Historical Periods CAVE PAINTINGS

•Paleolithic Period (Old Stone Age) ALTAMIRA CAVE (SPAIN 1868)

•Mesolithic Period (Transition Age) -Discovered by Modesto Cubillas

•Neolithic Period (New Stone Age) -Depicts bisons, wild boars, and some horses.

PALEOLITHIC PERIOD (OLD STONE AGE)

-Determined through tools used in making artifacts.

-people tamed fire for protection, warmth, and cooking.

- Several human species continued to evolve. One, the Neanderthals, began burying their dead and LASCAUX CAVE (FRANCE 1940)
caring for their disabled. Around 200,000 BCE, Homo sapiens (modern humans) emerged
-depict in excellent detail numerous types of animals, including horses, red deer, stags, bovines, felines,
LATE PALEOLITHIC and what appear to be mythical creatures.

-the first farmers.

-They expanded into new areas and obtain useful materials and developed communities and exchange
networks.

-They also sought luxuries with which they could demonstrate their superiority over others.
PURPOSE:
-These included fine stone and eventually, in some areas, metals.
PROPITIATION MAGIC
PALEOLITHIC PERIOD (OLD STONE AGE)
-The purpose was first to ''kill'', thus with the image of spears, darts pointing to animals; later to ''make''
BELIEF AND RITUALS or increase supply

-The religious beliefs of people who lived before writing was invented are unknown to us: we can only FERTILITY MAGIC
identify the results of their behavior and speculate on their meaning. Past peoples' richly varied
-Rituals were held deep in the caves, away from intruders in ''bowels of the Earth'' to symbolize living
ways of treating their dead, artistic representations, and places with offerings (and sometim es sacrif
womb from which all life springs.
ices) provide some clues.

ART AND CULTURE

-the late Paleolithic saw the flowering of art, including painting, engraving, and sculpture.
-Fired clay came into use at this time, providing a medium with huge scope for later artistic expression,
as did textiles woven from plant fibers.
-Stone monuments, often with a ritual purpose, were also created.
MESOLITHIC PERIOD (TRANSITION AGE)
-transition (''bridge'') from hunting-gathering to cultivating and becoming settled.
-Their subjects changed from animals to groups of people.
-They started to develop agriculture and building techniques.
 DOLMENS -Precurser of the post and lintel

NEOLITHIC PERIOD (NEW STONE AGE)

-Richer culture with artforms such as pottery, weaving, spinning & basic architectural constructions in
wood, bricks & stone
CROMLECHS- Stone Circles
-People settled in permanent locations with specialized occupations.

-They have concept of ownership in terms of properties and good.

-Food-producing culture

-Trading started.

EARLY SETTLEMENTS
BRONZE AGE
Jericho (Jordan 7000 BC)
-Copper and Tinwere widely used for decors. Metalworking started.
-noted as the oldest city on the planet located at the Jordan river valley in
-Use of semi-precious stones.
modern Palestine.
-Transition period to Early Civilization.

CATAL HUYUK(ANATOLIA , TURKEY) ANCIENT EGYPT

- best-preserved Neolithic settlements archaeologists GEOGRAPHY
unearthed in Anatolia, south-central Turkey, dating back -The ancient Egyptians thought of Egypt as being divided into two types of land,
more than 9000 years.
1.black land (the fertile land on the banks of the Nile)

2.red land (the barren desert that protected Egypt on two sides.)

Barren
EARLY ARCHITECTURE
- is a place where nothing grows.
MENHIRS -monolith / ancient standing stone
Nile River

- life-giving geographic feature that allowed ancient Egypt to attain its height of artistic development in
the dynastic periods.
 RESOURCES: SCARAB to ancient Egypt symbolizes good luck, hope, and eternal life.

-Gold

-Limestone EGYPTIAN SYMBOLS

-Other precious stones PSCHENT (/SKƐNT/)

-River - was the name of the Double Crown worn by rulers in ancient Egypt.

