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Mathematics
Quarter 2 – Module 2:
Graph of Polynomial Functions
Mathematics – Grade 10
Quarter 2 – Module 2: Graph of Polynomial Functions
First Edition, 2021

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Published by the Department of Education – Region XI

Regional Director: Allan G. Farnazo, CESO IV
Assistant Regional Director: Maria Ines C. Asuncion, EdD, CESO V

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Antonio A. Apat
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 10

Mathematics
Quarter 2 – Module 2:
Graph of Polynomial Functions
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:
As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to
use this module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress
while allowing them to manage their own learning at home.
Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the learners as
they do the tasks included in the module.

For the learner:

As a learner, you must learn to become responsible of your own
learning. Take time to read, understand, and perform the different
activities in the module.
As you go through the different activities of this module be
reminded of the following:
1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any
part of the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the
exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer Let Us Try before moving on to the other
activities.
3. Read the instructions carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking
your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are done.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this
module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always
bear in mind that you are not alone. We hope that through this material,
you will experience meaningful learning and gain deep understanding
of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

ii
 Let Us Learn

After going through this module, you are expected to:

➢ Understands, describes, and interprets the graphs of polynomial
functions. (M10AL-IIa-b-1)

Specifically, you will:

1. describe the behavior of the graph using the Leading Coefficient Test.
2. identify the number of turning points and the behavior of the graph based on
the multiplicity of zeros.
3. interpret the graph of a given polynomial function.
4. value accumulated knowledge as means of new understanding.

Let Us Try

Choose the letter of the correct answer and write it in your answer sheet.

1. Which of the following is a polynomial function?

4
A. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 − 1 C. 𝑓(𝑥) = √5𝑥 − 2𝑥 3
3
B. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 −4 − 2 𝑥 2 D. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 + 15

2. In a polynomial function 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 +𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + 𝑎𝑛−2 𝑥 𝑛−2 + ⋯ + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎0 , what is

𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 ?
A. Leading term B. constant term C. coefficient D. degree

For items 3 to 5, refer to the given polynomial function

𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙𝟑 + 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟐𝟎.
3. What is the degree of the given function?
A. 2 B. 3 C. 5 D. 9

4. Which of the following is the leading coefficient?

A. 2 B. 3 C. 5 D. 6

5. What type of function is the given polynomial?

A. linear B. quadratic C. cubic D. quartic

6. How do you describe the behavior of the graph of the function

𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 1)(3𝑥 − 5)?
A. Falls to the left and rises to the right
B. Rises to the left and falls to the right
C. Rises to both left and right
D. Falls to both left and right

7. How should the polynomial function 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 3 + 𝑥 5 − 4𝑥 + 2𝑥 4 + 1, be written in

standard form?
A. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 3 + 𝑥 5 + 4𝑥 + 1 C. 𝑓(𝑥) = 4 + 2𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 3 + 𝑥 5 + 1
B. 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 + 𝑥 5 + 2𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 3 + 1 D. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 5 + 2𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 + 1

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8. How many possible turning point/s does the given polynomial function
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟔 have?
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4

9. Which of the following functions has a graph whose behavior rises to the left
and falls to the right?
A. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 − 32𝑥 + 60 C. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 − 32𝑥 + 60
B. 𝑓(𝑥) = −𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 3𝑥 − 32𝑥 + 60
4 3 2
D. 𝑓(𝑥) = −𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 − 32𝑥 + 60

10. What is the maximum number of turning points of a polynomial of degree 6?

A. 4 B. 5 C. 6 D. 7

Let Us Study

Activity 1
Direction: Give the degree and the leading coefficient of the following polynomials.
Tell whether the degree is even or odd and whether the leading coefficient is less than
or greater than 0.

