Topic: Report on Developed Country: Canada (British Columbia)

Name of the Report:

Introduction to Canada, Education System of Canada (British Columbia) and
Comparison Between Education System of Canada (British Columbia) & Bangladesh
Course Number & Title: CIT-575: Comparative Curriculum Studies

Submitted To:
Dr. Syeda Tahmina Akhter
Professor
Department of CIT
Institute of Education and Research
University of Dhaka

Submitted By:
Md. Rezaul Islam (21-589)
Md. Shohel Rana (21-585)
Batch: 23rd
MEd 2nd Semester
Department of CIT
Institute of Education and Research
University of Dhaka

Date of Submission: 30 October, 2022

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 Table of Contents
Part A: Introduction to Canada
Content Page
Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………….03
Chapter 1: Why Canada is a Developed Country?..............................................................04-05
Chapter 2: Location and Geography………………………………………………………06-08
Chapter 3: History…………………………………………………………………………09-10
Chapter 4: Arts and Culture……………………………………………………………….11-15
Chapter 5: Nature and Environment………………………………………………………16-25
Chapter 6: Government and Foreign Affairs……………………………………………...26-27
Chapter 7: Economy………………………………………………………………..…….28-30
Chapter 8: Demographics……………………………………………………………...….31-34
Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………...35
Part B: Education System of Canada (British Columbia Province)
Introduction……………………………………………………………………………….36
Chapter 1: Structure of Education System of Canada……………………………………37-39
Chapter 2: Early Childhood Care & Pre-Primary Education…………………………….40
Chapter 3: Primary Education and Secondary Education………………………………...41-43
Chapter 4: Tertiary Education and Adult Education…….……………………………….44-50
Chapter 5: Assessment & Grading System………………………………………………51-53
Chapter 6: Curriculum (K-12)……………………………………………………………54-59
Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………..60
Part C: Comparison Between Education System
of Canada (British Columbia) & Bangladesh
Introduction………………………………………………………………………….…..61
Chapter 1: Early Childhood Care & Preprimary Education…………………………….62-63
Chapter 2: Primary & Secondary Education……………………………………………64-65
Chapter 3: Tertiary Education……………………...…………………………………...66
Chapter 4: Curriculum Comparison (K to 12 Grade)……………………………….…..67-69
Comparison At Glance………………………………………………………………….70
Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………….71
Reference………………………………………………………………………………..72-77

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 Part A
Introduction to Canada
Introduction
Canada is a country in North America. Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the
Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and northward into the Arctic Ocean, covering over 9.98
million square kilometres (3.85 million square miles), making it the world's second-largest country
by total area.
Its southern and western border with the United States, stretching 8,891 kilometres (5,525 mi), is
the world's longest binational land border. Canada's capital is Ottawa, and its three largest
metropolitan areas are Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver.
Indigenous peoples have continuously inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years.
Beginning in the 16th century, British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the
Atlantic coast. As a consequence of various armed conflicts, France ceded nearly all of its colonies
in North America in 1763. In 1867, with the union of three British North American colonies
through Confederation, Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces.
This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from
the United Kingdom. This widening autonomy was highlighted by the Statute of Westminster 1931
and culminated in the Canada Act 1982, which severed the vestiges of legal dependence on the
Parliament of the United Kingdom.
Canada is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy in the Westminster tradition.
The country's head of government is the prime minister who holds office by virtue of their ability
to command the confidence of the elected House of Commons and is appointed by the governor
general, representing the monarch, who serves as head of state.
The country is a Commonwealth realm and is officially bilingual (English and French) at the
federal level. It ranks among the highest in international measurements of government
transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic freedom, education, gender equality and
environmental sustainability. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural
nations, the product of large-scale immigration. Canada's long and complex relationship with the
United States has had a significant impact on its economy and culture.
A highly developed country. Its advanced economy is the eighth-largest in the world, relying
chiefly upon its abundant natural resources and well-developed international trade networks.
Canada is part of several major international and intergovernmental institutions or groupings
including the United Nations (UN), NATO, the G7, the Group of Ten, the G20, the Organization
for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the World Trade Organization (WTO), the
Commonwealth of Nations, the Arctic Council, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum,
and the Organization of American States.
In this part of the report, we will try to explore why Canada is a developed country and then cover
the basic information of the developed country Canada in a brief way.

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 Chapter 1
Why Canada is a Developed Country?
1.1 GNI and GDP
GNI per capita and GDP of a country represents the economic condition and decent living of
standard of that country. Canada has one of the largest economies in the world. At present Canada’s
GNI Per Capita 46,808 USD (2021) and it is the 8th (Nominal, 2022) & 15th (PPP, 2022) GDP in
the world. The economist predict that it will be 1740.00 USD Billion by the end of 2022.
A developed country (or industrialized country, high-income country, more economically
developed country (MEDC), advanced country is a sovereign state that has a high quality of
life, developed economy and advanced technological infrastructure relative to other less
industrialized nations. Most commonly, the criteria for evaluating the degree of economic
development are gross domestic product (GDP), gross national product (GNP), the per capita
income, level of industrialization, amount of widespread infrastructure and general standard of
living. (Majaski, n.d).
1.2 Indexes: HDI, GDI, GII
Human Development Index (HDI)
Most developed countries have an HDI score of 0.8 or above, landing them in the very high human
development tier. These countries have stable governments, widespread affordable education and
healthcare, high life expectancies, and growing, powerful economies. According to the Human
development Report (2021) by UNDP, the HDI score of Canada is 0.936 which is very high. HDI
of Canada in details-

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Gender Development Index (GDI)
The Gender Development Index (GDI) is an index designed to measure gender equality. GDI measures
gender inequalities in achievement in three basic dimensions of human development. In 2021, GDI
Score of Canada is 0.988 which is very high (Group-1: most gender developed country) represents
the almost equal gender development for both male and female citizen.
Gender Inequality index (GII)
The Gender Inequality Index (GII) is a composite metric of gender inequality using three
dimensions: reproductive health, empowerment and the labour market. A low GII value indicates
low inequality between women and men. The GII score of Canada is 0.465 (2021) (17th out of 170
countries) which is very low represents the low inequality between men and women.
Indexes of Canada in a nutshell-

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 Chapter 2
Location and Geography

2.1 Map of Canada

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2.2 Area
Canada is a country in North America. It is the 2nd largest country in the world. Its ten provinces
and three territories extend from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and northward into
the Arctic Ocean. Total area is 9,984,670 km2

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2.3 Climate and Biodiversity
Continental climate, where daily average temperatures are near −15 °C but can drop below −40 °C.
Canada is divided into fifteen major terrestrial and five marine ecozones, that are further
subdivided into 53 eco-provinces, 194 ecoregions, and 1,027 eco-districts. These eco-areas
encompass over 80,000 classified species of Canadian wildlife, with an equal number yet to be
formally recognized or discovered. Due to pollution, loss of biodiversity, over-exploitation of
commercial species, invasive species, and habitat loss, there are currently more than 800 wild life
species at risk of being lost.
Canada's major biomes are the tundra, boreal forest, grassland, and temperate deciduous
forest. British Columbia contains several smaller biomes, including; mountain forest which
extends to Alberta, and a small temperate rainforest along the Pacific coast, the semi-arid
desert located in the Okanagan and alpine tundra in the higher mountainous regions.
Over half of Canada's landscape is intact and relatively free of human development.
Approximately half of Canada is covered by forest, totaling around 2.4 million km2 (0.93 million
sq mi). The boreal forest of Canada is considered to be the largest intact forest on earth, with
around 300,000 square kilometres (120,000 sq mi) undisturbed by roads, cities or industry.
The Canadian Arctic tundra is the second-largest vegetation region in the country consisting of
dwarf shrubs, sedges and grasses, mosses and lichens.
Approximately 12.1 percent of the nation's landmass and freshwater are conservation areas,
including 11.4 percent designated as protected areas. Approximately 13.8 percent of its territorial
waters are conserved, including 8.9 percent designated as protected areas.

Geologic map of Canada. Regions in red are part of the Canadian Shield

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 Chapter 3
History
3.1 European Colonization
Leif Erikson was a Norse explorer who is thought to have been the first European to have set foot
on continental North America, he established a Norse settlement at Vinland, which is usually
interpreted as being coastal North America. There is ongoing speculation that the settlement made
by Leif and his crew corresponds to the remains of a Norse settlement found in Newfoundland,
Canada. In 1583, Sir Humphrey Gilbert, by the royal prerogative of Queen Elizabeth I, founded St.
John's, Newfoundland, as the first North American English seasonal camp
3.2 British North America
The Royal Proclamation of 1763 was issued by King George III on 7 October 1763. The Royal
Proclamation of 1763 established First Nation treaty rights, created the Province of Quebec out of
New France, and annexed Cape Breton Island to Nova Scotia. St. John's Island, now Prince
Edward Island) became a separate colony in 1769.

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3.3 Early 20th Century
As control of Canada's foreign affairs under the British North America Act, 1867, its declaration
of war in 1914 automatically brought Canada into World War I. Out of approximately 625,000
Canadians who served in World War I, some 60,000 were killed and another 172,000 were
wounded. The Great Depression in Canada during the early 1930s saw an economic downturn,
leading to hardship across the country. Over a million Canadians served in the armed forces during
World War II and approximately 42,000 were killed and another 55,000 were wounded.
3.4 Contemporary Era
Canada's post-war economic growth, combined with the policies of successive Liberal
governments, led to the emergence of a new Canadian identity, marked by the adoption of
the Maple Leaf Flag in 1965. The implementation of official bilingualism (English and French) in
1969 and the institution of official multiculturalism in 1971. Socially democratic programs were
also instituted, such as Medicare, the Canada Pension Plan, and Canada Student Loans. The
UK's Canada Act 1982, the patriation of Canada's constitution from the United Kingdom,
concurrent with the creation of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Canada had
established complete sovereignty as an independent country, although the monarch is retained
as sovereign.

