2017 14th International Conference on Electrical Engineering/Electronics, Computer, Telecommunications

and Information Technology (ECTI-CON)

A Novel Analysis of IR-WPAN Transmission Using

Friis’ Transmission Formula
Sittan Udomsom , Thongchai Yooyativong , Roungsan Chaisricharoen , Chayapol Kamyod
and Sathaporn Promwong
School of Information Technology, Mae Fah Luang University,
333 Moo 1, Thasud, Muang, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand.
 Department of Telecommunication Engineering, Faculty of Engineering

King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology, Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand.

E-mail: hs5xkp@gmail.com, sathaporn.pr@kmitl.ac.th

Abstract—Impulse radio (IR) transmission is consider used in
wireless personal area network (WPAN) for high speed and low
power transmission and new innovation wireless technology. This
paper propose a novel analysis of impulse radio transmission in
WPAN for ultra wireless communications. The waveform distor-
tion due to the antennas should be considered. The optimum
and isotropic template receivers are considered based on Friis
transmission formula. In this experimental study, the biconical
antennas are uesd as the transmitter (Tx) and the receiver
(Rx) antennas. The rectangular passband, which is satisfied the
full band of UWB-IR definition and Federal Communications
Commission (FCC) indoor limit spectral masks, is used as
the transmitted waveform of UWB system. The channels are
measured in an anechoic chamber by using a vector network
analyzer (VNA). The measured data are evaluated in path loss
of optimal and isotropic template receivers, the IR transmission
gains and BER are shown and compared in results.
Index Terms—WPAN, UWB, FCC, IR, Friis’ transmission
formula,
I. I NTRODUCTION
Recently, wireless technology has become an important
topic for short range communication systems because of its
low cost and low power consumption potentials [1], [2]. The
UWB is different from other radio frequency (RF) technolo-
gies. UWB transmits very short pulse and power spectral
density (PSD) in the range of ultra wide frequency spectrum
instead of using narrow band radio frequency in traditional RF
tecnologies. The UWB is a unique and new usage of recently
legalized frequency spectrum. The FCC specified that UWB
transmission band has frequency spectrum ranging from 
GHz to   GHz [3], and have a fractional bandwidth equal
or greater than  , or occupied bandwidth equal or greater
than  MHz. The fractional and occupied bandwidth are
defined as
  

UWB radio technology is an ideal candidate that can be
utilized for commercial, short-range, low power, low cost
indoor communication systems such as wireless personal area
networks (WPANs) [4].
In microwave radio link usually used Friis’ transmission
formula and widely used to calculate the free space path loss
for narrowband communications [5]. After that, the complex
form of Friis’ transmission formula is developed for UWB-IR
communications [6]- [8]. The matched filter receiver is used as
the UWB receiver [9]- [11]. Although, the rectangular wave-
form distorted by UWB free space channel is used to derive
the theoretical SNR gains [12], there are no considerations
about the measured channel and wideband antennas.
In this paper, we propose a novel analysis of impulse
radio transmission in ultra WPAN are consider path loss,
IR tranmission gains and BER with UWB band or FCC
band. The optimum and isotropic template receivers satisfied
constant noise power condition between input and output are
considered. The biconical antennas are used as the transmitter
(Tx) and receiver (Rx) antennas. The rectangular passband,
which is satisfied the full band of UWB signal definition
and FCC indoor and outdoor limit spectral masks, is used as
the transmitted UWB signal [13]. The channels are measured
in an anechoic chamber by using a vector network analyzer
(VNA). The frequency range of measurement is form GHz
to  GHz. The path losses are evaluated and investigated
for considering the IR transmission gains. The transmission
gains of optimal and isotropic template receivers are shown
and compared. The results are discussed in paper.
This paper is organized as follows. Section , the evaluation
of transmission gain for UWB-IR systems. Section , the

      (1) waveform template receivers. Next, the evaluation results are
  
illustrated in Section . Finally, the conclusions in Section .


       (2)
where  and  are the lowest and highest frequencies at the
-10 dB point, respectively.
The UWB band does not exceed the FCC part  limits
or - dBm/MHz, so that the PSD of UWB signal is
considered as the noise for other radio communication sys-
tems. Therefore, the UWB radio technology can coexist with
other RF communications without interference. Moreover, the
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II. IR-WPAN TRANSMISSION MEASUREMENT
A. IR-WPAN Waveform Model
For FCC waveform signal, the rectangular passband wave-
form is considered as the FCC transmitted waveform. The
expression of FCC transmitted waveform ( ) in time domain
818
 2017 14th International Conference on Electrical Engineering/Electronics, Computer, Telecommunications
and Information Technology (ECTI-CON)

1
3.7 cm
0.8

0.6
6.53 cm
0.4
Amplitude (V)

0.2

−0.2

−0.4

−0.6

−0.8
−1 −0.5 0 0.5 1
Time (ns) x 10
−9 Fig. 3. Geometry and dimensions of the biconical antenna.

Fig. 1. Transmitted signal waveform of UWB. TABLE I

PARAMETERS OF MEASUREMENT.

