COMPARATIVE POLICE SYSTEM
It is a term that has been used in comparative
Comparative
An estimate of relative likeness or unlikeness of
two objects or event. Denotes the degree or
grade by which a person, thing, or other entity has
a property or quality greater or less in extent than
that of another.
Police
The governmental department charged with the
regulation and control of the affairs of a community,
now chiefly the department established to maintain
order, enforce the law,and prevent and detect
crime.
ORIGIN OF THE WORD “POLICE”
 POLITEIA – Greek word which means
government of the city
 POLITIA – Roman word which means
condition of the state or government
 POLICE – French word which was later
adopted by the English language
System
A combination of related elements that is
functioning to achieve a single goal or objective.
Comparative Police System
 It is the science and art of investigating and
comparing the police system of nations. It covers
the study of police organizations, training, and
methods of policing of various nations.
Process of outlining the similarities and
differences of one police system to another in order
to discover insights in the field of international
policing.
Comparative Criminology
It is the study of the social occurrence of crime
among societies, in order to identify differences
and similarities in the patterns of crime. It is a
discipline in the field of behavioral sciences.
Comparative Criminal Justice
 A sub-field of the study of Criminal Justice that
compares justice systems worldwide.
How To Compare?
1. SAFARI METHOD – researcher visits another
country.
2. COLLABORATIVE METHOD – researcher
communicates with foreign researcher
Why compare?
1. To benefit from the experience of others
2. To broaden our understanding of the different
cultures and approaches to problems
3. To help us deal with the many transnational
crime problems that plague our world today
Transnational Crime
and international criminal justice study in recent
ears to reflect the complexity and enormity of
global crime issues. It it defined by the United
Nations as offence whose inception, proportion
and/or direct or indirect effects involve in more than
one country.
International Crime
Defined as crimes against the peace and
security of mankind.
Transnational Organized Crime
involves the planning and execution of illicit
business ventures by groups or networks of
individuals working in more than one country.
These criminal groups use systematic violence
and corruption to achieve their goal. Crimes
commonly include money laundering; human
smuggling; cybercrime; and trafficking of humans,
drugs, weapons, endangered species, body parts,
or nuclear material.
Well-known organized crime groups
 Russian Mafia
Around 200 Russian groups that operate in nearly
60 countries worldwide. They have been involved
in racketeering, fraud, tax evasion, gambling, drug
trafficking, ransom, robbery and murder.
 La Cosa Nostra
 Known as the Italian or Italian-American
mafia.The most prominent organized crime group
in the world from the 1920’s to the 1990’s.They
have been involved in violence, arson, bombings,
torture, sharking, gambling, drug trafficking, health
insurance fraud, and political and judicial
corruption.
 Yakuza
Japanese criminal group
Often involved in multinational criminals activities,
including human trafficking, gambling, prostitution,
and undermining licit businesses.
 FukChing
Chinese organized group in the United States.
They have been involved in smuggling, street
violence, and human trafficking.
 Triads
Underground criminal societies based in Hong
Kong.They control secret markets and bus routes
and are often involved in money laundering and
drug trafficking. .
HUMAN TRAFFICKING
 human beings are trafficked for the purposes of
commercial sexual exploitation or forced labor: a  It is a crime in many jurisdictions with varying
modern-day form of slavery.It is the fastest growing definitions.
criminal industry in the world, and tied with the  It is a key operation of the underground
illegal arms industry as the second largest, after economy.
the drug, trade.
Human Trafficking is a crime against humanity. It
is further defined as an act of recruiting,
transporting, transferring, harboring or receiving a
person through a use of force, coercion or other
means, for the purpose of exploiting them.

HUMAN TRAFFICKING ELEMENTS

 The Act (What is done)
Recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring,
or receipt of persons
 The Means (How it is done)
Threat or use of force, coercion, abduction, fraud,
deception, abuse of power or vulnerability, or giving
payments or benefits to a person in control of the
victim
 The Purpose (Why it is done)
For the purpose of exploitation, which include
exploiting the prostitution of others, sexual
exploitation, forced labor, slavery or similar
practices and the removal of organs.