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 Chapter 4
Arts and Culture
4.1 Symbols and Visual Arts
Themes of nature, pioneers, trappers, and traders played an important part in the early development
of Canadian symbolism. Modern symbols emphasize the country's geography, cold climate,
lifestyles and the Canadianization of traditional European and Indigenous symbols. The use of
the maple leaf as a Canadian symbol dates to the early 18th century. The maple leaf is depicted on
Canada's current and previous flags, and on the Arms of Canada. Canada's official tartan, known
as the "maple leaf tartan", has four colours that reflect the colours of the maple leaf as it changes
through the seasons—green in the spring, gold in the early autumn, red at the first frost, and brown
after falling. The Arms of Canada are closely modelled after the royal coat of arms of the United
Kingdom with French and distinctive Canadian elements replacing or added to those derived from
the British version.
Other prominent symbols include the national motto "A mari usque ad mare" ("From Sea to Sea"),
the sports of ice hockey and lacrosse, the beaver, Canada goose, common loon, Canadian horse,
the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, the Canadian Rockies, and more recently the totem
pole and Inuksuk. Material items such as Canadian beer, maple syrup, tuques, canoes, nanaimo
bars, butter tarts and the Quebec dish of poutine are defined as uniquely Canadian. Canadian coins
feature many of these symbols: the loon on the $1 coin, the Arms of Canada on the 50¢ piece, the
beaver on the nickel. The penny, removed from circulation in 2013, featured the maple leaf. An
image of the previous monarch, Queen Elizabeth II, appears on $20 bank notes, and on the obverse
of all current Canadian coins.
The mother beaver on the Canadian parliament's Peace Tower. The five flowers on the shield each represent an
ethnicity—Tudor rose: English; Fleur delis: French; thistle: Scottish; shamrock: Iris and leek: Welsh.

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 Canada’s National Coat of arm

National Flag of Canada

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4.2 Literature and Music
Numerous Canadian authors have accumulated international literary awards, including novelist,
poet, and literary critic. Margaret Atwood, who received two Booker Prizes. Nobel laureate Alice
Munro, who has been called the best living writer of short stories in English. Booker Prize
recipient Michael Ondaatje Canadian music reflects a variety of regional scenes.
The Canadian music industry is the sixth-largest in the world, producing internationally renowned
composers, musicians and ensembles. Patriotic music in Canada dates back over 200 years as a
distinct category from British patriotism, preceding Canadian Confederation by over 50 years. The
Maple Leaf Forever written in 1866, was a popular patriotic song throughout English Canada and
for many years served as an unofficial national anthem.
Alice Munro (Nobel Prize in Literature, 2013) Margaret Atwood (Booker Prize Winner)

4.3 Sports
Canada's official national sports are ice hockey and lacrosse. Other sports such
as volleyball, skiing, cycling, swimming, badminton, tennis, bowling and the study of martial
arts are all widely enjoyed at the youth and amateur levels. The country is scheduled to co-host
the 2026 FIFA World Cup alongside Mexico and the United States.

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4.4 Food and Costume

Food:

Various types of tea, Coffee—Canada is the 10th highest coffee consumer, per capita, in the world.

Most popular foods of Canada are

1. Poutine, Bannock and Butter Tarts

2. Bloody Caesars, Saskatoon Berry Pie, Tourtiere

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4.5 Culture
Canada's culture draws influences from its broad range of constituent nationalities, and policies
that promote a "just society" are constitutionally protected. Canada has placed emphasis on
equality and inclusiveness for all its people. The official state policy of multiculturalism is often
cited as one of Canada's significant accomplishments and a key distinguishing element of Canadian
identity. In Quebec, cultural identity is strong, and there is a French-Canadian culture that is
distinct from English Canadian culture. As a whole, Canada is in theory a cultural mosaic of
regional ethnic subcultures.
Canada's approach to governance emphasizing multiculturalism, which is based on
selective immigration, social integration, and suppression of far-right politics, has wide public
support. Historically, Canada has been influenced by British, French, and Indigenous cultures and
traditions. Through their language, art and music, Indigenous peoples continue to influence the
Canadian identity. During the 20th century, Canadians with African, Caribbean and Asian
nationalities have added to the Canadian identity and its culture. Canadian humour is an integral
part of the Canadian identity and is reflected in its folklore, literature, music, art, and media. The
primary characteristics of Canadian humour are irony, parody, and satire.

Monument to Multiculturalism by Francesco Pirelli, in Toronto-

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 Chapter 5
Nature and Environment
5.1 Mountains and Falls
Mountains of Canada
Most mountain peaks of Canada lie in the west, specifically in British Columbia, Alberta, and
the Yukon. Mountains can be found all over British Columbia while those in Alberta are mainly
situated on the eastern side of the Canadian Rockies. The Saint Elias Mountains in the Yukon hold
some of country's highest mountains, including the highest, Mount Logan at 5,959 metres
(19,551 ft).
The Tallest Mountains in Canada

Rank Highest Mountains in Canada Elevation

1 Mount Logan 19,541 feet
2 Mount Saint Elias 18,009 feet
3 Lucania 17,257 feet
4 King Peak 16,972 feet
5 Mount Steele 16,470 feet
6 Mount Wood 15,945 feet
7 Mount Vancouver 15,787 feet
8 Mount Slaggard 15,558 feet
9 Fairweather Mountain 15,325 feet
10 Mount Hubbard 14,951 feet

Mount Logan:
Mount Logan is the highest mountain in Canada and the second-highest peak in North America
after Denali. The mountain was named after Sir William Edmond Logan, a Canadian geologist
and founder of the Geological Survey of Canada. Elevation: 5,959 m

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Mount Saint Elias

Elevation: 18,009 feet (5,489 m)

Location: Alaska and the Yukon Territory

King Peak

Elevation: 16,972 ft (5,173 m)

Location: Yukon

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Mount Steele

Elevation: 16,644 ft (5,073 m)

Location: Kluane National Park, Yukon

Mount Vancouver

Elevation: 15,979 feet (4,870 m)

Location: Alaska and the Yukon Territory

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Falls of Canada

1. Niagara Falls – Niagara, Ontario

2. Montmorency Falls – Quebec City, Quebec

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3. Athabasca Falls – Jasper National Park, Alberta

4. Helmcken Falls – Wells Gray Provincial Park, British Columbia

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5. Takkakaw Falls – Yoho National Park, British Columbia

6. Bridal Veil Falls – Bridal Veil Falls Provincial Park, British Columbia

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7. Shannon Falls – Shannon Falls Provincial Park, British Columbia

8. Maligne Canyon – Jasper National Park, Alberta

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9. Pissing Mare Falls – Gros Morne National Park, Newfoundland

10. Brandywine Falls – Brandywine Falls Provincial Park, British Columbia

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5.2 Lake and Park
Top lakes of Canada are-

 Lake Louise; Banff National Park, Alberta

 Garibaldi Lake; Garibaldi Provincial Park, British Columbia
 Moraine Lake; Banff National Park, Alberta
 Emerald Lake; Yoho National Park, British Columbia
 Spotted Lake; British Columbia
 Abraham Lake; Alberta
 Lake Superior; Ontario
 Great Slave Lake; Northwest Territories
 Maligne Lake; Jasper National Park, Alberta
 Peyto Lake; Banff National Park, Alberta
 Lake Memphremagog; Quebec
 Berg Lake; Mount Robson Provincial Park, British Columbia
 Kootenay Lake; British Columbia
 Lake Ontario; Ontario
 Kluane Lake; Yukon

Emerald Lake; Yoho National Park, British Columbia

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Lake moraine, Alberta

Parks of Canada
There are many beautiful parks of Canada. Among them the most beautiful and attractive parks
are-
1. Banff National Park, Alberta
2. Gulf Islands National Park, British Columbia
3. Mont-Tremblant National Park, Quebec
4. Jasper National Park, Alberta
5. Gros Morne National Park, Newfoundland & Labrador
6. Thousand Islands National Park, Ontario
7. Pacific Rim National Park, British Columbia

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 Chapter 6
Government and Foreign Affairs
6.1 Parliament and Law
The Constitution of Canada is the supreme law of the country, and consists of written text and
unwritten conventions. The Constitution Act, 1867 (known as the British North America Act prior
to 1982), affirmed governance based on parliamentary precedent and divided powers between the
federal and provincial governments. The Supreme Court of Canada is the highest court and final
arbiter and has been led since December 18, 2017, by Richard Wagner, the Chief justice of Canada.
 Parliament Hill, home of the federal government in Canada's capital city, Ottawa

 The Supreme Court of Canada in Ottawa, west of Parliament Hill

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6.2 Foreign Relations
Canada's foreign policy based on international peacekeeping and security. Canada's peacekeeping
role during the 20th century has played a major role in its global image. Canada maintains historic
ties to the United Kingdom and France and to other former British and French colonies through
Canada's membership in the Commonwealth of Nations. During the Suez Crisis of 1956, future
prime minister Lester B. Pearson eased tensions by proposing the inception of the United Nations
Peacekeeping Force, for which he was awarded the 1957 Nobel Peace Prize. As this was the first
UN peacekeeping mission, Pearson is often credited as the inventor of the concept.
6.3 Province and Territory
Provinces:

