and
graphein [to write or to measure])
encompasses vital statistics about people, such as
births, deaths, and where they live, as well as total
population size
2 Demographic Worlds
Poor, crowded, underdeveloped and growing rapidly.
Rich, technologically advanced and has an elderly
population that is growing slowly.
 Fertility varies among cultures and at different
times
Fecundity is the physical ability to reproduce
Fertility is the actual production of offspring
Total fertility rate
• This is the number of children a woman would have during her
reproductive life if she experienced the prevailing rates of fertility at
each age.
• High-fertility countries may have birth rates of 40 or even 50 per
1,000 population (per year); corresponding levels of the TFR would be
5 to 7 children per woman.
• Low-fertility countries have birth rates of 15 to 20 per 1,000 and TFRs
of about 2.
Average total fertility rates for
less-developed countries fell
by more than half over the
past 50 years, mostly due to
China’s one-child policy. By
2050 even the least-
developed countries should
approach the replacement
rate of 2.1 children per
reproductively fertile woman.
Crude Birth Rate
 the number of births in a year per thousand persons
it is statistically “crude” in the sense that it is not
adjusted for population characteristics, such as the
number of women of reproductive age
Life Expectancy
is the average age that a newborn infant can expect to
attain in any given society
it is another way of expressing the average age at
death
Life expectancy at birth
This is the average length of life that would be observed in a
population in which the currently prevailing mortality risks at
each age continued indefinitely.
Preindustrial populations were characterized by large
fluctuations in mortality; long-run averages, however, would
probably have shown death rates of 30 to 40 per 1,000 and
life expectancies of 25 to 35 years.
Under modern health conditions, death rates below 10 per
1,000 and life expectancies above 70 years are common.
Infant mortality rate
This is the probability of death in the first year of life,
usually stated as a number per 1,000 births.
Many less-developed countries have infant mortality
rates above 100 per 1,000—that is, more than 10
percent of the children die in their first year.
In countries with effective health and educational
systems, infant mortality rates are about 15 per 1,000,
or even lower.
World Birth and Death Rates
Zero Population Growth (ZPG)
occurs when births plus immigration in a population
just equal deaths plus emigration
Mortality offsets births

 Crude death rates (or crude mortality rates) are

expressed in terms of the number of deaths per
thousand persons in any given year.
Dependency Ratio
the number of non working compared with working
individuals in a population
declining population-lower dependency ratio
growth(rapid)-high dependency ratio
Fertility Is Influenced by Culture
Why do people reproduce?
Pronatalist pressure- factors that includes peoples
desire to have babies, source of joy or happiness
Pride- male pride wanted to produce more baby,
future income or investment
Replacement- (there is dying and there is birth)
Why people do not reproduce?
Higher education- focused on career, for women
more busy to work( gain more income)
More opportunities- desire to spend time and money
Personal freedom- Own free will, no hassle
Demographic Transition
Frank Notestein
typical pattern of falling death rates and birth rates due
to improved living condition
accompanied by economic development
Demographic Transformation Model
Factors that help stabilize populations
Growing prosperity and social reforms
Technology
Historic patterns as basis
Modern communications
Growing prosperity and social reforms that accompany
development reduce the need and desire for large families in
most countries.

Technology is available to bring advances to the developing

world much more rapidly than was the case a century ago,
and the rate of technology exchange is much faster than it
was when Europe and North America were developing.
 Less-developed countries have historic patterns to follow.
They can benefit from the mistakes of more-developed
countries and chart a course to stability relatively quickly.

 Modern communications (especially television and the

internet) provide information about the benefits of and
methods for social change.
Demographic Trap
 rapidly growing populations exceed the sustainable
yield of local forests, grasslands, croplands, and water
resources
the environmental deterioration, economic decline, and
political instability caused by resource shortages may
prevent countries caught in this trap from ever
completing modernization
 Two ways to complete the demographic
transition
Equality of social benefits- fair share among rich and
poor, equal distribution of resources
Aggressive implementation of birth control
Alternatives
Improving women’s lives helps reduce birth rates
Family Planning Gives Us Choices
Family planning allows couples to determine the number
and spacing of their children.
It doesn’t necessarily mean fewer children—people could use
family planning to have the maximum number of children
possible—but it does imply that the parents will control their
reproductive lives and make rational, conscious decisions
about how many children they will have and when those
children will be born, rather than leaving it to chance.
 birth control usually means any method used to reduce
births, including celibacy, delayed marriage, contraception,
methods that prevent embryo implantation, and induced
abortions
 Birth Control Techniques
 avoidance of sex during fertile periods
mechanical barriers that prevent contact between sperm
and egg
surgical methods that prevent release of sperm or egg
hormone-like chemicals that prevent maturation or
release of sperm or eggs or that prevent embryo
implantation in the uterus
physical barriers to implantation
abortion
Population Policy
US population policy
The President's Commission on Population Growth and
the American Future began a two-year study in 1970.
Submitted to President Richard M. Nixon in 1972, it
welcomed the prospect of zero population growth in the
U.S., but did not propose that the government take
strong measures to attain it.
The commission did, however, advocate education on
family planning and widely available access to
contraception and abortion services.
Since then, U.S. fertility has fallen below replacement
level.
This is due in part to the implicit policies that, taken
together, make bearing and raising children very costly
to parents.
Developed Nations
Subsidies were granted to expanding families by such
disparate nations as the United Kingdom, Sweden, and
the USSR.
The Italian Fascists in the 1920s and the National
Socialists (Nazis) in Germany during the 1930s made
population growth an essential part of their doctrines.
Japan, with an economy comparable to those of the
European nations, was the first developed country in
modern times to initiate a birth-control program.
In 1948 the Japanese government formally instituted a
policy using both contraception and abortion to limit
family size.
 Third world

In 1952 India took the lead among developing nations

in adopting an official policy to slow its population
growth. India's stated purpose was to facilitate social
and economic development by reducing the burden of
a young and rapidly growing population.
Few, however, practiced efficient contraception.
Family-planning programs were seen as a way to
satisfy a desire for contraception by a large segment of
the population and also to confer health benefits from
spacing and limiting births.
Asia's lowered growth rate can be attributed mainly to
the stringent population policies of China.
Although it has a huge population, China has
successfully reduced both fertility and mortality. The
government has recently been advocating one-child
families to lower the nation's growth rate.