DRUG TRAFFICKING
 involves selling drugs and drug paraphernalia,
whether is it local exchange between a user
and a dealer or a major international operation.
 Drug trafficking I a problem that affects every
nation in the world and exists in many levels. 
Drug trafficking is the commercial exchange of
drugs and drug paraphernalia.
 This Include any equipment used to
manufacture illegal drugs or use them.
CYBERCRIMES
 generally defined as any type of illegal activity
that makes use of the Internet, a private or
public network, or an in-house computer
system.
 As a growing problem around the world, many
countries are beginning to implement laws and
other regulatory mechanisms in an attempt to
minimize the incidence of cybercrime.
TERRORISM
 The use of violence and threats to intimidate or
coerce, especially for political purposes.
 The state of fear and submission produced by
terrorism for terrorization.
 A terroristic method of governing or of resisting
a government.
4 TYPES OF SOCIETIES
1. Folk-communal societies/ primitive societies.
A folk-communal society has little codification law,
no
specification among police, and a system of
punishment that just lets things go for a while
without attention until things become too much, and
then harsh, barbaric punishment is resorted to.
2. Urban-commercial societies
Rely on trade as the essence of their market
system. An urban-commercial society has civil law
(some standards and customs are written down),
specialized police forces (some for religious
offenses, others for enforcing the King’s Law), and
punishment is inconsistent, sometimes harsh,
sometimes lenient.
2 Types of Court Systems of the World
1. Adversarial System
 Accused is innocent until proven guilty.
 Accused is accorded with rights
 Penalties may be mitigated
2. Inquisitorial System
 Accused is guilty until proven innocent.
 Lesser rights are granted to the accused,
 The written law is taken as gospel and subject
to little interpretation.

MONEY LAUNDERING
 process of creating the appearance that large
amounts of money obtained from serious
crimes, such as drug trafficking, originated
from a legitimate source.
4 TYPES OF SOCIETIES
2. Urban-industrial societies
 produce most of the goods and services they
need without government interference. An
urban-industrial society not only has codified
laws (statutes that prohibit) but laws that
prescribes good behavior, police become
specialized in how to handle property crimes,
and the system of punishment is run on market
principles of creating incentives and
disincentives.
4. Bureaucratic societies
 modern post-industrial societies where the
emphasis is upon technique or the
“technologizing” of everything, with the
government. A bureaucratic society has a
system of laws (along with armies of lawyers),
police who tend to keep busy handling political
crime and terrorism. Juvenile delinquency is a
phenomenon that only occurs in a bureaucratic
society.
THEORIES OF POLICE SERVICE
 Continental = is the theory of police service
which maintains that police officers are
servants of higher authorities. This theory
prevails in the continental countries like
France, Italy and Spain.
 Home Rule = the theory of police service which
states that police officers are servants of the
community or the people. This theory prevails
in England and United States.
CONCEPT OF POLICE SERVICE
 Old police service = states that the yardstick of
police proficiency relies on the number of
arrest made.
 Modern police service = states that the
yardstick of police proficiency relies on the
absence of crime.
THEORIES OF COMPARATIVE POLICING
 Alertness to Crime Theory – as nation
develops, people’s alertness to crime
heightened. They report more crime to police
and demand the police to become more
effective in solving crimes
 Economic or Migration Theory – that crime
everywhere is a result of unrestrained
migration and overpopulation in urban areas
such as ghettos or slums.
 Opportunity Theory – with higher standards of
living, victims become more careless of their
belonging, and opportunities of crime multiply.
THEORIES OF COMPARATIVE POLICING
 Demographic Theory – this is based on the
event when a greater number of children and
being born, as this baby booms grow up,
delinquent subcultures develop out of the
adolescent identity crisis.