1. Alberta 2. British Columbia 3. Manitoba 4. New Brunswick 5. Newfoundland and Labrador 6.

Nova Scotia 7. Ontario 8. Prince Edward Island 9. Quebec 10.Saskatchewan

Territories:

1. Northwest Territories 2. Yukon 3. Nunavut

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 Chapter 7
Economy
7.1 Economy
The economy of Canada is a highly developed mixed-market economy. It is the 8th largest GDP
by nominal and 16th largest GDP by PPP in the world (2022). The Toronto financial district is the
second-largest financial centre in North America, the seventh-largest globally in employment and
the heart of Canada's finance industry.
As with other developed nations, the country's economy is dominated by the service
industry which employs about three quarters of Canadians. Canada has the third-highest total
estimated value of natural resources, valued at US$33.98 trillion in 2019. It has the world's third-
largest proven oil reserves and is the fourth-largest exporter of crude oil. It is also the fifth-largest
exporter of natural gas.
According to the Corruption Perceptions Index, Canada is perceived as one of the least corrupt
countries in the world, and is one of the world's top ten trading nations, with a
highly globalized economy.
As of 2022, Canada is ranked 15th on The Heritage Foundation's index of economic freedom. Its
average household disposable income per capita is "well above" the OECD average. The Toronto
Stock Exchange is the eighth-largest stock exchange in the world by market capitalization, listing
over 1,500 companies with a combined market capitalization of over US$3 trillion.
In 2021, Canadian trade in goods and services reached $2.016 trillion. the country is a leading
exporterof zinc, uranium, gold, nickel, platinoids, aluminum, steel, iron ore, coking coal, lead
copper molybdenum, cobalt etc.
In 2021, Canadian trade in goods and services reached CA$2.016 trillion. Canada's exports totalled
over CA$637 billion, while its imported goods were worth over CA$631 billion, of which
approximately CA$391 billion originated from the United States, CA$216 billion from non-U.S.
sources.
In 2018, Canada had a trade deficit in goods of CA$22 billion and a trade deficit in services
of CA$25 billion. Canada is unusual among developed countries in the importance of the primary
sector, with the logging and energy industries being two of Canada's most important. Canada also
has a sizable manufacturing sector, based in Central Canada, with the automobile
industry and aircraft industry being especially important.
With the world's longest coastline, Canada has the eighth-largest commercial fishing and seafood
industry in the world. Canada is one of the global leaders of the entertainment software industry.
It is a member of the APEC, G7, G20, OECD and WTO, and was formerly a member
of NAFTA until the USMCA came into force in 2020. In Canada, the USMCA is officially known
as the Canada–United States–Mexico Agreement (CUSMA) in English.

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7.2 Science, Technology and Industry
In 2019, Canada spent approximately $40.3 billion on domestic research and development, of
which over $7 billion was provided by the federal and provincial governments. As of 2020, the
country has produced fifteen Nobel laureates in physics, chemistry, and medicine. Canada was
ranked 16th in the Global Innovation Index in 2021 and 17th in 2019 and 2020. Canada is a
participant in the International Space Station (ISS).
In 2019, Canada spent approximately CA$40.3 billion on domestic research and development, of
which over $7 billion was provided by the federal and provincial governments. In 2018, Canada
spent approximately C$34.5 billion on domestic research and development, of which around
$2 billion was spent directly by the federal government in-house and an additional $5.7 billion was
provided by provincial and federal sources in the form of grants. This investment corresponds to
about 1.57% of Canada's gross domestic product, a decline from 1.72% in 2014. Canada was
ranked 16th in the Global Innovation Index in 2021 and 17th in 2019 and 2020.
As of 2020, the country has produced fifteen Nobel laureates in physics, chemistry, and medicine
and was ranked fourth worldwide for scientific research quality in a major 2012 survey of
international scientists. It is furthermore home to the headquarters of a number of global
technology firms. Canada has one of the highest levels of Internet access in the world, with over
33 million users, equivalent to around 94 percent of its total 2014 population.
Some of the most notable scientific developments in Canada include the creation of the
modern alkaline battery and the polio vaccine and discoveries about the interior structure of
the atomic nucleus. Other major Canadian scientific contributions include the artificial cardiac
pacemaker, mapping the visual cortex, the development of the electron microscope, plate
tectonics, deep learning, multi-touch technology and the identification of the first black
hole, Cygnus X-1. Canada has a long history of discovery in genetics, which include stem
cells, site-directed mutagenesis, T-cell receptor and the identification of the genes that
cause Fanconi anemia, cystic fibrosis and early-onset Alzheimer's disease, among numerous other
diseases.
The Canadian Space Agency operates a highly active space program, conducting deep-space,
planetary, and aviation research, and developing rockets and satellites. Canada was the third
country to design and construct a satellite after the Soviet Union and the United States, with the
1962 Alouette 1 launch. Canada is a participant in the International Space Station (ISS), and is a
pioneer in space robotics, having constructed the Canadarm, Canadarm2 and Dextre robotic
manipulators for the ISS and NASA's Space Shuttle. Since the 1960s, Canada's aerospace industry
has designed and built numerous marques of satellite, including Radarsat-
1 and 2, ISIS and MOST. Canada has also produced one of the world's most successful and widely
used sounding rockets, the Black Brant; over 1,000 Black Brants have been launched since the
rocket's introduction in 1961.

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Key industries of Canada
In 2017, the Canadian economy had the following relative weighting by the industry as a
percentage value of GDP.

Industry Share of GDP (%)

Real estate and rental and leasing 13.01%

Manufacturing 10.37%

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction 8.21%

Finance and insurance 7.06%
Construction 7.08%
Health care and social assistance 6.63%
Public administration 6.28%
Wholesale trade 5.78%
Retail trade 5.60%

Professional, scientific and technical services 5.54%

Educational services 5.21%
Transportation and warehousing 4.60%
Information and cultural industries 3.00%
Administrative and support, waste management, and remediation 2.46%
services
Utilities 2.21%

Accommodation and food services 2.15%

Other services (except public administration) 1.89%
Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting 1.53%
Arts, entertainment and recreation 0.77%
Management of companies and enterprises 0.62%

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 Chapter 8
Demographics
8.1 Population
Canada’s current population is 38,473,122 (2022). The population is growing at a steady pace and,
based on current projections will surpass 50 million by 2070. Canada has one of the fastest growth
rates of any G7 nation, growing faster than many other industrialized countries. Canada’s growth
rate has been anywhere between 0.8% and 1.2% for the past ten years. While Canada’s fertility
rate is 1.53 births per woman, below the population replacement rate, the population continues to
grow as migration plays an increasing role in the population. Canada’s net migration rate is 6.375
per 1,000 people, the eighth-highest in the world.

8.2 Health
Healthcare in Canada is delivered through the provincial and territorial systems of publicly funded
health care, informally called Medicare. It is guided by the provisions of the Canada Health Act of
1984. In 2021, the Canadian Institute for Health Information reported that healthcare spending
reached $308 billion, or 12.7 percent of Canada's GDP for that year. The Commonwealth
Funds 2021 report comparing the Canada’s healthcare systems 11th of the most developed
countries.

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8.3 Education
Established in 1663, Université Laval is the oldest post-secondary institution in Canada. The
largest university is the University of Toronto with over 85,000 students. Four universities are
regularly ranked among the top 100 world-wide, namely University of Toronto, University of
British Columbia, McGill University and McMaster University, with a total of 18 universities
ranked in the top 500 worldwide. Over 56 percent of Canadian adults having attained at least an
undergraduate college or university degree. Canada spends about 5.3 percent of its GDP on
education. Canadian 15-year-olds as the sixth-best in the world (PISA).
Education system of Canada (British Columbia) are discussed in details on the part B of this report
respectively.
8.4 Ethnicity
According to the 2016 Canadian Census, over 250 "ethnic or cultural origins" were self-reported
by Canadians, with four out of ten people reporting more than one origin. 20 million or 72.9 percent
of the population report having European descent, followed by Asian (17.7
percent), Indigenous (4.9 percent), African (3.1 percent), Latin American (1.3 percent),
and Oceanian (0.2 percent). The 2016 Census indicated that 21.9 percent of the Canadian
population reported themselves as being or having been a landed immigrant or permanent
resident in Canada.
8.5 Languages

Languages of Canada

Official English and French

Semi- Northwest Territories: Cree, Dënësųłıné, Dene

official Yatıé/Zhatıé, Gwich’in, Inuinnaqtun, Inuktitut, Inuvialuktun, Sahtúgot’įné Yatı̨ ́ /
Shíhgot’įne Yatı̨ ́ / K’ashógot’įne Goxedǝ́, Tłįchǫ Yatıì
Nova Scotia: Mi'kmawi'simk
Nunavut: Inuktut (Inuinnaqtun, Inuktitut)

Regional Deitsch, Gaelic, Hutterisch, Irish, Plautdietsch, Russian, Ukrainian

Immigrant  English, French, Mandarin, Cantonese, Punjabi, Spanish, Arabic, Tagalog

(Filipino), German, Italian, Hindustani, Portuguese
Approximately 98 percent of Canadians can speak either or both English and French. English –
56.9%, English and French – 16.1%, French – 21.3%

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8.6 Religion
Religions in Canada are-