Degree: Leading
𝒂𝒏 > 𝟎 𝒐𝒓
Polynomial Functions Degree Odd or Coefficient
𝒂𝒏 < 𝟎
Even (𝒂𝒏 )
1. 𝑦 = 2𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 12
2. 𝒚 = −𝒙𝟓 + 𝟑𝒙𝟒 + 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟕𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒
3. 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟒 − 𝟕𝒙𝟐 + 𝟔𝒙
4. 𝒚 = −𝒙𝟒 + 𝟐𝒙𝟑 + 𝟏𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟒𝒙 − 𝟐𝟒

Activity 2
Direction: Below is the graph of the polynomial functions above. Indicate the
behavior of the graph to the left hand or right hand, whether it is falling or rising.

1. 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙𝟑 − 𝟕𝒙𝟐 − 𝟕𝒙 + 𝟏𝟐 2. 𝒚 = −𝒙𝟓 + 𝟑𝒙𝟒 + 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟕𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒

Lefthand:__________________ Lefthand: __________________
Righthand:________________ Righthand:_________________

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 3. 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟒 − 𝟕𝒙𝟐 + 𝟔𝒙 4. 𝒚 = −𝒙𝟒 + 𝟐𝒙𝟑 + 𝟏𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟒𝒙 − 𝟐𝟒
Lefthand:__________________ Lefthand:___________________
Righthand:________________ Righthand:_________________

Guide Questions:
1. What have you noticed of the graph of the polynomial function if the degree is an
odd number?
2. How about if the degree is an even number?
3. If the degree is an odd number, will the leading coefficient affect the graph of the
function?
4. If the degree is an even number, will the leading coefficient affect the graph of the
function?
5. When can you say that a polynomial function has a falling graph on the left hand
and a rising on the righthand?
6. How about a function whose graphs are either rising or falling on both hands?

Concept A: THE LEADING COEFFICIENT TEST

Leading Behavior of the

Degree: Graph:
Coefficient: Possible
𝒂𝒏 > 𝟎 𝒐𝒓
Even Rising or Falling
Sketch Behavior of the graph
or Odd Left Right
𝒂𝒏 < 𝟎 hand hand
The graph falls to the left and
rises to the right if the
𝒂𝒏 > 𝟎 Odd falling rising
leading coefficient is positive
and the degree is odd.
The graph rises to the left
and falls to the right if the
𝒂𝒏 < 𝟎 Odd rising falling
leading coefficient is negative
and the degree is odd.
The graph rises to the left
and the right if the leading
𝒂𝒏 > 𝟎 Even rising rising
coefficient is positive and the
degree is even.
The graph falls to the left and
to the right if the leading
𝒂𝒏 < 𝟎 Even falling falling
coefficient is negative and the
degree is even.
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EXAMPLES:

The degree is an odd number, and the leading coefficient is greater

than 0. The graph falls to the left and rises to the right.

The degree is an odd number, and the leading coefficient is less

than 0. The graph rises to the left and falls to the right.

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The degree is an even number, and the leading coefficient is greater than
0. The graph rises both left and right.

The degree is an even number, and the leading coefficient is less than 0.
The graph falls both left and right.

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Concept B

Multiplicity of a Zero and Turning Points

The multiplicity of a zero of a polynomial function is a helpful strategy to

determine whether the graph crosses or is tangent to the x–axis at each x–intercept.
Multiplicity tells how many times a particular number is a zero or root for the given
polynomial.
The turning points occur when the function changes from decreasing to
increasing or from increasing to decreasing values. The number of turning points
in the graph of a polynomial function with degree n is strictly less than the degree of
the polynomial or at most (n – 1).

EXAMPLE:

Table:
Behavior of the graph
Roots Characteristics of
relative to the x-axis at
or Multiplicity multiplicity: Odd or
this root: Crosses or is
Zeros Even
Tangent to
–2 2 Even Tangent to x-axis
–1 3 Odd Crosses to x-axis
1 4 Even Tangent to x-axis
2 1 Odd Crosses to x-axis

➢ The turning points of the graph are represented by the arrows, as

shown in the picture.
➢ Since the degree of the polynomial is 10, the turning points must be
less than 10. In the illustration, the graph turns 5 times.