-Dessert

-They used mineral compounds to add colour to their art. DJED PILLAR

-They made jewellery out of amethyst, garnet, jasper, onyx, hematite, turquoise, lapis lazuli, copper, -also known as “the backbone of Osiris” is the symbol that represents strength and stability
malachite (a form of copper ore), gold, silver, faience and shells. in ancient Egyptian culture.

-Due to the scarcity of wood, the two predominant building materials used in ancient Egypt were sun-
baked mud brick and stone, mainly limestone, but also sandstone and granite in considerable
ANKH (/ÆŊK, ɑːŊK)
quantities.
- is an ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic ideograph symbolizing life and immortality.
EGYPTIAN GODS

AMENTA

- represents the Land of the Dead (the Underworld).

CROOK AND THE FLAIL - Hekha & Nekhakha

- The Crook (Hekha) means “to rule”

- The Flail (Nekhakha) symbolizes royal power.

KA

- literally means “spirit” or “soul”

EYE OF HORUS -represents protection, healing, good health and royal power.
EGYPTIAN SYMBOLS
Also known as the symbol of moon.
BABBOON & IBIS BIRD -Represents the god Thoth

VULTURE- A symbol of power in Egyptian culture and their protection

WAS (WAS SCEPTER)

- It represented the dominion of gods, that is, a divine dominion and power rather than an
earthly power.

FLORAL

Lotus bud - symbol of rebirth

Papyrus - a natural symbol of life

Palm – symbol of purity

GEOMETRIC

-Zigzag

-Chevron

-Coils

-Lozenges

TENT POLE COLUMNS

EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE
-Constructed of brick, these are a stone representation of wooden poles used for
supporting tents, kiosks, shrines or ship cabins.

POST AND LINTEL CONSTRUCTION CAMPANIFORM COLUMNS

-forms included floral columns or pillars, circular, square or ribbed pillars and a
flower-shaped capital seemed common.
BATTER WALL

The two most common types (deities or their attributes) included

-Hathoric Columns

-Osiride Pillars.
 FORMS OF PYRAMID

ARCHITECTURE - in architecture, a monumental structure constructed of or

faced with stone or brick and having a rectangular base and
 Mastaba
four sloping triangular sides meeting at an apex.
 Rock-hewn Tomb
 Pyramid
 Temples
 Motuary Temples
 Cult Temples
 Sphinx PYRAMID OF GIZA
 Obelisk

MASTABA

- the term for a mastaba meant "eternal house", referring

to the final resting place of the dead.
- The word mastaba derived from an Arabic word meaning
"bench", and indeed, from far away, the structure does
look like a bench. It had a flat roof and a rectangular
shape with sloping sides facing outward. It was
constructed with stone or bricks made of mud from the Nile.
- Mastabas were tombs and they began as burial sites for royals, including pharaohs, back in the
earliest dynasties of ancient Egypt. As the Old Kingdom commenced, the pharaohs started to be
buried in pyramids instead of mastabas. Commoners continued using the mastaba as a burial
house for over a thousand years.
ROCK-HEWN TOMB
SPHINX
- Mythological creature with a lion’s body and a human
head, an important image in Egyptian and Greek art and
legend.
- The earliest and most famous example in art is the
colossal recumbent Great Sphinx at Giza, Egypt, dating
from the reign of King Khafre
OBELISK
- a stone rectangular pillar with a tapered top forming a pyramidion, set
on a base, erected to commemorate an individual or event and honor
the gods.

- It is thought that the earliest obelisks served as a kind of training for

working in stone on monumental projects which was a necessary step
- Rock-cut architecture is the practice of creating a structure by
toward pyramid building.
carving it out of solid natural rock.