33 | C a n a d a ( B C )
 Canada At a Glance
Capital Ottawa

Largest City Toronto

Official Languages English & French

Government • Federal parliamentary

• constitutional monarchy

Monarch Charles III

Prime Minister Justin Trudeau

Legislature Parliament

• Upper House Senate

• Lower House House of Commons

Independence From United Kingdom

Literacy Rate 99%

• Total Area 9,984,670 km2 (3,855,100 sq mi) (2nd)

• Water (%) 11.76 (as of 2015)

• Total Land Area 9,093,507 km2 (3,511,023 sq mi)

Population

• Q2 2022 Estimate 38,654,738 (37th)

• 2021 Census 36,991,981

• Density 4.2/km2 (10.9/sq mi) (185th)

GDP (PPP) 2022 estimate

• Total $2.237 trillion (15th)

• Per Capita $57,812 (22nd)

HDI (2021) 0.936 (very high) (15th)

Currency Canadian dollar ($)

Calling Code +1

34 | C a n a d a ( B C )
Conclusion
Canada is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with King Charles III as its
Head of State. It is a bilingual and multicultural country, with both English and French as official
languages at the federal level.
Technologically advanced and industrialized, Canada maintains a diversified economy that is
heavily reliant upon its abundant natural resources and upon trade—particularly with the United
States, with which Canada has had a long and complex relationship. It is a member of the G8,
NATO, the Commonwealth of Nations, the Francophonie, and the United Nations.
Canada has abundant natural resources for its population. The Canadian Shield is an area of rock
and forest that covers much of central Canada around the Hudson Bay. This region, and the area
to the east and west of it, provide timber and minerals for Canadian industries and export. In the
Maritime Provinces of the east, the main economic activities include fishing and agriculture. Some
of Canada’s best farmland is located along the St. Lawrence River and in the southern Prairie
Provinces of Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta. The St. Lawrence River region includes dairy
farms and agriculture, which provide food for the larger cities of the region. The province of
Ontario has fertile farmland on the north and east sides of the Great Lakes. The farmland in the
Prairie Provinces has much larger grain and beef operations.

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 Part B
Education System of Canada (British Canada)

Introduction
In British Columbia (BC), the school system is made up of public schools and independent (private
schools). Public schools are fully funded by the provincial government. Independent schools are
only partially funded by government. Both the provincial government and local boards of
education manage the public school system (Kindergarten to Grade 12). The provincial
government funds the school system and sets the legislation, regulations, and policies to ensure
every school meets provincial standards and every student receives a high-quality education.
Children usually start elementary school in the same year that they turn five years old. The first
year of elementary school is called Kindergarten. Kindergarten is offered in both public and
independent schools Typically, Elementary schools in BC enrol students in Kindergarten (age 5)
and Grades 1 to 7 (ages 6-12).
Secondary schools in most school districts enrol students in Grades 8 to 12, or in Grades 9 to 12
(ages 13-17). In districts where there are large numbers of students (ages 11-13) enrolled, and
where adequate facilities are available, the school district might have students attend a Middle
school in Grades 6 to 8.
Most students finish Secondary school by age 18. When they graduate from secondary school,
they get a graduation certificate. After Secondary school, students go to college, university, other
specialized training, or work. Additionally, adult students who have not graduated are eligible to
enter the Adult Graduation Program at 18 years of age.
These students may take courses leading to the British Columbia Certificate of Graduation or
leading to the Adult Graduation Diploma. Adults who have graduated may also take specific
courses tuition-free under certain conditions.
In this part of the report we will try to explore the structure of the education system of Canada
(British Columbia) and focus on the every components of the education system like school system,
secondary education, curriculum, public exam, tertiary education, teaching learning process as
well as assessment and academic grading.

36 | C a n a d a ( B C )
 Chapter 1
Structure of Education System of Canada

1.1Structure of Education System of Canada

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1.2 Structure of Education System of British Columbia (BC)

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1.3 Level & Entry Age

39 | C a n a d a ( B C )
 Chapter 2
Early Childhood Care & Pre-Primary Education
Early Childhood Care (ECC)
Every province and territory provide Kindergarten programs, whether full-day or half-day,
mandatory or voluntary. Eight provinces and territories provide full-day Kindergarten for all five-
year old. Kindergarten in Canada is considered part of the formal education system and has a
dedicated curriculum in all 13 provinces and territories. While these programs are only compulsory
in a few provinces, 97 per cent of children who are of eligible age attend Kindergarten in Canada.
Early Childhood Education in British Columbia
In B.C., children begin schooling at the age of five. Before then, early childhood education (ECE)
is available. This age-appropriate, play-based learning is usually provided to children aged
between three and five to help them prepare for school. Many schools in B.C. offer free programs
to help kids learn.

Strong Start BC: This is a free program for children up to five years old. Parents join their kids
in drop-in programs that offer stories, music and art designed to prepare them for Kindergarten.

Ready, Set, Learn: Provides families with information on how to support their young child’s
learning. Visit their website to see if there’s a local grade school that holds Ready, Set, Learn
events for kids aged three to five.

In addition, there are private preschools that run morning, afternoon or full-day (up to four hours)
preschool classes for children aged 30 months to school age. As these are businesses, parents can
expect to pay around $750 CAD a month for a licensed full-day preschool program.

Types of Preschool programs in British Columbia

When it comes to choosing a preschool program, look for one with Registered Early Childhood
Educators (RECEs), and ask to drop in for a visit. Here are some types of preschools available:

 Local community or non-profit co-operative schools: These are usually the least
expensive as parents work voluntarily as teachers’ aides alongside professional teachers.
 Religious schools: Usually attached to religious institutions and may include religious
education (it isn’t essential for children to follow the same religion as the school).
 Private schools: These are the most expensive and vary considerably from small home-
run set-ups to large custom-built schools.
 Montessori schools: Montessori is more of a philosophy of life than a teaching method.

40 | C a n a d a ( B C )
 Chapter 3:
Primary Education and Secondary Education
Elementary Education
The ages for compulsory schooling vary among provinces and territories, but most require
attendance in school from age 6 to age 16. In some cases, compulsory schooling starts at 5, and in
others it extends to age 18 or graduation from secondary school. In most provinces and territories,
elementary schools cover six to eight years of schooling. Almost 98 per cent of elementary students
go on to the secondary level.
Curriculum in Elementary Education
The elementary school curriculum emphasizes the basic subjects of language, mathematics, social
studies, science, health and physical education, and introductory arts; some provinces and
territories include second-language learning. In many provinces and territories, increased attention
is being paid to literacy, especially in the case of boys, as test results have shown that their
performance is falling behind that of girls in language.
Secondary Education
Secondary school covers the final four to six years of compulsory education. The secondary school
graduation rate in 2017 –18 was 81 per cent, with 84 per cent of females and 77 per cent of males
graduating. The overall graduation rate has been steadily increasing while the longer-term dropout
rate has declined as older students complete their secondary education. In 2017–18, the dropout
rate (defined as 25- to 64-year-olds without an upper-secondary education) had fallen to 8 per cent.
Curriculum in Secondary Education
In the first years, students take mostly compulsory courses, with some options. The proportion of
options increases in the later years so that students may take specialized courses to prepare for the
job market or to meet the differing entrance requirements of postsecondary institutions. Secondary
school diplomas are awarded to students who complete the requisite number of compulsory and
optional courses. In most cases, vocational and academic programs are offered within the same
secondary schools; in others, technical and vocational programs are offered in separate, dedicated
vocational training centres. For students with an interest in a specific trade, programs varying in
length from less than one year to three years are offered, many of them leading to diplomas and
certificates.
Grade structure and levels of education in British Columbia
Elementary
Grade schools operate from Kindergarten through to Grade 8. Children can enroll in full-day
kindergarten the year they turn five. Generally, students graduate grade school at the age of 13. In
districts where there are a large number of students aged 11 to 13 are enrolled in elementary school,
they may attend a Middle School (Grades 6 to 8) instead.

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Secondary
Secondary schools, also known as “high schools,” operate from Grades 9 to 12. Generally, students
begin high school at age 14 and graduate at 18. Upon graduation, students will receive a graduation
certificate. In order to graduate, all students must meet the provincial graduation requirements.
After completing secondary school, they can apply to go to college, university, some other
vocational training (such as a trade), or work.

The School System in British Columbia (BC)

Public education in British Columbia is divided into elementary schools and secondary schools.

Types of schools in British Columbia

In British Columbia, all children ages six to 16 must attend school or study at home. Schools in
the province consist of elementary (also known as primary) and secondary (also known as high
school) education. Grades range from Kindergarten to Grade 12. Elementary school operates from
Kindergarten to Grade 8 and secondary schools from Grades 9 to 12. Here’s a breakdown of the
types of schools in BC.

Public schools in B.C.

The public school system in B.C. is responsible for the education of 553,000 students. It is divided
into 60 district school boards. Students who live in B.C. permanently can attend public schools
free of charge.
Public English language schools
Public English language schools offer education to students from Kindergarten through to Grade
12. There is no fee to attend and schools are open to all students who live in the catchment area.
With 125 schools, Surrey Schools is the largest school district in B.C.
Public French language school
B.C. operates 45 public Francophone schools. These schools teach the curriculum primarily in
French and are for students who speak French as their first language. The criteria to enroll child in
a French-language school is:

 At least one parent whose native language is French or fluent in French

 At least one parent attended a French-language school in Canada
 A sibling who attended a French-language school in Canada

Consideration will also be given to students if a grandparent’s native language is French, or if they
attended a French-language school. If you don’t meet these criteria, you can still submit an
application to a French-language school for review. French Immersion programs are also available
in the public school system. In a French Immersion school, subjects are taught in both French and
English. The programs tend to fill up quickly, and there are often long wait times before a student
will even be considered.

