FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY MANILA

INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTURE AND FINE ARTS

Summative Assessment 2

Industrial Revolution (Architecture)

Planning 2

Group 3

Carranceja, Kaye Reubenne M.

Ursua, Toni Miguela R.
Raganit, Eunice Audrey A.
Guevarra, Cyrus Andrew S.
Orillaneda, Katherine Nicole O.
 I. History

a. History of Industrial Revolution

According to the research of The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica (2022), the

Industrial Revolution was a phase in human history that lasted from the late 18th to the
early 19th centuries. It was distinguished by significant advances in agriculture, industry,
mining, transportation, and technology, as well as a tremendous growth of the global
economy. This period of technical transformation has also been referred to as the
"Industrial Revolution" or "Industrial Development."

The automation of textile manufacturing kicked off the Industrial Revolution in

Britain. This approach enabled firms to create more items with fewer workers, resulting
in cheaper costs and more profits. By 1750, British manufacturing owners were
exploiting new discoveries such as power looms and steam engines to boost output
even more.

As production rates soared in the United Kingdom, other countries began to

follow suit, including France (1753) and Germany (1769). Because of its vast population
(relative to Britain), low pay for employees, and significant demand for manufactured
products from elsewhere, the United States witnessed fast industrialization during this
time period.

Industrial Revolution
 b. First Industrial Revolution

The first Industrial Revolution was a time of transition and expansion in British
manufacturing. It started in the late 1700s and lasted into the early 1800s. The
revolution was fueled by technological advancements that improved factory efficiency,
process control, and production. (Kelly, 2020)

Moreover, it was powered by the growing availability of coal, which allowed for
the production of vast amounts of electricity at a low cost. It also increased mechanized
production, allowing things to be mass-produced using machines. This resulted in a
revolution in manufacturing practices, which led to market expansion and, eventually, a
rise in global wealth.

Many of the social ills connected with past eras were addressed during this
period: child labor was abolished, women's rights were strengthened, and people began
to migrate from rural to urban regions. Furthermore, it fostered new attitudes regarding
science and technology as critical components of society's future progress.

c. Second Industrial Revolution

The second industrial revolution has been defined as an era of major shift in both
the global economy and society and culture. Technology, in particular, has had a huge
influence on how we live and connect with one another. The term "second industrial
revolution" refers to the time between 1870 and 1950, when many industries saw
significant technical improvement. (Kelly, 2020)

Countries began building their economy at a faster rate than ever before
throughout this time period. One reason for this was that countries were able to access
foreign funds, allowing them to invest in industry and infrastructure. Another factor was
that certain nations were able to give greater education to their residents, allowing them
to understand more about how things functioned and what they required. (Kelly, 2020)

II. Major inventions

In the 18th and 19th centuries, the U.S. and Great Britain underwent radical
change thanks to the inventions and advancements of the Industrial Revolution. Huge
advances in science and technology helped Britain become the dominating economic
and political force in the globe, and they also enabled the United States to expand
westward and amass enormous fortunes. British inventions helped the U.K. by
harnessing the power of water, steam, and coal. mid-1770s, dominated the world textile
market.

After the Civil War, as the United States rebuilt its infrastructure, the American
Industrial Revolution got underway. New modes of transportation like the railroad and
the steamboat helped the country increase trade. Both the job and daily life were altered
by the contemporary production line and the electric light bulb. Starting with
transportation during the industrial revolution, water has long been used to power
rudimentary machines like grain mills and textile spinners, but Scottish engineer James
Watt's improvements to the steam engine in 1775 marked the official beginning of the
industrial revolution. The main purpose of Watt's initial engines was to pump air and
water into and out of mines. Commerce increased as the nation's rivers became
navigable, and so did the population. The locomotives used in the railroad, a different
new mode of transportation, were likewise powered by steam. (Industrial Revolution |
Definition, History, Dates, Summary, & Facts, 2022) In the 1820s, rail lines first
appeared in Britain and then in the U.S. The first rail link connecting the coasts was
constructed in 1869. Commerce increased as the nation's rivers became navigable, and
so did the population. The locomotives used in the railroad, a different new mode of
transportation, were likewise powered by steam. In the 1820s, Rail Lines first appeared
in Britain and then in the U.S. The first rail link connecting the coasts was constructed in
1869. (Industrial Revolution | Definition, History, Dates, Summary, & Facts, 2022)