- The rock-cut tombs and temples listed here are among the most
TEMPLE
amazing and beautiful buildings in the world.
Cult temples
- Egyptian cult temple of the Old Kingdom owed most to the cult of the sun god Re at Heliopolis,
which was probably open in plan and lacking a shrine.
 - The necessary elements of an Egyptian temple, most of which can be seen at Luxor, are the ANCIENT GREECE
following: an approach avenue of sphinxes leading to the great double-towered pylon entrance
•The land is mountainous and surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea. It has mild winters and
fitted with flagpoles and pennants;
long hot & dry summer.

- before the pylon a pair of obelisks and colossal statues of the king; within the pylon a court
•The mountains also formed natural barriers between the major city-states. The tallest mountain
leading to a pillared hall, the hypostyle, beyond which might come a further, smaller hall where
in Greece is MountOlympus.
offerings could be prepared; and, at the heart of the temple, the shrine for the cult image.
 The Ancient Greeks believed that their gods lived at the top of Mount Olympus.
Mortuary temples
 It has natural harbors for trade.
- place of worship of a deceased king and the depository for food and objects offered to the
dead monarch.
 Crete was the transmitter of Egyptian and Mesopotamians.
- usually adjoined the pyramid and had an open, pillared court, storerooms, five elongated shrines,
and a chapel containing a false door and an offering table.

 Troy was a strategic location guarding the entrance into the Black Sea which controlled
commerce with Asia Minor.
PYLONS
ARCHAIC PERIOD
- The temple’s entrance gate leading to the main temple.
- Greek government began to form with the rise of the city-states such as Athens and Sparta.
PERISTYLE
- The mark of an artistic development such as pottery and the minting of coins.
- Open court
- The first Olympic Games takes place.
HYPOSTYLE HALL
- Democracy is introduced in Athens by Cleisthenes. He establishes a constitution and is often
- Contains a central double row of columns higher than the others. called the "Father of Athenian Democracy".
VESTIBULE

- The first room of the inner temple area. CLASSICAL PERIOD

- The theater becomes a very popular form of entertainment in Greece.

SANCTUARY - Pericles built the Acropolis, the center of culture and religion in honor of Athena.
- Contains small shrines used as receptacles for the small - Alexander begins his conquests and defeats the Persians. Over the next several years Alexander
statues of the gods. would greatly expand his empire, conquering much of Persia on the way to India.

- Socrates, Plato and Aristotle made numerous contributions in the field of mathematics,
medicine, and other sciences, literature, and the arts
 •The pediment was a triangle located at each end of the building between the frieze and the
HELLENISTIC PERIOD
roof. It also contained decorative sculptures.

- begins when Alexander the Great dies. The Ancient Greek civilization begins its decline and the Ancient
Romans start to gain power. •The inner chamber in a temple was called the cella orthenaos.
- Realism, sentimentalism dominated sculpture.

- Dramatic effects were seen in the exaggerated folds of draperies. There was a mastery of materials and
•Propylaea - A processional gateway. The most famous one is at the entrance to the Acropolis
graceful proportions.
in Athens.
TYPES OF ARCHITECTURE
GREEK ARCHITECTURE
• Acropolis • Prytaneion
 Greek architecture sought perfection in forms. It was essentially columnar and
• Temple • Bouleterion
trabeated (trabis – meaning beam). They are know for their intricate detail, symmetry,
harmony, and balance. • Theater • Palestra
• Agora • Tholos

•The Greeks built most of their temples and government buildings in

3 TYPES OF STYLES ACROPOLIS

1. Doric •A city upon a hill (ACRO means ‘high’ while POLIS means ‘city’).

2. Ionic •Acropolis history shows that the site changed from a political and
military centre to a cult site. This is why the various temples were
3. Corinthian built on it.

 These styles (also called "orders") were reflected in the type of columns they used. Most •It became the center of culture and religion in honor of Athena.
all of the columns had grooves down the sides called fluting. This gave the columns a
feeling of depth and balance.
PROPYLAEA
•The column is the most prominent element in Ancient Greek architecture. Columns supported
the roof, but also gave buildings a feeling of order, strength, and balance. •Propylaea is the gateway to the temples on the Acropolis.