 Deprivation Theory – holds that progress
comes along with rising expectations. People
at the bottom develop unrealistic expectations
while people at the top don’t see themselves
rising fast enough.
 Modernization Theory – sees the problem as
society becoming too complex.
THREE STYLES OF POLICING
 Legalistic
It emphasizes the use of threats or actual arrests
to solve disputes.
 Watchman
It emphasizes on informal means of resolving
disputes.
 Service
It emphasizes on helping the community, as
opposed to enforcing the law.
TYPES OF POLICE SYSTEMS
 COMMON LAW SYSTEM – aka Anglo-
American Justice, this exist mostly in English-
speaking countries around the world. They are
distinguished by a strong adversarial system
and they primarily rely upon oral system of
evidence in which the public trial is a main
focal point
 CIVIL LAW SYSTEMS – aka Continental
Justice or Romano-Germanic Justice, this is
practiced throughout most of the European
Union. They are distinguished by strong
inquisitorial system where less right is granted
to the accused and the written law is taken as
gospel and subject to little interpretation.
 SOCIALIST SYSTEM – aka Marxist-Leninist
Justice, this exist in places where there had
been a communist revolution such as Africa
and Asia. They are distinguished by
procedures designed to rehabilitate or retain
people into fulfilling their responsibilities to the
state.
 ISLAMIC SYSTEM – aka Muslim Arabic
Justice, they derive all their procedures and
practices from interpretation of the Koran.
Islamic systems in general are characterized
by the absence of positive law and are based
more in the concept of natural justice.
ON ACCOUNT OF HISTORICAL FINDINGS ON
CRIME VOLUME, THE FOLLOWING ARE
HEREBY CONSIDERED AS MODEL POLICE
SYSTEMS:
❖SWITZERLAND POLICE
❖JAPAN POLICE
❖IRELAND POLICE
❖EGYPT POLICE
SWITZERLAND POLICE
➢For many years, travel brochures used to mark “
There is no crime in Switzerland”.
Features:
✓Management of underclass populations
✓Effective use of an “iron fist, velvet glove”
approach to offenders.
JAPAN POLICE
➢Their crime rates are not necessarily low, but
stable.
Features:
✓Community policing
✓Patriarchal family system
✓Importance of higher education
✓“Shame-based” rather that “guilt-based” attitude
IRELAND POLICE
➢Low Crime Rate despite of serious
unemployment problem, large urban ghettos and a
crisis with religious terrorism
Features:
✓Sense of hope and confidence among people
✓People felt that they had a high degree of popular
participation in crime control
EGYPT POLICE
➢Also with little or no crime. The population of
23,000 consist of 11 tribes who are the
descendants of ancient Greeks and it is said that
Plato himself fashioned his model of perfect
government.
Features:
➢Conflicts are resolved by tribal council
➢NO JAILS OR PRISONS.
➢Typical punishment ostracization (shunning)
EVOLUTION OF POLICING SYSTEM
 Praetorian guards = military bodies who serve
as guardians of peace in ancient Rome in
which the idea of policing said to have
originated
 Officer de la Paix = a French term which
claimed to be the origin of the term Police
Officer
1. Anglo-Saxon Period of Policing System
(Ancient England)
A. Tun Policing System - A system of policing
emerged during the Anglo-Saxon period whereby
all male residents were required to guard the town
(tun) to preserve peace and protect the lives and
properties of the people. Ten families in a town
(tun) equaled a tithing. Each tithing elected a
leader who was known as the Tithingman. Since
10 tithings amounted to 100, the leader of the 100
families was named the reeve. Both the tithingman
and reeve were elected officials. They possessed
judicial power as well as police authority.
B. Hue and Cry - A village law started in Britain
which provided methods of apprehending a
criminal by an act of the complainant to shout to
call all male residents to assemble and arrest the
suspect.
