MENDELIAN

PRINCIPLES
 GREGOR MENDEL
• Father of Genetics
• Worked on garden pea
 Genetic Vocabulary
CHARACTER- heritable features;
flower color
TRAIT- each variant for a
character; purple or white
flower
TRUE-BREEDING – when plants
self-pollinate, all their offspring
are of the same variety
HYBRIDIZATION-mating or
crossing of two varieties
MONOHYBRID CROSS- cross that
tracks the inheritance of a single
character
 Genetic Vocabulary
P GENERATION- parental
F1 GENERATION-first filial
generation; offspring of parental
generation
F2 GENERATION- second filial
generation; hybrids produced by
F1 generation when it self-
pollinate
ALLELE – alternative version of a
gene
*DOMINANT- fully expressed in
the organism
*RECESSIVE- no noticeable effect
on the organism’s appearance
 Genetic Vocabulary
HOMOZYGOUS – an organism
having a pair of identical alleles
for a character ; PP or pp
HETEROZYGOUS- an organism
having 2 different alleles for a
character; not true breeding;
Pp
PHENOTYPE – organism’s
appearance or observable
condition; purple or white
GENOTYPE- genetic make-up;
PP (homozygous),
Pp(heterozygous)
 1. LAW OF DOMINANCE
• When the possibility of
two contrasting
characteristics exist in an
organism, one
characteristic maybe
expressed to the exclusion
of the other;
• it simply means that the
most dominant trait will be
seen in the phenotype
• always represented with a
capital letter on the
punnett squares
 2. LAW OF SEGREGATION
• Hereditary determiners may
come together in one
generation and then
segregate when that
generation produces
offspring
• each gamete (egg/sperm)
will get only half of each
allele (trait) to pass along
• this law is easily expressed
with punnett squares in a
monohybrid cross
 3. LAW OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT
• The manner of
segregation of one pair
of allele is not
determined by the
segregation of other
pairs of alleles
 CYTOPLASMIC/MATERNAL
INHERITANCE
• NON MENDELIAN
• Phenotypic differences
due to extra nuclear
genes found in
chloroplasts and
mitochondria transmitted
by female gamete
• First observe in plants by
Carl Correns (1909)
• variegated leaves (striped
or spotted or yellow or
white patches on leaves)
 CLASSIFICATION
• Common name: These are used locally
and may vary by region or country.

• Scientific name: These are unique

names used by the scientific community to
accurately and universally identify species.
• International Code of Nomenclature for algae,
fungi, and plants.
The levels from highest to lowest
classification are as follows:

Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Suborder
Family
Genus
Species
Subspecies
 BINOMIAL NAME
• The binomial name consists of a genus name
and specific epithet. The scientific names of
species are italicized. The genus name is
always capitalized and is written first; the
specific epithet follows the genus name and is
not capitalized. There is no exception to this.
Corn, mais, maize
Zea mays
 PLANT ECOLOGY
• An ecosystem is a community of living
organisms(Biotic) in conjunction with the
nonliving (Abiotic)components of their
environment, interacting as a system.

• These biotic and abiotic components are

linked together through nutrient cycles and
energy flows (food chain and food web)
 EVOLUTION
• Process of change or descent with change
TYPES:
1. Progressive- increasing complexity in structure
and differentiation; simple to complex
2. Retrogressive – there is degeneration or
decrease in complexity; complex to simple; fungi
to algae
3. Parallel or convergent – similar evolutionary
sequences under similar environmental
conditions; xeromorphic characteristics of
cactus, euphorbes and Agaves
 Major Land Plant Communities
Biomes
• are characterized by their
natural vegetation of dominant
plants determined by climate
and position of the continents.
1. Arctic Tundra
• This biome is wet, arctic
grassland that supports lichens,
grasses, sedges, and dwarf
woody plants and is cold most
of the year. Below a few
centimeters, the soil is
permanently frozen
(permafrost)
 Major Land Plant Communities
2. Desert
• With less than 10 in. (25 cm)
of annual rainfall
• plants include rain-season
annuals, succulents, and
shrubs which can remain
dormant for long periods.
• Plants have light-reflecting
surfaces created by white
hairs or waxy cuticle.
• Small stomata are sunken or
closed much of the time,
opening at night.
• They also have extensive root
systems.
 Major Land Plant Communities
3. Northern Conifer Forests
• Other names are boreal forest, spruce-
fir forest and taiga.
• Low temperatures prevail for at least
half the year. The plants include
spruces, firs, and pines.

4. Temperate Deciduous Forests

• In the Temperate Zone, deciduous
plants have an even distribution of 30
to 60 in. (76 to 152 cm) of rainfall
annually and moderate seasonal
temperatures.
• Redwoods, Douglas fir, western
hemlock and western red cedar
dominate temperate rain forests along
the West Coast of the United States.
 Major Land
5. Temperate Grassland
Plant Communities
• These areas have a low annual rainfall
of 10 to 30 in. (25 to 76 cm) which
effectively prevents forest formation.
Temperatures range from very cold
winters to very hot summers.

6. Tropical Savanna
• Warm regions with 40 to 60 in.(102 to
152 cm) of rainfall and with a
prolonged dry season have drought-
and fire-resistant grasses with
scattered trees.

7. Chaparral
• A mild climate with abundant winter
rains and dry summers supports a
community of trees or shrubs with
thick evergreen leaves.
• Fire is an important maintenance
factor. Native plants are fire-adapted
 Major Land Plant Communities
8. Tropical Rain Forest
• Equatorial lowlands have
80 to 90 in. (203 to 230
cm) of annual rainfall.
• Broadleaved angiosperms
with evergreen leaves
include trees, vines, and
epiphytes.
• Without freezing
temperatures,there are no
deciduous-leafed plants.
• Photosynthesis is
continuous throughout the
year.