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Catholic schools in B.C.
While faith-based Catholic education is available for students in B.C., they do not receive funding
from the provincial government and Catholic schools are run privately. There are 79 Catholic
schools across the province that provide religious and moral teaching and the values of the church.
Preference is given to students of Catholic families first and waiting lists for admissions vary,
depending on the school. Catholic schools are required to meet the Ministry of Education
curriculum requirements and all teachers are certified. Parents must pay for their child to attend a
Catholic school. Tuition rates can range from $275 to $370 CAD per month.

Private and independent schools in B.C.

While the majority of students in B.C. go to a publicly-funded school, there are a large number of
private and independent schools that operate in the province. The difference is these schools
operate as a business and you will have to pay for your child to attend. The Ministry of Education
inspects and regulates private schools, and some private schools qualify for partial provincial
government funding.

The cost of private school education in B.C. range greatly. You can expect to pay anywhere from
$4,000 to $80,000 CAD per year. It is common for private schools to allocate funds for
scholarships and bursaries for students. Parents generally choose a private school education for
their child based on the school’s approach to learning, for religious beliefs, to accommodate their
child’s special needs, or to receive an advanced academics program.

Homeschooling
A very small fraction of parents in B.C. opt their children out of both public and private schools
and educate them at home, which is known as homeschooling. The Ministry of Education has
drafted a homeschooling procedure and guidelines manual for parents. Kids have to be a
Registered Homeschooler and high school students in Grades 10-12 have the option to participate
in the Provincial Graduation Assessment and foundation Skills Assessments.

Government Role
Public education is provided free to all Canadians. Each province and territory has one or two
departments/ministries responsible for education, headed by a minister who is almost always an
elected member of the legislature and appointed to the position by the government leader of the
province or territory. Deputy ministers, who belong to the civil service, are responsible for the
operation of the department
Local Governance
The power delegated to the local authorities to operation and administration (including financial)
Curriculum implementation, responsibility for personnel, enrolment of students, and initiation of
proposals for new construction.

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 Chapter 4
Tertiary Education and Adult Education
Tertiary Education
Range of Institutions
Tertiary education is available in both government-supported and private institutions, which offer
degrees, diplomas, certificates, and attestations depending on the nature of the institution and the
length of the program. The postsecondary environment has evolved during the past few years, as
universities are no longer the only degree-granting institutions in some provinces. A recognized
postsecondary institution is a private or public institution that has been given full authority to grant
degrees, diplomas, and other credentials by a public or private act of the provincial or territorial
legislature or through a government-mandated quality assurance mechanism.
Number of Institutions
Canada has 223 public and private universities, and 213 public colleges and institutes. Consult
the Directory of Educational Institutions in Canada for a complete list of institutions. Tertiary
education in British Columbia is delivered by 25 publicly funded institutions that are composed of
eleven universities, eleven colleges and three institutes.
Funding
Statistics Canada has reported that postsecondary institution revenue in 2018–19 increased to
$41.5 billion

 Government funding is the largest revenue source for postsecondary education

institutions. 45.8 per cent of postsecondary funding comes from the government.
 Student fees accounted for 29.4 per cent of total postsecondary education revenue
 Bequests, donations, nongovernmental grants, sales of products and services, and
investments brought in another 25 per cent

Tuition Fees
In 2020-21, tuition costs averaged $6,580 for Canadian undergraduate programs, with international
student fees averaging about $32,000 annually. Education is also funded through the money that
governments transfer to individual students through loans, grants, and education tax credits.
Attendance and Graduation Trends
Participation in postsecondary education has grown significantly in the past few years, whether
measured by numbers of enrolments or by the proportion of the population in any given age group
who are attending college or university. While women continue to make up the majority of students
on both university and college campuses, they are still in the minority in the skilled trades.
University Attendance and Graduation
According to Universities Canada, in 2019, there were 1,090,000 full-time university students, as
well as 266,000 part-time students. In 2018, Canadian universities awarded an estimated 197,830
bachelor's degrees, 65,706 master's degrees, and 7,923 doctoral degrees.

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University Governance
Publicly funded universities are largely autonomous; they set their own admissions standards and
degree requirements and have considerable flexibility in the management of their financial affairs
and program offerings. Government intervention is generally limited to funding, fee structures,
and the introduction of new programs. Most Canadian universities have a two-tiered system of
governance that includes a board of governors and a senate. Boards are generally charged with
overall financial and policy concerns. Academic senates are responsible for programs, courses,
admission requirements, qualifications for degrees, and academic planning. Their decisions are
subject to board approval. Students are often represented on both bodies, as are alumni and
representatives from the community at large.
University Activities
The majority of degree-granting institutions in Canada focus on teaching and research. In 2014,
Canadian universities performed $13 billion worth of research and development, which was about
40 per cent of the national total. Teaching is the other key function, whether at the small liberal
arts universities that grant only undergraduate degrees or at the large, comprehensive institutions.
Registration varies from about 2,000 students at some institutions to a full-time enrolment of over
62,000 at the University of Toronto, Canada's largest English-language university.
University Programs
There are more than 10,000 undergraduate and graduate degree programs offered in Canadian
universities, as well as professional degree programs and certificates. Most institutions provide
instruction in either English or French; others offer instruction in both official languages. In 2020,
Canadian universities employed over 47,000 full-time faculty members.
University Degrees
Universities and colleges focus on degree programs but may also offer some diplomas and
certificates, often in professional designations. University degrees are offered at three consecutive
levels:

 Students enter at the bachelor's level after having successfully completed secondary school.
Most universities also have special entrance requirements and paths for mature students.
Bachelor's degrees normally require three or four years of full-time study, depending on
the province and whether the program is general or specialized.
 A master's degree typically requires two years of study after the bachelor's degree.
 For a doctoral degree, three to five years of additional study and research plus a dissertation
are the normal requirements.

The Canadian Degree Qualifications Framework outlines the degree levels in more detail. In
regulated professions, such as medicine, law, education, and social work, an internship is generally
required in order to obtain a licence to practise.

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Attendance and Graduation at Colleges and Institute
Statistics Canada has reported that, in 2018–19, college and institute enrolment was at an all-time
high, with over 795,000 students enrolled. Just over 246,000 students graduated from Canadian
colleges and institutes in 2017–18.
Governance in Colleges and Institutes
In publicly-funded colleges and institutes, government involvement can extend to admissions
policies, program approval, curricula, institutional planning, and working conditions. Most
colleges have boards of governors appointed by the provincial or territorial government, with
representation from the public, students, and instructors. Program planning incorporates input from
business, industry, and labour representatives on college advisory committees.
College Activities
There are thousands of public and private colleges and institutes in Canada. Of these, over 150 are
recognized public colleges and institutes. These educational institutions may be called public
colleges, specialized institutes, community colleges, institutes of technology, colleges of applied
arts and technology. The private colleges are most often called career colleges.
College Programs
Colleges and institutes offer a range of vocation-oriented programs in a wide variety of
professional and technical fields, including business, health, applied arts, technology, and social
services. Some of the institutions are specialized and provide training in a single field such as
fisheries, arts, paramedical technology, and agriculture. Colleges also provide literacy and
academic upgrading programs, pre-employment and pre-apprenticeship programs, and the in-class
portions of registered apprenticeship programs. As well, many different workshops, short
programs, and upgrades for skilled workers and professionals are made available.
College Credentials
Diplomas are generally awarded for successful completion of two- and three-year college and
institute programs, while certificate programs usually take up to one year. University degrees and
applied degrees are offered in some colleges and institutes, and others provide university transfer
programs. Les cégeps in Quebec offer a choice of two-year academic programs that are
prerequisite for university study or three-year technical programs that prepare students for the
labour market or for further postsecondary study.
Colleges in their Communities
Colleges work very closely with business, industry, labour, and the public service sectors in the
provision of professional development services and specialized programs and, on a wider basis,
with their communities to design programs reflecting local needs.

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Prior Learning Assessment and Recognition
About 80 per cent of colleges also recognize prior learning assessment and recognition (PLAR) in
at least some of their programs. Some universities also recognize it, and a growing number of
provinces offer PLAR to adults at the secondary school level. PLAR is a process that helps adults
demonstrate and gain recognition for learning they have acquired outside of formal education
settings.

Vocational Education and Training

Public Providers
Vocational education refers to a multi-year program or a series of courses providing specialized
instruction in a skill or a trade intending to lead the student directly into a career or program based
on that skill or trade. It is offered in secondary schools and at the postsecondary level in public
colleges and institutes, private for-profit colleges, and in the workplace, through apprenticeship
programs. At the secondary level, vocational programs may be offered at separate, specialized
schools or as optional programs in schools offering both academic and vocational streams. The
secondary school programs prepare the student for the workforce, a postsecondary program, or an
apprenticeship. The role of public colleges has been described above.
Private Providers
Private colleges may be licensed by provincial governments or may operate as unlicensed entities.
They may receive some public funding but are largely funded through tuition fees and offer
programs in such areas as business, health sciences, human services, applied arts, information
technology, electronics, services, and trades. Programs usually require one or two years of study,
although some private career colleges offer programs of shorter duration.
Apprenticeship
Apprenticeship programs in Canada have been generally geared toward adults, with youth
becoming increasingly involved in some provinces and territories. The related industry is
responsible for practical training delivered in the workplace, and the educational institution
provides the theoretical components. Apprenticeship registrations have shown a decrease in recent
years, from over 455,000 in 2015, to almost 400,000 in 2019. The largest trade group is
electricians, with over 68,000 registrations.

