For the exclusive use of Chem 101L OTL Class in Xavier-Ateneo

Acids, Bases and Salts | Experiment 4

Group Members: Group No.: 7

1.Kenneth Carnalan
Section: YE
2.Maria Angelika Escobido
3.Loven Mae Labuntog Date Submitted:

Expt. 4 Acids, Bases and Salts

5 5 5

I. Objectives:

 To investigate the properties of acids and bases in terms of

color reaction with common indicators (blue and red litmus
paper, methyl orange, and phenolphthalein)

 To investigate the relative strengths of acids and bases in

terms of reactivity of acids in marble chips and reaction
between calcium chloride and sodium hydroxide solution.

 To classify various salts as neutral, acidic, or basic using

litmus paper test.

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Acids, Bases and Salts | Experiment 4

II. Apparatus: III. Symbols of Chemicals:

Bunsen Burner Acetic acid 3M CH₃COOH
Burner Mat Hydrochloric acid 3M HCl
Dropper Sulfuric acid 3M H₂SO₄
Glass Tubing Phosphoric acid 3M H3PO4
Graduated cylinder Methyl orange C14H14N3NaO3
Stirring rod phenolphthalein C₂₀H₁₄O₄
Test tubes Sodium Carbonate 0.1M NaOH
Test tube holder Calcium chloride 0.1 M NH₄OH
Test tube rack Sodium chloride 0.1M NH4Cl
Watch glass Sodium Hydroxide 3M CaCl2
Blue litmus paper Aqueous ammonia 3M NaCl
Red litmus paper Ammonium chloride 0.2M
C2H3NaO2
Marble chips Sodium acetate 0.1M
NH4Cl
Lime water Ammonium chloride 0.1M
Na₂CO₃
Distilled water Iron(II) Sulfate 0.1M
FeSO4

IV. Procedure: (Note: Write schematic diagram at the last 2 pages of the data sheet.)
V. Data and Results:
A. ACIDS
Properties CH3COOH(aq) HCl(aq) H2SO4(aq) H3PO4(aq)

1. Acidity test:

Color change of blue litmus red red red red

Color change of red litmus red red red red

Color of solution with methyl orange orange orange orange orange

Color of solution with phenolphthalein colorless colorless colorless colorless

2. Relative strength of acids:

Reactivity w/ CaCO3(s) 4 1 2 3
(1 - most reactive, 4 – least reactive)

What gas was evolved? Carbon dioxide (CO2)

Arrangement of acids according to increasing acidity: CH3COOH(aq) < H3PO4(aq)< H2SO4(aq)< HCl(aq)

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Acids, Bases and Salts | Experiment 4

B. BASES
Properties NaOH(aq) NH3(aq)

1. Basicity test:

Color change of blue litmus blue blue

Color change of red litmus blue blue

Color of solution with phenolphthalein Colorless with a hint of Colorless with a hint of
purple purple
Color of solution with methyl orange yellow yellow

2. Relative strength of bases:

Equations Observation

The CaCl2 reacted fast to the addition of

NaOH. This was observed through the color
change of the solution from transparent/
colorless to a milky white color. After letting
it sit for a few minutes, a white precipitate
a) CaCl2(aq) + NaOH(aq) → Ca(OH)2(s) + 2NaCl was formed at the bottom of the solution.

There are no visible reactions. However,

upon testing the solution using litmus
paper, the red litmus paper turned blue
and blue litmus paper remained blue in
b) Ca(OH)2(s) + NH4Cl(aq) → CaCl2 + NH3 + H2O color.

Arrangement of bases according to increasing basicity: NH3(aq) < Ca(OH)2(s) < NaOH(aq)

C. SALTS
Acidity test:
Classification
Salt Color change of Color Change of (acidic, basic, neutral)
Red litmus Blue litmus

NaCl(aq) red blue neutral

NaCH3COO(aq) blue blue basic

NH4Cl(aq) red red acidic

Na2CO3(aq) Blue blue basic

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Acids, Bases and Salts | Experiment 4

FeSO4(aq) red red acidic

VI. Analysis

POST-LAB QUESTIONS: Limit your answers to 3-5 sentences only.

1. What are acid-base indicators? How do indicators work?

 Acid-Base indicators are substances which change color with pH, are usually weak acids
or bases, and when dissolved in water dissociate slightly and form ions. Even though
they are usually weak acids or bases, their conjugate base or acid forms have different
colors due to differences in their absorption spectra. The pH indicators detect the
presence of H+ and OH-. They do this by reacting with H+ and OH-: they are themselves
weak acids and bases. If an indicator is a weak acid and is colored and its conjugate base
has a different color, deprotonation causes a color change.

2. What is the purpose of using lime water during the reaction of the acid sample with the marble
chip?

 Limewater can be used to detect carbon dioxide. If carbon dioxide is bubbled through
limewater then it turns from clear to cloudy/milky in color. Therefore, limewater used in
a simple respirometer can show that more carbon dioxide is present in exhaled air
compared to inhaled air.

3. Based on the results, relate the strength of the acids and bases according to their positions in the
periodic table. What are the factors affecting the relative strength of acids and bases?

 As we move from top to bottom (↓) in a group, the acidic property decreases but increases if we
move from left to right in a period (→). Basic property, on the other hand, increases if we move
from top to bottom (↓) in a group and decreases if we move from left to right (→) in a period.
There are seven factors affecting relative strength of acids and bases; These are
electronegativity, bond strength, charge, resonance, inductive effects, hybridization, and
hydrogen bonding.

4. Discuss the principle of hydrolysis in relation to strength of acids and bases. How are acidic, basic,
and neutral salts formed?

 The cations or anions formed during ionization of salts either exist as hydrated ions in aqueous
solutions or interact with water to regenerate the acids and bases. Acidic salt is formed when a
strong acid reacts with a weak base. A basic salt is formed when a strong base reacts with a
weak acid. Lastly, when a strong base reacts with a strong acid, a neutral salt is formed.

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Acids, Bases and Salts | Experiment 4

5. Write the hydrolysis reaction of the following salts: (Note: Not all salts undergo hydrolysis
reactions.)

Salt Hydrolysis Reaction

NaCl is a salt with a strong HCl acid and a strong base, NaOH. It does not
a) NaCl undergo hydrolysis so there is no reaction with water between the NaCl salt
ions. Thus, NaCl is neither acidic nor basic (neutral).

Sodium acetate dissociates in water into sodium and acetate ions. Sodium
ions react very little with the hydroxide ions whereas the acetate ions
combine with hydrogen ions to produce acetic acid. Thus, NaCH3COO is a
b) NaCH3COO
salt with a weak acid and strong base.

NH4Cl is formed from the reaction of NH3, a weak base, and HCl, a strong
acid. The chloride ion will not hydrolyze. However, the ammonium ion is the
c) NH4Cl
conjugate acid of NH3 and will react with water, producing hydronium ions.
In connection to these, NH4Cl is an acidic salt.

1.

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF PROCEDURE

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

ACIDS: Properties of Acids

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Acids, Bases and Salts | Experiment 4

ACIDS: Relative Strength of Acids

BASES: Relative Strength of Bases

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Acids, Bases and Salts | Experiment 4

Salts and Hydrolysis

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