C.Trial by Ordeal - A judicial practice where in the
guilt or innocence of the accused is determined by
subjecting him to an unpleasant, usually
dangerous, experience. (In present terminologies,
it would mean an employment of a “3 rd degree.”)
The word “ordeal” was derived from the Medieval
Latin word “Dei Indicum” which means “a
miraculous decision.”
1. Trial by water
2. Trial by hot iron
3. Trial by cold water
4. Trial by consecrated / blessed bread
2. Norman Period of Policing System
A. Shire-Rieve
 was a policing system during the Norman
Period when England was divided into fifty-five
(55) military areas, each headed by a ruler
called the Rieve (head-man or lieutenant of the
army). The fifty-five (55) military divisions in
England are called shires. The shire-rieve had
absolute powers that no one could questions
his or her actions. Two “Constabuli” or “The
Keeper of the Horse” were appointed to each
village to aid the Rieve in his duties. It became
the source of the word Constable.  The term
“Shire-Rieve” is said to be the origin of the
word “Sheriff.
B. Legis Henrici
 An act that was enacted during this period with
the following features:
i. Offenses were classified as against the king and
individual.
ii. Policeman becomes public servant.
iii. The police and the citizens have the broad
power to arrest. It introduced the system called
“citizen’s arrest.”
iv. Grand Jury was created to inquire on the facts
of the law. A system which made inquisition onto
the facts of a crime and eliminate the “Anglo-Saxon
Trial or “Trial by Ordeal System.
C. Travelling Judge or Circuit Judge
 A judge selected to hear cases which were
formerly being judged by the Shire-Rieve and
tasked to travel through and hear criminal
cases. This was the first instance of the
division of the police and judicial powers.
D. Frankpledge System
 A system of policing whereby a group of ten
neighboring male residents over twelve years
of age were required to guard the town to
preserve peace and protect the lives and
properties of the people.
3. Westminster Period of Policing System
 During this period, Guards were appointed and
the duties of the constables at night (watch)
and in daytime (ward) were defined.
A. Statute of 1295
 The law that marks the beginning of the curfew
hours, which demanded the closing of the
gates of London during sundown.
B.Justice of the Peace (About 1361)
 Three or four men who were learned in the law
of the land were given authority to pursue,
arrest, chastise and imprisonment violators of
law. They handled felonies, misdemeanors
and infractions of city or village ordinances.
This was later abolished about 75 years after.
C. Star Chamber Court (1487)
 A special court designed to try offenders
against the state. The room set-up is formed in
a shape of a star and judges were given great
powers such as the power to force testimony
from a defendant leading to a great abuse of
power or brutality on the part of the judges.
4. Keepers of the Peace
 A proclamation issued by King Richard of
England sometime in 1195 that required the
appointment of knights to keep the King’s
peace by standing as guards on bridges and
gates while checking the people entering and
leaving the cities and towns.
5. King Charles II of England (1663)
 King Charles II passed an act which
established or promoted the employment of
watchmen or bellmen to be on duty from
sunset to sunrise.
6. Magna Carta or "The Great Charter"
 A law promulgated by King John of England
upon the demand of the Knights of the Round
Table forcing the King to sign the same with
the following features: No freeman shall be
taken, imprisoned, banished or exiled except
by legal judgment of his peers. No person shall
be tried for murder unless there is proof of the
body of the victim.
LONDON POLICING PRIOR TO 1829
 Henry Fielding = appointed as Magistrate in
1748, introduced the first detective force,
known as the Bow Street Runners
 Bow Runners = a group of men organized by
Henry Fielding and named by his brother John
Fielding task to catch thieves and robbers
made up of eight constables who also
investigated crimes handed over to them by
the volunteer constables and watchmen.
 identified by carrying a Tipstaff with the Royal
Crown.
 identified by carrying a Tipstaff with the Royal
Crown
BEGINNING OF MODERN POLICING (1829)
 Sir Robert Peel = appointed as Home
Secretary in 1822 recognized as the father of
modern policing system
 METROPOLITAN POLICE = organized in
1829 by Sir Robert Peel (Metropolitan Police
Act of 1829) the largest of the police services
that operate in greater London (the others
include the City of London Police and the
British Transport Police) finest police force
around the world.
 the headquarters of the Metropolitan Police
Service is the Scotland Yard, now known as
the New Scotland Yard.