Adult Education and Skills Training

Many institutions, governments, and groups are involved in the delivery of adult education and
skills training programs, with the providers varying among provinces and territories.

 Colleges offer adult education and skills training for the labour force; government
departments responsible for literacy, skills training, second-language learning, and other
adult programs may provide programs themselves or fund both formal and non-formal
educational bodies to develop and deliver the programs.
 Some provinces and territories have established dedicated adult learning centres.

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  Community-based, not-for-profit, and voluntary organizations, school boards, and some
private companies, largely funded by the provincial, territorial, or federal governments,
address literacy and other learning needs for all adults, with some of them focusing on
specific groups such as rural populations, the Indigenous communities, immigrants,
displaced workers, and those with low levels of literacy or education.
 The federal government works with the provincial and territorial governments to fund
many of the skills training and English and French second-language programs.

The Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC), 2012, revealed
that Canadians were among the most equipped with the new skills demanded in the 21st century,
as they have high levels of proficiency in literacy, numeracy, and problem solving in technology-
rich environments. In fact, Canada had one of the most skilled and educated labour forces in the
OECD. However, several sub-groups of the population had disproportionately low levels of
proficiency in the three domains assessed, most notably individuals who had not completed high
school, immigrants, and Indigenous people.

Indigenous Education
Indigenous Education at the Elementary and Secondary Levels
The federal government shares responsibility with First Nations for the provision of education to
children ordinarily residing on reserve and attending provincial, federal, or band-operated schools.
In fiscal year 2016 to 2017, the Government of Canada invested $1.94 billion in First Nations
elementary and secondary education programs. In April 2019, Indigenous Services Canada
implemented a new co-developed approach to better meet the needs of First Nations students on
reserve and improve outcomes. Band-operated schools located on reserves educate approximately
64 per cent of the students living on reserves, while 36 per cent go off reserve to schools under
provincial authority, usually for secondary school. First Nations children living off reserve as well
as Métis and Inuit children are educated in the public elementary and secondary schools in their
cities, towns, and communities, with the provinces and territories providing the majority of
educational services for Indigenous students.
First Nations, Métis, and Inuit students pursuing a postsecondary education attend both
government-supported and private institutions for a wide range of programs. Additionally, there
are several Indigenous postsecondary institutions as well as Indigenous-led faculties within non-
Indigenous establishments across Canada which offer specialized and culturally relevant
programming ranging from trade skills training to doctorates. Indigenous postsecondary
institutions play many roles in the postsecondary sector, notably in providing access to
learners who might otherwise not participate in postsecondary education or training. Indigenous
students have access to targeted financial support provided by the institutions they attend as well
as by provincial and territorial postsecondary strategies.
Between 2017 and 2019, Indigenous Services Canada conducted a comprehensive and
collaborative review of all current federal programs that support Indigenous students who wish to
pursue postsecondary education. Budget 2019 invested $814.9 million over 10 years and $61.8
million ongoing for distinctions-based Indigenous postsecondary education strategies. This

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funding will renew and expand the Post-Secondary Student Support Program (which provides
financial support to eligible Status First Nations postsecondary students), establish new Inuit and
Métis Nation postsecondary education strategies, and engage with First Nations to develop
regional postsecondary strategies. The department also provides support to First Nations
established postsecondary education institutions and First Nations-directed community-based
programming through its Post-Secondary Partnerships Program.
Indigenous Languages Education
There are more than 70 Indigenous languages currently spoken in Canada across 12 language
groups: Algonquian languages, Inuit languages, Athabaskan languages, Siouan languages, Salish
languages, Tsimshian languages, Wakashan languages, Iroquoian languages, Michif, Tlingit,
Kutenai and Haida. In 2016, an estimated 260,550 people were speaking their Indigenous
language. Colonial policies have significantly harmed the vitality of Indigenous languages in
Canada and several are now “endangered,” with few speakers, although a few others are considered
“viable” in the long term. Six of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission’s 94 calls to action are
specific to language and culture. In response, provinces and territories have developed curriculum
and teaching resources for Indigenous languages education. The province of Manitoba and the
three territories of Nunavut, Yukon, and the Northwest Territories have also implemented
legislation that formally recognize Indigenous languages in their respective regions.
At the Canada-level, the federal government is also engaged in supporting Indigenous languages.
In 2019, the federal government passed the Indigenous Languages Act, which is intended to
support the reclamation, revitalization, maintaining and strengthening of Indigenous languages in
Canada. The act established the Office of the Commissioner of Indigenous Languages, whose
mandate notably includes supporting innovative projects and the use of new technologies in
Indigenous language education and revitalization. Additionally, the federal government financially
supports Indigenous languages education, for instance by providing funding to Indigenous
organizations through its Indigenous Languages and Cultures Program.

Activities of the Government of Canada

The Federal Contribution
The federal government of Canada provides financial support for postsecondary education and the
teaching of the two official languages. In addition, the federal government is responsible for the
education of Indigenous Canadians on reserve, personnel in the armed forces and the coast guard,
and inmates in federal correctional facilities.
Federal Funding Support for Postsecondary Education
In addition to providing revenue for universities and colleges through transfer payments, the
federal government offers direct student support. These programs, and many similar ones offered
by the provinces and territories, are designed to make postsecondary education more widely
accessible and to reduce student debt:

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  Every year, the Canada Millennium Scholarship Foundation awards $350 million in
bursaries and scholarships each year to about 100,000 students throughout
Canada, providing income-based grants to postsecondary students.
 For parents, the Canada Education Savings Grant program supplements their savings for
postsecondary education.

Official Languages
Reflecting its history and culture, Canada adopted the Official Languages Act, first passed in 1969
and revised in 1988, which established both French and English as the official languages of Canada
and provided for the support of English and French minority populations. According to the 2016
Census, 68.3 per cent of the population speak English only, 11.9 per cent speak French only, and
17.9 per cent speak both French and English. The French-speaking population is concentrated in
Quebec, while each of the other provinces and territories has a French-speaking minority
population; Quebec has an English-speaking minority population.
Language Education
The federal government's official-language policy and funding programs include making
contributions to two education-related components — minority-language education and second-
language education. Through the Official Languages in Education Program, the federal
government transfers funding for these activities to the provinces and territories based on bilateral
and general agreements that respect areas of responsibility and the unique needs of each province
and territory. The bilateral agreements related to these contributions are negotiated under
a protocol worked out through the Council of Ministers of Education, Canada (CMEC). Three pan-
Canadian federally funded programs (Explore, Destination Clic, and Odyssey), coordinated by
CMEC, provide youth with opportunities for exchange and summer study to enhance their first
language and second-language skills.

The Council of Ministers of Education, Canada

The Council of Ministers of Education, Canada (CMEC) was formed in 1967 by the provincial
and territorial ministers responsible for education to provide a forum in which they could discuss
matters of mutual interest, undertake educational initiatives cooperatively, and represent the
interests of the provinces and territories with national educational organizations, the federal
government, foreign governments, and international organizations. CMEC is a collective voice for
education in Canada and, through CMEC, the provinces and territories work together on common
objectives in a broad range of activities at the elementary, secondary, and postsecondary levels.

50 | C a n a d a ( B C )
 Chapter 5
Assessment & Grading System

In British Columbia, there are many types of student’s assessment. The not only depend on the
pencil paper test but also in classroom assessment, performance assessment, portfolio assessment
etc.
Provincial Graduation Assessments
In British Columbia, there are provincial assessment namely Graduation literacy Assessment
(GLA) at Grade 10; Graduation Numeracy Assessment at Grade 10 and again Graduation literacy
Assessment (GLA) at Grade 12. No Provincial assessment till grade 9.
GLA and GNA are both marked on a scale of 4

 1 = Emerging,
 2 = Developing
 3 = Proficient
 4 = Extending

There is no minimum score required to graduate (Completion only).

Classroom assessment

Classroom assessment is an integral part of the instructional process and can serve as meaningful
sources of information about student learning. Feedback from ongoing assessment in the classroom
can be immediate and personal for a learner and guide the learner to understand their
misconceptions and use the information to set new learning goals. The goal of reporting and
communicating student learning is to ensure that parents are well informed about their student’s
progress. Effective communication between the home and the school is central to student success.
Improving and ensuring effective practices for reporting and communicating student learning
assures that students and parents will receive information about the student’s progress in a timely
and responsive manner. The way of classroom assessments are- Performance Assessment,
Portfolio Assessment, Student centered Conference and Student Self-Assessment

Foundation Skills Assessment

The Foundation Skills Assessment is an annual province-wide assessment of all B.C. students’
academic skills in grades 4 and 7, and provides parents, teachers, schools, school districts and the
ministry with important information on how well students are progressing in the foundation skills
of Literacy and Numeracy.

51 | C a n a d a ( B C )
National and International Assessments

British Columbia students take part in several national and international assessments. The results
from these assessments help us to understand how B.C. is doing compared to other jurisdictions.
National and international assessments are conducted on a random sample basis.

National assessments

National assessments are taken by students from across Canada. Results from these assessments
allow for comparisons in student achievement over time and among the provinces. The three
territories do not currently take part in national assessments, though the Yukon has participated in
the past. British Columbia’s students participate in the following national assessment.

