SUBJECT: Contemporary World
SECTION & YEAR: BSMT 2-B
SEMESTER: MIDTERM
DATE:
Topic: Chapter 1- Part 6:
Origins and History of
Globalization
- Is that their different views about it.
FIVE DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES
REGARDING THE ORIGINS OF
GLOBALIZATION
• Hardwired
• Cycles, Epochs, Events
• Broader, More Recent Changes
• Global Demography
• Global Migration
Hardwired
 According to Nayan Chanda (2007) it is
because of our basic human need to make
our lives better that made globalization
possible
o Therefore one can trace the
beginning of globalization from our
ancestors in Africa who walk out
from the said continent in the late
Ice Age
o so these are respectively
connected to four aspects of
globalization and they can trace all
throughout history
 Chanda (2007) - mentioned that commerce
religion politics and warfare are the urge of
people toward a better life
 therefore a hard wired proposes that
globalization originated from the basic
motivation of human beings to seek a
better life and history shows that our
ancestors travel from Africa to other places
in search of food and security and that's
hard wired.
CYCLES
Four some globalization is a long term cyclical
finding its origin will be a daunting test
 what is important is the cycles that
globalization has gone through (Scholte,
2005)
o Subscribing to this view will suggest
adherence to the idea that the other
global agents have appeared
o According to Scholte 2005
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There is also the notion to suspect that this point of
globalization will soon disappear and reappear
o Therefore, cycles it explains that
there is no single point of origin in
globalization but it is a long term
cyclical process wherein the current Global age
today is only a modification of the global age in the
past
 thus it should be noted that the global age
today will be replaced by a new cycle of
globalization in the future upon
 and also (Cycle) it explains it explained a
continuous long-term cyclical process
continuous
Epochs
 Ritzer (2015) cited Therborn’s (2002) six
great epochs of globalization – or six
waves each other has its own origin and
sequential occurrence on epochs
o Globalization of religion (fourth to
seventh centuries)
o European Colonial conquests (late
fifteenth century)
o Intra-European imperialism (late
eighteenth to early nineteenth
centuries)
o Heyday of European imperialism
(mid-nineteenth century to 1918)
o Post-World War II period
o Post-Cold War period
 Therefore, kung si cycles explain a
continuous long-term cyclical process
 Epochs explain there are waves of
globalization that globalization that look
place in the past and each of them has
its own origin
 Epochs is different from the perspective
of cycle as it argues that the previous
epics are not returning in the future
Events – specific events are also considered as
part of Fort view in explaining the origin of
globalization if this is the case then there are
several coins/points can be treated as the start of
globalization
 Gibbon (1998), for example, argued that
Roman consequents centuries before
Christ were its origin.
 o This perspective in terms of events
is different from cycles and epochs
as it specifies that the event as it
specifies that the event is somehow
responsible for the origin of
globalization.
o some example of the point of origin
from the perspective of events are
the Rosenthal (2007)
 Rosenthal (2007) gave premium to
voyages of discovery -Christopher
Columbus’s discovery of America in 1942,
 Vasco de Gama in Europe in Cape of Good
Hope in 1498, and
 Ferdinand Magellan’s completed
circumnavigation of the globe in 1522.
BROADER, MORE RECENT CHANGES
The recent changes comprise the pift or fifth view
or perspective of globalization. This broad changes
happened in the last half of the 20th century.
Scholars today point to this three notable changes
as the origin of globalization that we know today;
and they are as follows the three notable changes
is the region of globalization
THREE NOTABLE CHANGES AS THE ORIGIN
OG GLOBALIZATION
1. The emergence of the United States as the
global power (post- World War II)
2. The emergence of multinational
corporations (MNCs)
3. The demise of the Soviet Union and the
end of the Cold War.
GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY
 Demographic transition is a singular
historical period during which mortality
and fertility rates decline from high to
low levels in a particular country or
region.
o The broad outlines of the
transitions are similar in
countries around the world. But
the base and timing of the
transitions have varied
considerably.
 The transition started in mid- or late
1700’s in Europe.
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During this time, death rates and fertility begun
to decline. High to low fertility happened 200
years in France and 100 years in the United
States.
In other parts of the world the transition begun
latter. It was only in the 20th century that
mortality declined in Africa and Asia with the
exemption of the country Japan.
 According to Maddison (2001), life
expectancy in India was only 24 years
in the early twentieth century while the
same life expectancy occurred in China
in 1929 until 1931.
 A remarkable effect of the demographic
transition, as Shigeyuki et al (2002).,
stated, “the enormous gap in life
expectancy that emerged between
Japan and the West on the one hand
and the rest of the world on the other”
(p.251).
So, by 1820, the life expectancy at birth of
Japan and the West was 12 years greater than
the other countries. It increases by 20 years by
1900 year.
Although, there was an improvement in life
expectancy all throughout the world in 1990’s
to 1950. The gap had reach 22 years.
 In terms of the age structure, the overall
trend in Japan and the west was
downward until 1950. Their
dependency ratio was close to 0.5.
It only increased although temporary when the
baby boom after the second world war
occurred.
So, the Japan’s dependency ratio however
increased between 1888 and 1920. Its
dependency ratio was higher than the West
between 1920 and the early 1950s.
 The developing countries like India and
the Philippines had higher dependency
ratios than the West in 1900.
A great increase of dependency ratio was
caused by the decline in infant and child
mortality and high levels of fertility with its peak
around 1970s.
 Dependency ratios started to disappear
because there is a decline in global
birth rate.
Furthermore, the gap infertility between the
West and the less developed countries
became smaller by the 21st century.
 Over the next 50 years, the cases of
dependency ratios of these two areas in
the world will be reversed (Shigeyuki et
al., 2002).
The aging of population will cost a raise in
dependency ratio starting in the West.

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If you can’t be the best, be the worst – Kim Junkyu! Lets gaur bobo!