Administration Policing Principles of London
Metropolitan Police
1. Stable and effective civil police under
government control
2. Absence of crime is the best proof of efficiency
3. Fast distribution of crime news to the police is
essential
London Metropolitan Police
 Commissioner = highest rank in the
Metropolitan Police
 Police Constable = lowest rank
Contributions of the French in Policing
 Assigning house numbers
 Installing street lights
 Use of police ambulances
 Use of warrant card and ID signifying the
authority to arrest
AUGUST VOLLMER
 recognized as the Father of Modern Law
Enforcement for his contributions in the
development of the field of criminal justice in
the US author of the book, Police
Administration, which served as the basic
guide in the administration of the police
organization in the US.
SELECTED POLICE MODELS
MODEL SYSTEM
 Model system is used to described the
countries being used as topics of discussion.
These countries are chosen not because they
are greater than others but because they are
the focus of comparison being studied.
CHINA
 People’s Armed Police, officially Chinese
People’s Armed Police Force, is a paramilitary
or gendermarie force primarily responsible for
civilian policing and fire rescue duties
Public security police
 The largest and most visible component of the
Chinese Police that performs a wide range of
ordinary police functions.
Judicial procuratorates police
 They escort suspects in cases investigated by
the Procuratorates.
JAPAN
 National Police Agency supervises and
controls the police activities of 47 prefectural
police departments and the Tokyo Metropolitan
Police Department.
 Headed by a Commissioner General, approved
by the Prime minister, and appointed by the
National Public Safety Commission, a state
body which holds the rank of Ministry of State,
guarantees neutrality of the police, and
administers the NPA.
National Public Safety Commission
 It exercises administrative supervision over the
National police Agency under the jurisdiction of
the Prime Minister. 
National Police Agency
 The NPA is headed by a Commissioner
General who is under the administrative
supervision of the Commission, administers
the agency's operations, appoints and
dismisses agency employees and supervises
and controls prefectural police organizations
within the agency's defined duties.
Organizations attached to the National Police
Agency
 National Police Academy - provides training to
senior police officers and carries out academic
research.
 National Research Institute of Police Science
conducts research in forensic science and
applies the result of such research in the
examination and identification of evidence
collected during police investigations.
 Imperial Guards Headquarters - provides
escort to the Emperor, Empress, Crown Prince
and other Imperial Family members. It is also
responsible for the security of the Imperial
Palace and other Imperial Facilities. It consists
of the Imperial Police Administration, the
Imperial Security and the Imperial Escort
Department.
 Regional Police Bureaus. It exercises
necessary control and supervision over and
provides support services to prefectural police
within its jurisdiction, under the authority and
orders of NPA's Commissioner General.
Prefectural Police Organization:
1) Prefectural Public Safety Commissions (PPSC) -
exercise administrative supervision over the
prefectural police by formulating basic policies and
regulations for police operations. They are also
authorized to issue administrative licenses for
amusement business, firearm possession and
driving permits.
2) Metropolitan Police Department and Prefectural
Police Headquarters - The local police force of
Tokyo is the Metropolitan Police Department
(MPD), while all other prefectures have Prefectural
Police Headquarters. MPD is headed by the
Superintendent General, and the PPHs are headed
by Chiefs. They are responsible for all police
operations and personnel.
 KOBAN – substations near major
transportation hubs and shopping areas and in
residential districts. They form the first line of
police response to the public. Koban is staffed
by relatively small number of police officers (3-
5).