Steam Engines Rail Lines

German engineers such as Karl Benz and Rudolf Diesel would develop
additional advances over the course of the following two decades. By the time Henry
Ford unveiled his Model T Car in 1908, the internal combustion engine was prepared
to change not only the nation's transportation system but also the expansion of
20th-century industries like aviation and petroleum. (Industrial Revolution | Definition,
History, Dates, Summary, & Facts, 2022)

Retrieved from the website (Industrial Revolution | Definition, History, Dates,

Summary, & Facts, 2022) below are another examples of major and remarkable
inventions by inventors during the Industrial Revolution:

1.) James Watt

● Invention: First reliable steam engine (1775)

2.) Eli Whitney

● Invention: Cotton gin (1793) and Interchangeable parts for muskets
(1798)
3.) Robert Fulton
● Invention: Regular steamboat service on the Hudson River (1807)

4.) Samuel F.B. Morse

● Invention: Telegraph (1836)

5.) Elias Howe

● Invention: Sewing machine (1844)
6.) Alexander Graham Bell
● Invention: Telephone (1876)

7.) Orville and Wilbur Wright

● Invention: First airplane (1903)

8.) Henry Ford

● Invention: Model T Ford (1908)
III. Development in Transportation System

At the end of the 18th century, no modes of motorized transportation existed before the
industrial revolution which brought great technological advancements. Utilizing animal
labor for land travel and wind for sea level were the major forms of transport technology.
Traditionally, in men-powered ships; sails were added as a supplementary means of
propulsion mechanism. The cities that are located near water sources, such as rivers
were able to exchange goods over great distances and preserve governmental,
financial, and social cohesiveness over a wider area since waterways were the most
effective transit routes at that time. It comes as no surprise that the first civilizations
developed around river systems for agriculture and commerce. (Rodrigue, 2022)

The demand for improved methods of transporting cargo, new technology, and
significant investments in a country’s infrastructure caused transportation to develop
drastically. A comprehensive transportation infrastructure, including roads, trains, and
canals was created as a result of the industrial revolution’s failures. The adjustments
happened in phases. The first thing that was improved was roads, followed by canals,
and lastly, a railroad was established. Each of these developments affected the daily life
of the community, the travel time of larger distances was sped up, and it gave business
people the opportunity to look for new markets in certain previously inaccessible areas
across the community. (Transport in the Industrial Revolution., n.d.)

Canals

One of the fundamental issues with utilizing water for transportation is that it cannot
travel up and down slopes as roads can. The country of Britain is not a particularly flat
country, the north of England where there's much industrialization has happened
does not have flat places makes the ways of passing through canals very hard
since it cannot go up and down, the engineers who built the canal found a
solution for this problem which is by utilizing locks. (Transport in the Industrial
Revolution., n.d.)
Railways

Following the early achievements of Stephensons and other pioneers, railways evolved
significantly. The creation and the continuous advancement of steam engines led to the
invention of new technology. Steam has been utilized in underground work to accelerate
the extraction of the coil, as well as the power of motors. This concept was expanded to
include the idea of hauling wagons and tracks. (Transport in the Industrial Revolution.,
n.d.)