Parameters Value
UWB-Tx UWB-Rx Frequency range 3 GHz to 11 GHz
Number of frequency points 1601
Dynamic power range 80 dB
d Tx and Rx antennas heights 1.75 m.
Distance between Tx and Rx antennas 4.00 m.
Rx rotation range Æ Æ
VNA

is rotated from Æ to 360 Æ with Æ rotation step. The horizontal

Port 1 Port 2
polarization is measured.
The measurement parameters are listed in Table . It is
note that the calibration of VNA is done at the connectors
Fig. 2. The instrument setup.
of the cables to be connected to the antennas. Therefore, all
impairments of the antenna characteristics are included in the
measurement results.
is given by

     
   
  (3) III. T EMPLATE WAVEFORM R ECEIVERS

A. Optimum Signal Analysis
where    V is the maximum amplitude,    GHz is
the occupied bandwidth,    GHz and     GHz The template receiver is used at the receiver side as shown in
are the minimum and maximum frequencies. This transmitted Fig. . The optimum and isotropic template receivers satisfied
UWB signal is shown in Fig. . constant noise power condition between input and output
are considered. The optimum template receiver considered
B. Measurement System received signal from measured channel and it is an ideal
case with maximum transmission gain, while the isotropic
The UWB channel transfer function is measured in fre- template considered received signal from free space channel
quency domain by using VNA in an anechoic chamber. The using Friis’ transmission formula [6]- [8] with isotropic Tx
VNA is operated in the response measurement mode, where and Rx antennas.
Port- and Port- are the Tx and Rx ports, respectively. Both
For constant noise power condition between input and out-
Tx and Rx antennas are fixed at the height of   m and
put, the frequency transfer functions of optimum and isotropic
separated by  m. This measurement setup is shown in Fig. .
template receivers,   and 
 , are normalized as
The biconical antennas are used as the Tx and Rx antennas.
These antennas are chosen because they are easy to fabricate  
        
      (4)
and have low distortion property. The geometry and dimen-
sions of the antenna is shown in Fig. . The upper cone is
 
connected to the center conductor of a coaxial line while the Therefore, the output noise power is a constant as   , where
lower cone is connected to the shield conductor. The maximum   is the PSD of additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN).

diameter is  mm and the length is mm. Only Rx antenna Under this condition, the frequency transfer functions of

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 2017 14th International Conference on Electrical Engineering/Electronics, Computer, Telecommunications
and Information Technology (ECTI-CON)

UWB Tx-antenna UWB Rx-antenna

d
input
waveform
Output

Received/Isotropic
template

Fig. 4. Block diagram of IR transmission model for ultra WPAN system.

optimum and isotropic template can be respectively written as Similarly, the transmission gain of the isotropic template
    case wc can be written as
    
! "  


  
 
    (5)   
    
r  wc   


   

  wc 
! "   
r-iso  wc     (12)
 
 

  

     (6) The difference between the transmission gain of the received
  
   

  signal and the isotropic template cases indicates the distortion

where  is the complex conjugate operator,

 and


quantity of the waveform. Different from the original Friis’
transmission formula, the optimum transmission gain of UWB
are the spectral densities of received signals from measured signal can not be simply expressed by the product of antenna
channel and free space channel with isotropic Tx and Rx indices.
antennas, respectively. They can be evaluated from
IV. R ESULTS AND D ISCUSSION
  

     
 
   (7) In this section we evaluated results of path loss, IR trans-


      
   (8) mission gain and BER are shown. First, the path losses based
on average power losses of received signal and output signals
where
 is the spectral density of transmitted signal calculated of optimum and isotropic template receivers are considered.
from Figure  shows the path losses of received signal and output
     signals of optimum and isotropic template receivers along
pointing angle from Æ to Æ . The path losses at Æ , #Æ
 

      (9)



and Æ pointing angles are low because they correspond

 is the frequency transfer function of measured channel to the broadside direction of biconical antenna and they are
measured from Sec. 2.2 and  is the frequency transfer high at $Æ and  Æ pointing angles. The path losses of
function of free space channel given by output signals of both template receivers are lower than that
 
    of received signal. This improvement is considered in the term
  
    (10)
of IR transmission gain and BER.
The transmission gains of optimum and isotropic template
receivers along pointing angle from Æ to Æ are shown
where  is the distance and  is the velocity of light.
in Fig. . The transmission gain of optimum and isotropic
B. IR Transmission Gain Analysis
template receivers are small difference. Therefore, the IR
The transmission gain in this paper is defined as the transmission gain of optimum template receiver is better that
peak amplitude of the correlator output with the considered that of isotropic template about   dB. Considering this,
antennas normalized by that with the isotropic antennas. Due the bit error rate performance of the optimum and isotropic
to the normalization of template waveforms in Eqs. (12) and template shown in Fig. . It can be seen that the different is
(13), this gain value represents the gain of signal-to-noise low. As described above, by this scheme, it becomes possible
ratio. Therefore, the transmission gain of the received signal to detect several types of UWB signals.
template case wm can be written as
 V. C ONCLUSION
! "   rwm    
  This paper a novel analysis of IR transmission in ul-
! "  
wm (11)
 
r-iso  wc     tra WPAN based on measurement data. The optimum and

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 2017 14th International Conference on Electrical Engineering/Electronics, Computer, Telecommunications
and Information Technology (ECTI-CON)

70 0
10
Received signal
Optimum
Isotropic −1
65 10

−2
60 10
Path loss (dB)

BER
−3
55 10

−4
50 10

−5
45 10
Optimum Template
−6
Isotropic Template
40 10
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 −10 −5 0 5 10 15
Pointing angle (degree) Eb/No (dB)

Fig. 5. The path loss of received signales and output signals of optimum Fig. 7. The comparison of BER between optimum template and isotropic
and isotropic template receivers along pointing angle from Æ to Æ . templates are shown.

°
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° °
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UWB-PAN transmission gains and SNR gain in an indoor
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consider.

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