 KEMPEITAI (Military Police Corps) – military
police arm of the Imperial Japanese Army
KOBAN
 It is a police post located in urban
neighborhood. The smallest organizational
unit in today's Japanese police system.
CHUZAISHO
 It is the rural equivalent of the urban Koban.
What is the term called for the police officers
of Chuzaisho?
Who provides personal security for the Emperor,
Crown Prince and other members of the Imperial
Family of Japan?
 IMPERIAL GUARD
KIDOTAI (SPECIAL RIOT POLICE )
 These units were formed after riots at the
Imperial Palace in 1952, to respond quickly
and effectively to large public disturbances.
Main requirements? The overwhelming
majority of officers are bachelors who live in
dormitories within riot police compounds.
What is the official paramilitary anti-terrorist unit
under the Japanese National Police Agency?
 SAT (SPECIAL ASSAULT TEAM)
HONG KONG POLICE
 Hong Kong Police Force is the largest
disciplined service under the Security Bureau
of Hong Kong. It is the world’s second and
Asia’s first police agency to operate with a
modern policing system.
 Commanded by the Commissioner of Police
 HQ: 1 Arsenal Street, wan Chai, Hong Kong
Island
MYANMAR
 Formally known as The People’s Police Force
 Independent department under Ministry of
Home Affairs
 Its command structure is based on established
civil jurisdiction
 Law enforcement in Vietnam is called the
Vietnam People’s Public Security
 HQ: Yangon, Myanmar
CAMBODIA
 Cambodian National Police Force
 Under Ministry of Interior
Vietnam
 People's Public Security of Vietnam
 Under control of the Ministry of Public Security.
It is a part of the Vietnam People's Armed
Forces and under the de facto control of
Communist Party of
 Vietnam. HQ: Saigon
UNITED STATES POLICING SYSTEM
TYPES OF US POLICE
1. Municipal Police = includes village, township, city
and country police departments, sheriff
departments.
Types of Local Police
a. Country Sheriff = in charged with the
operation of county jail, civil function such as
service of eviction notices and other court orders
and police responsibility.
b. City Police = most common local police
organization. It has jurisdiction in matters that occur
in an incorporated municipality.
2. State Police = includes special investigative
agencies that concentrate on statewide law
enforcement.
3. Federal Police = agencies operated by federal
government at the national level.
STATE POLICE
 Headed by a commissioner or superintendent.
 What is term called for all of the state police
officers?
How many police states are there in the USA?
 (fifty) 50 out of 51 states Except: Hawaii
U.S. Police Agencies
a. New York City = it is where the first full time
police force was organized in the United States
b. New York Police Department = the largest police
force in the United States
c. Texas Ranger = police force originally created in
response to colonization
d. Boston Police Department = first local modern
police department established in the United States
e. Pennsylvania State Police = the first state police
agency established
f. Los Angeles Police Department = police force
that hired the first female police officer named,
Alice Stebbins Wells
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
NEW YORK POLICE DEPARTMENT
 created in 1845 in New York, USA
 recognized as the first modern style police
department in the US
 the largest police force in the world
 modeled after the Metropolitan Police Service
of London
BOSTON POLICE DEPARTMENT
 the oldest police department in the US
 the first night watch was established in Boston
in 1631
 formally founded in May, 1854
OTHER FEDERAL AGENCIES
1. Secret Service
 Protecting all living current and former U.S.
president and their families
2. Bureau Of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, And
Explosives
 Assist in controlling the sale of untaxed liquor
and cigarettes, illegal firearms, and explosives.
3. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)
 The federal agency that enforces federal drug
laws
FBI
 Chief investigating branch of the United States
Department of Justice;
 Investigates federal crimes and handles cases
involving stolen money or property that has
been taken from one state to another.