Instead of enabling the community to walk or run from sunrise to sunset, time zones
were established, People started to take less time traveling between locations and
waiting for deliveries. Because the distance traveled did not increase while the travel
time dropped. Businesses gained by being able to send their goods over longer
distances in less time. The railway made it possible for people to move to new locations
as well as to cluster into cities. Because of the railroad and the massive inflation of
people and products, businesses gradually grew. Industrial revolution was greatly aided
by railway, particularly in terms of time and distance.

IV. Building Materials

Development of Iron Technology

 The First Industrial Revolution, that subsequent historians would refer to as a
series of developments that predominantly occurred in England during the second half
of the 18th century, had a significant impact on both construction technology and society
as a whole. One of the earliest of these occasions was the mass manufacturing of iron,
which started with Abraham Darby's work and his use of coke as a burner in the
smelting and refining in 1709. Iron was easily accessible, which aided in the
development of equipment, including James Watt's double-acting steam engine from
1769. In addition to creating the first steam-powered rolling mill the same year he
invented the puddling method for creating wrought iron, Henry Cort also created rolled
lengths of ductile iron rods, curves, and other forms. The production of cast iron, which
is more brittle and has a different chemical composition than wrought iron, was also
widespread. The emergence of common iron construction components quickly paved
the path for the creation of metal buildings.

Manufactured building materials

In the 19th century, brick production became industrialized. "Pressed" bricks

replaced the time-consuming hand-molding method, which had been in use for 3,000
years. These were mass-produced using a mechanical extrusion technique that
involved forcing clay through a rectangular mold in a continuous column before cutting it
to size. Additionally, there were many masonry units that were intricately formed and
stamped. However, by the turn of the century, the continuous tunneling kiln, in which
bricks were slowly transported on a belt conveyor, had begun to be utilized instead of
the intermittently burnt beehive kilns (fueled by coke). Brick emerged as one of the
essential construction materials of the time as a result of the new techniques' significant
reduction in cost.
Introduction of steel building technology

The second industrial era, which started around 1880, may be described as a
time of steel and electricity if the preceding industrial age was characterized by iron and
steam. The mass manufacture of this novel substance and this novel energy source
likewise revolutionized the building industry. For railroad rails, steel was initially
produced in considerable quantities. A considerably tougher, less fragile metal was
produced by rolling steel rails and other forms like angles and channels starting around
1870. The Eiffel Tower and the Gallery of Machines, two buildings constructed for the
Paris Exposition of 1889, both used steel as their primary building material. The
Chrysler Building in New York City, which was completed in 1929, topped out at 318.8
meters, surpassing Gustave Eiffel's tower's 300-meter height. The tower's recognizable
parabolic curving shape has come
to represent Paris itself. The
architect C.-L.-F. created the
Gallery of Machines.
114-meter-long and more than
420-meter-long huge three-hinged
arches were built by Victor
Contamin, an engineer, and Dutert.
Its 48,727 square meter
glass-enclosed long span area has
never been matched, and since it
was so big, no permanent use for it
was able to be identified after it was built.

Early Steel Frame high-rises

The steel-framed high-rise building was a new and more important technology that was
emerging when these enormous structures were the center of attention. It all started in
Chicago, where the city's financial district was expanding quickly. Owners demanded
higher buildings in the mid-1880s due to pressure from land values. In response to this
issue, architect-engineer William Le Baron Jenney created the ten-story. which had a
pretty much entirely all-metal structure. It was the first time that steel was used
extensively in a structure, and the frame was made up of cast-iron supported by
columns wrought-iron beams as well as two stories of rolled-steel beams that have
been substituted during construction.