•The word refers to a collection of buildings which form the

monumental and impressive structure through which visitors had to
•The capital was a design at the top of the column. pass to reach the main buildings on the site.

•The frieze was a decorative panel above the columns that contained relief sculptures. The •It is an imposing entrance structure built entirely of Pentelic
sculptures often told a story or recorded an important event. marble (from Pentelicus Mountain)

•It is unique on the Acropolis in that is not dedicated to any deity.

•Pinacotheca (Pinakotheke,latin) •The festival was formed in order to honor the goddess Athena who
had become the patron of Athens after having a competition with the
- A picture gallery. It housed the tablets or pictures
god Poseidon. The procession to the Parthenon was more important
honouring the gods.
than the games themselves. The event held contests in a number of
musical, athletic, and equestrian events.

•Temple of Athena Nike

- it stood as a shrine to Athens’ patron goddess, and ERECHTHEION

also acted as a symbol of Athens’ military and political
• was built to commemorate Athena’s victory over Poseidon.
strength.
•It was built asymmetrically; with four sets of columnar
TEMPLE OF NIKE
support, four levels of elevation and three structural
units each with their own roofs

•Made from specially picked dark blue limestone to

contrast with the white Pentelic marble of the walls and
columns, allowing the tantalising colours to stand out
from the temple.

•Caryatids - an architectural column which takes the form of

a standing female figure.

PARTHENON
GREEK THEATERS
• built in the aftermath of war.
1. Auditorium
•This ancient Greek temple was designed in the time of Pericles as a replacement for a temple
destroyed by the Persians. 2. Odeion

•It houses the monumental chryselephantine (sometimes called Athena Parthenos). It is made of gold 3. Stadium
and ivory statue of Athena created by Phideas.
4. Hippodrome
ICTINUS

was the chief architect, Callicrates acted as the project

AUDITORIUM
contractor and technical coordinator while Phideas was
responsible for all artistic elements. Theater of Epidaurus
 GREEK THEATERS •Retail traders (known as kapeloi) served as middle-men between the craftsmen and the consumer

PRYTANEION
Odeons
•The term is used to describe any of a range of ancient
- are comparatively small theatre in which musicians and
structures where officials met but the term is also used to
orators performed and competed.
refer to the building where the officials and winners of the
Olympic games met at Olympia.

•The Prytaneion normally stood in centre of the city, in the

agora.
Odeon of Herodes of Atticus
•Senate house.

•It contains the communal banqueting room & the symbolic hearth of goddess Hestia.

BOULETERION
Hadrianic Odeon in Troy
•A council house where elections were held. It has rows of seats on
•Stadiums are elongated theaters for foot race.
three sides or in a semi- circular arrangement.
- Exedra
•The Boule (Council) included 500 representatives, 50 from each of
- Hellanodikai
the ten "tribes" of Athens.
-
PALESTRA
Hippodrome
•A wrestling school / gymnasium.
-Elongated theaters for chariot race.
• consisted of a rectangular court surrounded by colonnades with
adjoining rooms. These rooms might house a variety of functions:
bathing, ball playing, undressing and storage of clothes, seating for
socializing, observation, or instruction, and storage of oil, dust or
STOA athletic equipment.
•A covered walk connecting public places. THOLOS
Stoa of Eumenes  a round, beehive shaped structure famously built by
Mycenean people. A rounded cut was made into a
hillside, with huge ashlar masonry to create a conical
AGORA structure, with a wide entryway leading to it, known as a
•The original Agora of Athens was located below the dromos.
Acropolis near the building which today is known as The
Thesion and open-air markets are still held in that same
location in the modern day.
 GREEK SCULPTURE
•Dedalic Style – clay mold technique for frontal figures.

•Male figures have their one foot forward and their arms hang down
their sides.

•Show emotions in the face (archaic smile)

Chryselephantine

PEDIMENT

GREEK POTTERY
OSTRICISM

• a political process in 5th- century whereby those individuals

considered too powerful or dangerous to the city were exiled for 10
years by popular vote.