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Concept C
The graph of the polynomial function is continuous, smooth, and has rounded
turn.

Examples:
Given the polynomial functions, describe or determine the following and
sketch the graph.
a. leading term e. y-intercept
b. end behaviors point on the y-axis
c. x-intercept f. number of turning points
points on the x-axis g. possible sketch
d. multiplicity of roots

1. 𝒚 = (𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑)(𝒙 − 𝟏)(𝒙 − 𝟒)

a. leading term: 2𝑥 3
b. end behaviors: falls to the left, rises to the right
𝟑
c. x-intercepts: − 𝟐, 1, 4
𝟑
points on the x-axis: (− 𝟐 , 𝟎) , (𝟏, 𝟎)(𝟒, 𝟎)
𝟑
d. multiplicity of roots: − has multiplicity of 1(crosses the x – axis)
𝟐

1 has multiplicity of 1(crosses the x - axis)

4 has multiplicity of 1 (crosses the x – axis)
e. y-intercept: 12
point on the y-axis: (0, 12)
f. number of turning points: 2
g. sketch (expected graph)

(Note: At this stage, we

cannot determine the
exact values of all the
turning points of the
graph. We need calculus
for this. For now, we just
need to ensure that the
graph’s behaviors and
intercepts are correctly
graph.)

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2. 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟒 − 𝟗𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟏𝟐
a. leading term:
b. end behaviors:
c. x-intercepts:
points on the x-axis:
d. multiplicity of roots:
e. y-intercept:
point on the y-axis:
f. number of turning points: 3
g. sketch (expected graph):
x4
rises to the left, rises to the right
–3, –1, 2
(–3, 0) (–1, 0)(2, 0)
–3 has multiplicity of 1(crosses the x – axis)
–1 has multiplicity of 1(crosses the x – axis)
2 has multiplicity of 2 (tangent to the x - axis)
12
(0, 12)

(Note: At this stage,

we cannot
determine the exact
values of all the
turning points of the
graph. We need
calculus for this. For
now, we just need to
ensure that the
graph’s behaviors
and intercepts are
correctly graph.)

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 Let Us Practice

A. Complete the table.

Behavior of the
Characteris
graph relative
Root tics of
Multip to the x-axis at
Polynomial Function or multiplicity
licity this root:
Zero : Odd or
Crosses or is
Even
Tangent to

1. 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 (𝒙 − 𝟐)(𝒙 − 𝟏)𝟐

2. 𝒚 = (𝒙 + 𝟏)𝟐 (𝒙 − 𝟏)(𝒙 + 𝟑)

B. Use the Leading Coefficient test to determine the end behavior of the graph
of each polynomial function. Write your answer in the space provided.

3. 𝑦 = 10𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 4 ____________________________________________
4. 𝑓(𝑥) = −8𝑥 4 + 8𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 8 ____________________________________________
5. 𝑦 = −15𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 4 __________________________________________

C. Fill in the blanks to make each statement true.

6. In 𝑦 = 3𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 6, the graph __________ to the left and __________ to
the right.
7. In 𝑦 = 2𝑥 4 − 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 4, the graph __________ to the left and to the right,
respectively.
8. The graph of 𝑓(𝑥) = −7𝑥 7 − 3𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 2 − 4 __________ to the left and __________
to the right.
9. The graph of 𝑓(𝑥) = −2𝑥 4 + 5𝑥 − 3 __________ to the left and to the right.