Pan-Canadian Assessment Program (PCAP)

 A national assessment of Grade 8 students from across Canada that takes place every three
years. It measures reading, math and science skills. Schools are randomly chosen.
Participation is mandatory. Scores are not part of final grades.

International assessments

International assessments are taken by students from around the world. The presentation of results
is by jurisdiction. A jurisdiction is a country or a region (such as a province) with its own education
system. International assessments results allow for the comparisons of student achievement over
time, and among national and international jurisdictions. British Columbia’s students participate
in the following international assessments

Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA)

 An international assessment of 15-year-old students which measures reading, math and

science skills that takes place every three years. Schools are randomly chosen. Participation
is mandatory. Scores are not part of final grades.

Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS)

 An international assessment of Grade 4 students which measures reading skills and takes
place every five years. Schools are randomly chosen. Participation is mandatory. Scores
are not part of final grades.

52 | C a n a d a ( B C )
Grading System
This is the system of grading used in high schools (Grades 9–12) in BC. Each university has its
system of marking. Most elementary (Grades K–5) and middle schools (Grades 6–8) in BC no
longer use grades, using a standards-based system instead.
Letter Grade Percent
A 86–100%
B 73–85%
C+ 67–72%
C 60–66%
C− 50–59%
F (Fail) 0–49%
I (incomplete) 0–49%
W withdrawn
P Passed
I = Incomplete – Missing assignments
F = Fail – Received grade under 50%
W = The student has withdrawn from this course
P = The student has passed this course though a grade is not available (usually occurs when
switching schools/grading systems i.e. moving from the US or other country)
Tertiary Level Grading
In most of the University of BC, individual courses are normally graded as follows
Percentage (%) Letter Grade
90–100 A+
85–89 A
80–84 A-
76–79 B+
72–75 B
68–71 B-
64–67 C+
60–63 C
55–59 C-
50–54 D
0–49 F (Fail)

Except where otherwise stated in the course description and academic regulations,
the School of Nursing defines Fail (F) as below 60%.

53 | C a n a d a ( B C )
 Chapter 6
Curriculum
(K-12)
7.1 Curriculum of Canada
Canada does not have a national curriculum. The provincial governments are responsible for
establishing the curricula for their schools. Each province has its own, ministry-established
common curriculum.

7.2 Curriculum of British Columbia (Kindergarten to12 Grade)

54 | C a n a d a ( B C )
55 | C a n a d a ( B C )
Explanation of the Major Terms of British Columbia’s Curriculum
The Core Competencies

It includes personal, social, and intellectual competencies that play a vital role in
facilitating deeper, lifelong learning. The BC curriculum has been developed keeping in
mind that the ability to think critically and communicate effectively go a long way in the
overall growth of an individual.

Essential Learning

It includes the essential learning or key concepts, skills, and ideas in each subject area, as
per today’s demand. The BC new curriculum has been built around key concepts and big
ideas to promote higher-order thinking.

Literacy and Numeracy Foundations

It includes the ability to analyse, understand, communicate and present ideas and learning
in oral, written, digital, or multimedia formats. Numeracy includes developing problem-
solving skills using mathematical concepts in different contexts. Though generally
associated with language and mathematical learning, Literacy and numeracy skills apply
to all the areas of learning.

Benefits of the British Columbia’s Curriculum

The advantages of the curriculum are as follows

Focus on the Learning Process

The BC school curriculum focuses on the learning process rather than just providing the
content. It helps students develop critical thinking skills by letting them interpret and
analyze, while finding unique and innovative solutions to problems. It enhances their
confidence and boosts their problem-solving skills in all learning areas.

Focus on Core Competencies

Apart from the subject knowledge, it emphasizes communication, thinking, and other
personal and social competencies that are relevant for the overall growth of an individual.
These competencies help the students to understand themselves, the society around them,
and supports them in finding their path in a complex world. Developing these proficiencies
help students in every subject and every field whenever they are presented with challenging
problems.

56 | C a n a d a ( B C )
Concept-Based Curriculum

The BC education curriculum is not just a list of topics that are to be taught in isolation
from each other. Rather, it offers a concept-based curriculum that has been created
around key concepts or ideas to allow an in-depth exploration and a better understanding
of the subject and how these subjects are interconnected with each other in our world.

Updated Content for Futuristic Requirements

The world around us is changing at a fast pace. With constant technology innovation, every
sector is undergoing major changes. This calls for a flexible education system that focuses
on personalized learning and excellent teaching methodology to let individuals grow in
order to be prepared for the future. The BC curriculum has been updated recently, keeping
these requirements in mind.

Worldwide Acceptance

The BC graduates are accepted worldwide due to their strong academic and personal
ability. Universities are always looking for well-rounded candidates with strong academics
and character. Hence, there are ample opportunities for students that graduate from BC
schools.

Flexible Learning Space

The BC curriculum believes that learning can happen anywhere and must not be
restricted to classrooms. It defines key concepts of learning, but there is no rigidity for
space or methods used for teaching. The students are treated as a group of learners with
unique interests and requirements. This approach helps in the adaptation of an innovative
learning path where students can grow individually as well as in their communities.

57 | C a n a d a ( B C )
Curriculum Development Process of British Columbia (BC)

58 | C a n a d a ( B C )
59 | C a n a d a ( B C )
Conclusion
Canada has world-class schools and colleges that offer the highest-quality education for plenty of
opportunities. It also has a free public school system for high school and post-secondary schools,
providing the best technical and professional training. It is known to give the best business climate
and citizenship favourability. Canada is a brewing pot of cultures. Students target Canada because
the Canadian education system is genuinely outstanding globally.

Teachers should have at least a bachelor’s certificate and one year of practical training in Canada.
Many teachers also have a master’s certification and a bachelor’s. Teachers are lifelong learners
and engage in continuous professional improvement to update their insight and abilities.

Multicultural society today is a need’s global society. Education and school are essential factors
for a multicultural society. A teacher ought to understand the idea of multicultural education.

Created by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), PISA tests
the abilities and information of 15-year-old students in reading, mathematics and science. PISA
centres on assessing understudy performance in reading, mathematics and science because they
are foundational to an understudy’s ongoing education. PISA also gathers valuable information on
understudy attitudes and motivations and formally assesses abilities, for example, collaborative
critical thinking and global surveys capability.

Basically, British Columbia’s education system is decentralized, flexible in nature. They create a
holistic approach to the education so that every one can ensure his/her quality education in a
flexible manner. Curriculum (K-12) also, decentralized; therefore, the dedicated teacher can make
any necessary modification in his/her teaching process while needed. This is the best way to
delivery the curriculum.

60 | C a n a d a ( B C )
 Part C
Comparison Between Education System of Canada (British
Columbia) and Bangladesh

Introduction

Comparison requires many indicators. In this section of the report, at first, we set some indicators
to compare the education system of Bangladesh and Canada (British Columbia). This indicators
are- entry age, level, duration, enrolment, curriculum/framework, teaching learning approach,
examination, teacher student ratio, assessment process, administration etc.

The curriculum plays a significant role in the learning experience of any student. A curriculum
defines the complete education process, including the instructional content, resources/study
material, and evaluation of learning.

In this part of the report, we focus on the curriculum of British Columbia and the Curriculum of
Bangladesh. A curriculum that focuses on the personalized growth of an individual while allowing
an in-depth understanding of the course content is the future of education.

The internationally acclaimed British Columbia curriculum or the BC curriculum has been
designed to facilitate a learning path for students and preparing them to lead in the 21st century.
New national curriculum of Bangladesh also dynamic in nature.

61 | C a n a d a ( B C )
 Chapter 1
Early Childhood Care & Preprimary Education
1.1 Early Childhood Care (ECC)

Comparison: Early Childhood Care (ECC)

Criteria Bangladesh Canada (British Columbia)
Entry Age 2 To 5 Year 2 To 5 Year
Grade No Grade No Grade But called Strong Start BC
Compulsory/Not Not Compulsory Not Compulsory
Compulsory
Enrolment/ Total 1,70,000 students Enrolment rate: 55% (2 to 5 year)
Number of Student (2020)

Curriculum/ Privately Managed Framework  Early Learning Framework

Framework ECD Curriculum developed by BRAC (June 2018)
University  Early Care and Learning
Recruitment and Retention
Strategy (September 2018)
 Child Care BC Act (current to
June 17, 2020)
 The province continues to
implement its 10year plan for
universal child care. (2018)
Approach/Teaching Play Based Approach Learn, Play and Set Approach
Learning Process
Assessment System Formative or No Assessment Formative or No Assessment
Examination No Examination No Examination
Administration • ECE in Bangladesh is provided  Administered by Ministry of
by a combination of public and Child and Family
non-state Development,
• A large share of ECE services in  Ministry of Education
Bangladesh is privately financed  Total regulated child care
(World Bank, 2020) $679,563,111 (2% of
• Grameen Shikkha-Early Provincial Budget)
Childhood Development
programme-Established- 2001
• Child Development Center
(CDC)

62 | C a n a d a ( B C )
 1.2 Preprimary Education (PPE)

Comparison: Preprimary Education (PPE)

Criteria Bangladesh Canada (British Columbia)

Entry Age 5 Year (Proposed 4 Year) 5 Year

Grade Known as Baby Class Known as Kindergarten

Compulsory/Not Compulsory Not Compulsory Not Compulsory

Enrolment/ Total Number of Total 50.29% enrolment (2021) Enrolment rate: 98% (2019)
Student 1.57 million children

Curriculum/ Framework PPE curriculum (Centralized) BC’s Redesign Curriculum

2014 by NCTB (Decentralized) 2018 By MoE

Approach/Teaching Play Based Approach Learn, Paly and Set Approach

Learning Process

Assessment System Totally Formative (100%) Totally Formative (100%)