• Citizens voted against a particular candidate by scratching his

name on a piece of pottery, an ostrakon. Officials known as
phylaithen collected the ostraka and made sure that nobody voted
twice.
METOPE
OSTRAKA

- shards of pottery used as a voting ballot in the ancient Greece.

 GREEK MOTIF
ANCIENT ROME
● Republic • Sewers
● Roads & Highways • Cesarian section
● Plumbing • Roman Numerals
● Courier Service • Apartment buildings
● Acta diurna (Newspaper) • Cements
● Central heating • Arches
CONCRETE
GREEK FURNITURE • used to make square or polygonal ornamental sunken panel
used in a series as decoration for a ceiling or vault.
 The sunken panels were sometimes are called coffers.

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
FORMS OF ARCHITECTURE
• Forum / Fora • Circus

• Temples • Apria

• Basilicas • Aqueducts

• Arena • Thermae/ Baths

• Theater • Catacombs

• Amphitheater • Arches

FORUM / FORA

•Elections •Religious ceremonies

•Public speeches •Educational events

•Criminal trials •Trading

•Public meetings
 TEMPLE PULPITUM

•The Roman temple was one of the key features of Roman -a platform for public speakers in front of the scaenae frons.
culture, a place to worship gods in the Roman religion.

Pantheon

ROMAN THEATER PROSCENIUM

- were influenced by the Greek. - the area of a theater surrounding the stage opening.
- The semicircular design of the building enhanced the natural acoustics of the theatre.
- included entertainments such as mime, orations, dance, choral events and different types of
plays including farce, tragedy and comedy.

PARTS:
ORCHESTRA
1) Scaenae frons
-the semi-circular space between the audience and the scaenae.
2) Porticus post scaenam

3) Pulpitum
CAVEA
4) Proscaenium
- the semi- circular seating space.
5) Orchestra
- A large Roman theaters had 3 tiers: Ima cavea, media cavea, suma
6) Cavea cavea

7) Aditus maximus

8) Vomitorium

SCAENAE FRONS ADITUS MAXIMUS

- the elaborately decorated background of a Roman theatre – the entrance to the orchestra, typically between the cavea and
stage. This area usually has several entrances to the stage the scaena.
including a grand central entrance.
VOMITORIUM

- are passage situated below or behind a tier of seats in an

PORTICUS POST SCAENAM amphitheatre, through which big crowds can exit rapidly.
 ROMAN AMPHITHEATER  Frigidarium – cold room w/ unheated
pool
AMPHITHEATER  Laconicum – dry sweating room
- the amphitheater had no architectural precedent in the Greek  Sudatorium – steam room
world. Likewise, the spectacles that took place in the  Apodyteria – dressing room
amphitheater—gladiatorial combats and venationes (wild beast  Unctuaria – room for oiling and
shows). shampooing
 Palestra (Ephebeum) – gymnasium
Arles Amphitheater in France  Tablinum - main office / reception
ROMAN THEATERS  Exedrae - dinner corners

COLOSSEUM IN ITALY ROMAN INTERIOR

-Originally known as Flavian Amphitheater

VERONA ARENA IN
ITALY

ROMAN BATH
ROMAN HOUSES
TYPICAL ROMAN HOUSE

1. Vestibulum 6. Peristylum

2. Atrium 7. Culina/Cocina

3. Tablinum 8. Lararium

4. Triclinum 9. Cellae

5. Cubiculum

INSULAE
ROMAN INTERIOR
- Crowded apartment blocks where middle classes and poor
 Main Building (w/ 3 apartments) were housed.
 Tepidarium – warm room
 Caldarium – hot room
DOMUS ROMAN FURNITURE
– a form of house that wealthy families owned in ancient Rome.

VILLA

– country houses for the rich

and known.

HADRIAN’S VILLA

ROMAN MOTIF