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 Let Us Practice More

A. Given the polynomial functions, describe or determine the following:

Give the following: 1. 𝒚 = −(𝒙 + 𝟑)(𝒙 + 𝟏)𝟐 (𝟐𝒙 − 𝟓) 2. 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟔𝒙𝟐 + 𝟗𝒙

a. Leading term
b. End behaviors
c. x-intercepts
Points on the x-axis
d. y-intercept
points on the y-axis
e. number of turning
points
f. multiplicity of roots
(behavior of the
graph)

B. Match each polynomial function with its graph. Write the letter of the correct
answer before the number.
COLUMN 1 COLUMN II

_____ 3. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 8 A. B
.
_____ 4. 𝑓(𝑥) = −4𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 8

_____ 5. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 5 − 8𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 − 6

_____ 6. 𝑓(𝑥) = −8𝑥 6 + 12𝑥 5 − 4𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 + 6

C D
. .

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 Let Us Remember

➢ Leading Coefficient test:

Leading coefficient is greater than 0, degree is odd – left: falling, right: rising
Degree is even – left and right: rising
Leading coefficient is less than 0, degree is odd – left: rising, right: falling
Degree is even – left and right: falling
➢ Multiplicity of roots:
If the multiplicity of roots is even – the graph is tangent to the x-axis.
If the multiplicity of roots is odd – the graph crosses the x-axis.

➢ The number of turning points is n degree is 𝑛 − 1

Let Us Assess

Choose the letter of the correct answer.

1. Which of the following could be the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 − 5𝑥 2 + 4?

A. C.

B. D.

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 For items 2 to 4, refer to the given polynomial function
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑𝒙𝟒 + 𝟐𝒙𝟑 − 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏.
2. What is the degree of the given function?
A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5

3. Which of the following is the leading coefficient?

A. 2 B. 3 C. 5 D. 6

4. What type of function is the given polynomial?

A. linear B. quadratic C. cubic D. quartic

5. In the function 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 2), how do you describe the behavior of
the graph relative to the x-axis?
A. All of the roots cross the x-axis.
B. All of the roots are tangent to the x-axis.
C. Two of the roots cross the x-axis, and the other is tangent.
D. Two of the roots are tangent to the x-axis, and the other crosses.

6. How do you describe the behavior of the function

𝒇(𝒙) = −𝒙𝟓 + 𝟐𝒙𝟒 + 𝟑𝒙𝟑 − 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟏?
A. Falls to the left and rises to the right C. Rises to both left and right
B. Rises to the left and falls to the right D. Falls to both left and right

7. How many possible turning point/s does the given polynomial function
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟓 + 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟔 have?
A.1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4

8. Which of the following functions has a graph whose behavior falls to the left
and rises to the right?
A. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 − 32𝑥 + 60 C. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 − 32𝑥 + 60
B. 𝑓(𝑥) = −𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 − 32𝑥 + 60 D. 𝑓(𝑥) = −𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 − 32𝑥 + 60

9. What is the maximum number of turning points of a polynomial of degree 7?

A. 4 B. 5 C. 6 D. 7

10. You are asked to graph 𝑓(𝑥) = −𝑥 6 + 𝑥 5 − 5𝑥 4 − 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 𝑥 using its properties.

Which of these will be your graph?
A. B. C. D.

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 Let Us Enhance

Read and analyze the situation below. Then answer the question and perform the
tasks that follow.

1. Standing on the top of a house 48 feet above the ground, Matt shoots a trick
basketball shot upward according to the equation ℎ = −16𝑡 2 + 32𝑡 + 48 , where
h is the height of the ball in feet, and t is the time in seconds. How long will it
take for Matt’s airball to hit the ground?

2. The length of a rectangular vegetable garden is 4 feet more than its width.
After a 2-foot cement border is placed around the garden, the area of garden
and border is 320 square feet.

a. Make an illustration of the vegetable garden.

b. Find the original dimensions of the vegetable garden.

Rubrics for Scoring

Score Descriptors
Computations are complete and accurate
5
Computations contain small error(s), but still answer most of the
4 important parts.

Computations have errors that affected the answer, missed the important
3 parts.

Computations are not accurate and/ or did not result in a solution that
2 answered the problem.