Examination No Formal Examination No Formal Examination

Teacher Student Ratio 1:30 1: 15 (Average)

Administration Ministry of Primary and Mass  Administered by Ministry of

Education Child and Family
Development,
 Ministry of Education

63 | C a n a d a ( B C )
 Chapter 2
Primary & Secondary Education

2.1 Primary Education

Comparison: Primary Education (PE)

Criteria Bangladesh Canada (British Columbia)
Entry Age 6 Year 6 Year

Grade I-V I-VIII

Compulsory/Not Compulsory Compulsory Compulsory
Enrolment/ Total Number of • 20.09 million students • 5.7 million students enrolled
Student (2021) in public elementary and
• Net Enrolment rate: secondary schools
97.42% (2021)
• Dropout rate 14.15%
(2021)

Curriculum/ Framework National Curriculum BC’s Redesign Curriculum 2018 By

(Centralized) By NCTB MoE
Approach/Teaching Learner Centered Learner centred and flexible
Learning Process
Assessment System and Formative and Summative Formative
Grading Grade 1-3: 100% Formative
Grade 4-5: 70% Formative
30% Summative

Examination No Examination No Examination

Teacher Student Ratio 1: 36 (2021) 1:18 (2016)
Total Number of Institute • 10,100 elementary schools
Administration Administered by DPE under Administered by MoCFD, MoE
MoPME

64 | C a n a d a ( B C )
 2.2 Secondary Education

Comparison: Secondary Education

Criteria Bangladesh Canada (British Columbia)
Entry Age 12 Year 14 Year
Grade Secondary 6-10 9-12
Higher secondary 11-12
Compulsory/Not Compulsory Not Compulsory Compulsory (Up to Age 16)
Enrolment/ Total Number of • Net Enrolment rate: Almost 100%
Student 70.25% (2021) general • 85% of all students in B.C. are
secondary completing high school
• Drop out rate 21.14% • 88.8% of English language
higher secondary learners completed high school
in 2019-20

Curriculum/ Framework National Curriculum BC’s Redesign Curriculum

(Centralized) (Decentralized) 2018 by MoE

Approach/Teaching Learning Learner centred Flexible and learner centred

Process
Assessment System Formative and Summative Formative
Grade 6-8: Formative 60%
Summative 40%
Grade 9-10: Formative 50%
Summative 50%
Grade 11-12: Formative 30%
Summative 70%
Examination Exam: SSC Grade 10,  Graduation Literacy Assessment
HSC Grade 11 & 12 (GLA) at Grade 10
(Proposed in National  Graduation Numeracy
Curriculum 2021) Assessment at Grade 10 and
After 11th grade & 12th grade  Graduation Literacy Assessment
Public Exam, Total result (GLA) at Grade 12
(GPA) will be published
Teacher Student Ratio Teacher student ratio: 1:38 1:18 (2016)
(2021)
Total Number of Institute 23,500 (approximately) • 2,600 secondary schools

Administration Administered by MoE, DSHE Minitry of Education (MoE)

65 | C a n a d a ( B C )
 Chapter 3
Tertiary Education
3.1 Tertiary Education

Comparison: Tertiary Education

Criteria Bangladesh Canada (British Columbia)
Entry Age 19 Year 19 Year

Duration Hons 4 year Hons 4 year

Compulsory/Not Compulsory Not Compulsory Not compulsory

Enrolment/ Total Number of • 24% • Enrolment: 2,97,435 (2019-

Student • Total number of students: 20)
901509 (2021)

Curriculum/ Framework Every institute has its own Every institute has its own
curriculum curriculum

Assessment System Formative and Summative Formative and summative

Examination
Teacher Student Ratio • TSR: 1:40 average (2021) Faculty/Student Ratio: 1:9
• TST: 1:58 Public
university
• TST: 1:22 Private
university

Total Number of Institute • 160 universities, 50 Tertiary education in British

public, 110 private
Administration • Administered by MoE,
UGC
Columbia is delivered by 25 publicly
funded institutions that are
composed of eleven universities,
eleven colleges and three institutes
• Administered by MoAEST

66 | C a n a d a ( B C )
 Chapter 4
Curriculum Comparison
(K-12)
4.1 Curriculum
Comparison: Curriculum (K-12)
Criteria Bangladesh
Developing Process 1.Research, Review,
situational analysis, need
assessment
2. Framework development
3. Refinement &
development
Expected Competency Ten Competencies
1. Critical Thinking
2. Creative Thinking
3. Problem Solving
4. Self-management
5. Decision Making
6. Communication
7. Life and Livelihood
8. Cooperation
9. Global Citizenship
10. Literacy, Digital
Literacy and
Numeracy
Key Features  Interdisciplinary
approach
 Experiential
cooperative learning
 Formative assessment
 Competency based
Flexibility Centralized
Role of Teacher Facilitator
Teaching learning Process Flexible
67 | C a n a d a ( B C )
Canada (British Canada)
1. Research
2. Design
3. Development
4. Review, trial, revision
5. Implementation
6. Setting standard
Three Core Competencies-
1.Thinking
2. Communication
3. Personal & Social.
 Literacy numeracy foundation,
essential learning
 Personalized learning
 Flexible learning environment
 Inquiry based approach
 Valuing diversity
 Inclusion-integration
 Competency driven
 ICT enabled
Decentralized
Facilitator
Flexible
4.2 Content of a Subject

Comparison: (Math-Grade 8)
Bangladesh Canada (BC)
Unit 1: Patterns Content
Unit 2: Profits Students are expected to know the following:
Unit 3: Measurement • Perfect squares and cubes
Unit 4: Algebraic formula and application • Square and cube roots
Unit 5: Algebraic fractions • Percents less than 1 and greater than 100
Unit 6: Simple simultaneous equations (decimal and fractional percents)
Unit 7: Set • Numerical proportional reasoning (rates,
Unit 8: Quadrilaterals ratio, proportions, and percent)
Unit 9: Pythagoras theorem • Operations with fractions (addition,
Unit 10: Circle subtraction, multiplication, division, and
Unit 11: Information and data order of operations)
• Discrete linear relations (extended to
larger numbers, limited to integers)
• Expressions- writing and evaluating using
substitution
• Two-step equations with integer
coefficients, constants, and solutions
• Surface area and volume of regular solids,
including triangular and other right prisms
and cylinders
• Pythagorean theorem
• construction, views, and nets of 3D objects
• Central tendency
• Theoretical probability with two
independent events
• Financial literacy — best buys

68 | C a n a d a ( B C )
 Comparison: Science-Grade 8
Bangladesh
Unit 1: Classification of animal world
Unit 2: Growth & heredity of living
organism
Unit 3: Diffusion, osmosis and transpiration
Unit 4: Reproduction of plants
Unit 5: Coordination and secretion
Unit 6: The structure of atom
Unit 7: The earth and gravitation
Unit 8: Chemical reaction
Unit 9: Electric circuits & current electricity
unit: 10: Acid, base and salt
Unit 11: Light
Unit 12: The outer space and satellites
Unit 13: Food and nutrition
Unit 14: Environment and ecosystem
69 | C a n a d a ( B C )
Canada
Content:
Students are expected to know the following:
• Characteristics of life
• Cell theory and types of cells
• Photosynthesis and cellular respiration
• The relationship of micro-
organisms with living things: basic
functions of the immune system,
vaccination and antibiotics, impacts
of epidemics and pandemics on human
populations
• Kinetic molecular theory (KMT)
• Atomic theory and models
• Protons, neutrons, and quarks
• Electrons and leptons
• Types and effects of electromagnetic
radiation, light: properties, behaviours,
ways of sensing
• Plate tectonic movement
• Major geological events of local
significance, First Peoples knowledge
of: local geological formations,
significant local geological events
• Layers of Earth
 Comparison At a Glance

Indicator Bangladesh Canada (British Columbia)

Education System Centralized Centralized

Curriculum Centralized Decentralized

ECC & PPE Not compulsory Not compulsory

Primary Education Compulsory Compulsory

Secondary Education Not compulsory Compulsory (Up to age 16)

Total Population 165,158,616, 36,991,981

Total students 40.34 million (2021) 665000

Literacy rate 74.66% (2022) 99% (2022)

Education Budget 6036810 million (2021-22) Tk 81,449 crore

12.58% of national budget 11.9% of National Budget (2022)
(2020-21)

% of GDP 1.83% of GDP (2022) 5.3% of GDP (2022)

70 | C a n a d a ( B C )
Conclusion
As Canada’s (British Columbia) education system is decentralized from kindergarten to secondary
education, therefore, the system is flexible and could adopt the necessary modification in terms of
the need and challenges. The education system of Bangladesh is centralized and rigid, therefore it
is very hard to fulfill the marginal need and challenges as well. Population also is a big factor, in
British Columbia the number of populations is low and their class size small as well as their teacher
student ration is low, therefore the can ensure quality education but our country population is high,
teacher student ratio is high, therefore class size in big which hamper the quality education.
Another important issue is the budget for education. Canada (British Columbia) spend 5.3% of
GDP in education sector while Bangladesh spend only 1.83% of GDP for education sector. It said
that 6% of GDP should allow for the education of a Country.
But it is a matter of glory that with a limited resources Bangladesh’s quality education growing
day by day. We are very optimist that one day will see our education system in the level of top
ranked education system in the world.

71 | C a n a d a ( B C )
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