Reintroduction of Concrete

The resurgence of concrete in a composite materials connection with steel during

the second industrial revolution also gave rise to a technique that would quickly assume
a significant role in construction. Making
stronger artificial cements was the initial
stage in this approach. Since ancient
times, lime mortars constructed of lime,
sand, and water have been known. The
British engineer John Smeaton enhanced
it in the late 18th century by adding
powdered brick to the mixture and
creating the first modern concrete by
including pebbles as coarse aggregate. In
1824, Joseph Aspdin patented Portland
Cement, the first authentic artificial
cement.
 V. Use of Iron in Architecture

Brooklyn Bridge

Designed by John Roebling (late 1860s), redefined the architecture of suspension bridges and
helped to shape New York into the modern city. This building is composed of two Neo-Gothic
masonry turrets with recognizable pointed arches.. The only means of transportation connecting
these two big cities back to 1883 was a network of ineffective, crammed, risky, and dangerous
ships, thus a bridge was needed to connect both cities of Manhattan and Brooklyn on the East
River. A thorough reconstruction was carried out between 1944 and 1954. The four major
cables were strongly built, the train and trolley tracks were demolished, the highways were
expanded from two to three tracks, and different approach ramps were built. The interior and
exterior trusses were also stabilized. In 1969, more FDR Drive access ramps were made
accessible to vehicles.
 Central Railroad Station, New Castle on tyne, England

The station, which John Dobson (1787–1865) created, was formally inaugurated by
Queen Victoria on August 29, 1850. In Paris in 1855, Dobson received an Award of
Merit for the new idea and its corresponding model. These big architectural features by
Mr. Dobson—its high open arches, paired imposing Roman-Doric pillars and stylobate,
and its beautifully decorated attic (where it is planned to display gigantic statues)—are
exceedingly impressive. In reality, the station represented a turning point in the
development of railroad stations.

Covered Market in Berlin

The structure was designed by architect Friedrich Hitzig (1865-1868). The 5,300 square
meter, six-aisled structure is supported by cast-iron columns. This market hall
represented a great advancement in terms of sanitation because it contained gas lights,
restrooms, and drainage systems for the basins of the fish dealers. The private
business, however, did not prosper. The halls remained unused after the initial failure of
its owners before being refurbished as a circus in 1874. Eventually, Hans Poelzig
transformed it into Max Reinhardt's Grobes Schauspielhaus from 1919.

Paris Opera, Paris

The Opera de Paris (1860-1875) or also known as “Royal Academy of Music and
Dance”, and “Imperial Academy” is considered to be one of the jewels of Napoleon III’s
city. The dome is placed directly above the audience and the orchestra, highlighting the
stage which has a rehearsal room behind it. The lobbies were more ornate than the
stage and acted as a second stage where guests could watch a social drama for the
rich.
 Museum of Natural History, England

To counter the foggy atmosphere of Victorian London, the Museum of Natural History
(1860-1880) interiors and exteriors both make significant use of architectural terracotta
tiles produced by the Tamworth-based Gibbs and Canning Limited. Living and extinct
species of flora and wildlife are shown in the west and east wings, respectively, on the
tiles and bricks' numerous relief sculptures. This explicit division was made at Owen's
request and is seen to be a statement of his modern denial of Darwin's attempt to use
the theory of natural selection to connect the present with the past.

Bradbury Building, Los Angeles, California

The Bradbury Building (1893) is one of Los

Angeles' special attractions and the oldest
standing commercial structure in the heart
of the city. A magnificent central Victorian
court filled with natural light reflected with
open cage elevators, marble staircases,
and elegant iron rails climbs nearly fifty feet
from its modest, Romanesque-like facade.
 References

Industrial Revolution | Definition, History, Dates, Summary, & Facts. (2022, October 27).

Britannica. Retrieved November 10, 2022, from

https://www.britannica.com/event/Industrial-Revolution

Kelly, M. (2020, January 31). Significant Inventors of the Industrial Revolution.

ThoughtCo. Retrieved November 10, 2022, from

https://www.thoughtco.com/industrial-revolution-inventors-chart-4059637

Rodrigue, J. (n.d.). 1.3 – The Emergence of Mechanized Transportation Systems. The

Geography of Transport Systems. Retrieved November 11, 2022, from

https://transportgeography.org/contents/chapter1/emergence-of-mechanized-tran

sportation-systems/