1 attempt to answer

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 Let Us Reflect

The Leading Coefficient Test tells us the behavior of the graph when and where it
rises or falls. The same way in life, we have ups and downs. These could be the
experiences where we feel happiness, excitement, or problems that we have
encountered.
On the other hand, the multiplicity tells us if ever we cross or touch the x-
axis. It’s just like decision-making. We have to be very careful in making decisions.
We need to decide whether to proceed and cross the line or stop and pause for a
while and go back if we are not sure about it. Especially you students, there are
limitations to your decisions. Sometimes you might think you’re doing right but you
end up failing, eventually resulting in a big problem that you cannot or hard for you
to get out of.
This lesson will help you shape your future. Just like the graph of polynomial
functions that flows smoothly, you can also have a smooth path if you follow the
right points in life. Though in reality, life is not that easy. But remember, these are
just spices that will help you develop and grow as a who is person more equipped
and ready for whatever you encounter as you go on your journey.

Write a short essay reflecting how are you feeling today and include the following:

1. Write three things that you have learned about the lesson.

2. Write two real-life situations where you can apply the concept of measures of
position.

3. Write one question that you want to ask about the lesson.

22
 23
Let Us Study:Activity 1 Let Us Study:
Let us
Odd Activity 2:
try 𝒂𝒏
Degree or > 𝟎 𝒐𝒓 1. Left: falling,
1. D (𝒂𝒏 )
Even 𝒂𝒏 < 𝟎 Right: rising
2. A 1. 3 odd 2 𝟐>𝟎 2. Left: rising,
3. B 2. 5 odd −1 −𝟏 < 𝟎 Right: falling
4. A 3. 3. Left: rising,
5. C 4. 4 even 1 𝟏>𝟎
Right: rising
6. C 5. 4 even −1 −𝟏 < 𝟎
4. Left: falling,
7. D
Right: falling
8. B Let us Practice
9. D A. Complete the table Let Us Practice:B
10.B 3. Falls to the left;
Ro Mu Odd Crosses
ot or ltipli or or is rises to the right
Zero city Even Tangent to 4. Falls to both left
1. 0 2 Even Tangent and right
2 1 Odd Crosses 5. Rises to the left;
1.
1 2 Even Tangent falls to the right
C. 6. falls, rises
2. -1 2 Even Tangent 7. rises
1 1 Odd Crosses 8. rises; falls
2.
-3 1 Odd Crosses 9. falls
Let us Practice More Let us
Enhance
1. 𝒚 = −(𝒙 + 𝟑)(𝒙 + B.
A. 2. 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟔𝒙𝟐 + 𝟗𝒙
𝟏)𝟐 (𝟐𝒙 − 𝟓) 1. 3 seconds
2. 12 ft by
a. −2𝑥 4 𝑥3
16 ft
b. falls to the left and right falls to the left and 3. D
rises to the right Let us
c. 5 0, −3 4. A
−3, −1, assess
2
5 (0,0)(−3,0) 5. C 1. A
(−3,0), (−1,0), ൬ , 0൰
2 2. C
d. 15 0 6. B 3. B
(0,15) (0,0) 4. D
5. A
e. 3 2
6. B
f. −3(crosses the x-axis) 0(crosses the x-axis) 7. D
8. C
−1(tangent to the x-axis −3(tangent to the x-axis)
9. C
5
(crosses the x-axis 10.C
2
Answer Key
 References

Callanta, M., et. al. Grade 10 Mathematics Learner’s Module, Department of Education,
2015, pp 107 – 125.
Oronce,O., & Mendoza, E-MATH Worktext in Mathematics, Rex Bookstore, 2015,
pp148-155
“Applications of polynomials”, Accessed June 13, 2021.www.jonblakely.com/wp-
content/uploads/4_8v2.pdf

24
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Davao City Division

Elpidio Quirino Ave., Poblacion District, Davao City, 8000 Davao del Sur

Telefax: (082) 224-3274, (082) 222-1672

Email Address: davao.city@deped.gov.ph