National Crime Information Center (NCIC)
 A computerized information system that stores
records on wanted persons and stolen property
Who operates it? FBI
 Where is it located? Washington DC.
Some Federal Agencies Having Police Functions
a. Protection of Life, Property and Enforcement of
Penal Statutes
1. Federal Bureau of Investigation (Department of
Justice) = investigates all violations of federal law
except when the enforcement authority was given
to other specific federal agency
2. United States Secret Service (Department of
Treasury) = concerned with investigation of
counterfeiting, forging or altering of any of the
money or other securities of the U.S. It is also in
charged of the protection of the president and his
family, and of the executive mansion grounds
3. Bureau of Narcotics (Department of Treasury) =
investigated all violations of federal law relating to
prohibited drugs
4. Immigration and Naturalization Service
(Department of Justice) = investigates all violations
of immigration and naturalization laws, patrol
boarders to prevent surreptitious entry of aliens,
CANADA POLICING SYSTEM
 Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) =
colloquially known as Mounties and internally
as “The Force”
 is the national police force of Canada and one
of the most recognized of its kind in the word
being a national, federal, provincial and
municipal policing body.
 It is founded in 1920 by the Merger of Royal
Northwest Mounted Police(1873) with the
Dominion Police (1868). headed by the
Commission under the direction of the Minister
of Public Safety Canada.
 Commissioner highest rank in the Royal
Canadian Mounted Police
 Police Constable 4th Class lowest rank
HONGKONG POLICING SYSTEM
 Hong Kong Police Force
 is the largest disciplined service under the
Security Bureau of Hong Kong. It is the world's
second, and Asia's first, police agency to operate
with a modern policing system. It was formed on 1
May 1844.
in 1969, Queen Elizabeth II granted the Royal
Charter to the Hong Kong Police Force for their
handling of the Hong Kong 1967 riots — renaming
them: the Royal Hong Kong Police Force.
Following the transfer of sovereignty, the Force is
once again named the Hong Kong Police Force
Structure of HKPF
 The Force is commanded by the Commissioner
of Police, who is assisted by two deputy
commissioners:
a. Deputy Commissioner – Operations =
supervises all operational matters including crime
and
b. Deputy Commissioner – Management = is
responsible for the direction and coordination of
force management including personnel, training,
and management services.  Motto =We Serve
with Pride and Care
HONGKONG POLICING SYSTEM
The Hong Kong Police Force is organized into Six
Regions: 
 Hong Kong Island
 Kowloon East
 Kowloon West
 New Territories North
 New Territories South
 Marine Region
Entry Requirements to HKPF
 Must be a permanent resident of the Hong
Kong Special Administrative Region and have
lived in Hong Kong for at least seven years
For Inspector
 Academic Requirements
 Hong Kong degree, or equivalent; or
 An accredited Associate Degree from Hong
Kong tertiary institution / A Higher Diploma
from a Hong Kong polytechnic / polytechnic
university, or a Diploma from a registered post-
secondary college awarded after the date of its
registration, or equivalent; or
 A pass in two subjects at Advanced Level in
the Hong Kong Advanced Level Examination
(2A) plus three other subjects at Grade C or
above in the HKCEE (3O), or a combination of
results in five Hong Kong Diploma of
Secondary Education (HKDSE) subjects of
Level 3 in New Senior Secondary (NSS)
subjects, “Attained with Distinction” in Applied
Learning (ApL) subjects (subject to a maximum
of two ApL subjects) and Grade C in Other
Language subjects, or equivalent.
For Police Constable
 Academic Requirements
 Five passes or above, which may include
Chinese Language and English Language, in
the HKCEE, or a combination of results in five
Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary Education
(HKDSE) subjects of Level 2 in New Senior
Secondary (NSS) subjects, “Attained” in
Applied Learning (ApL) subjects (subject to a
maximum of two ApL subjects) and Grade E in
Other Language subjects, or equivalent.
TAIWAN POLICING SYSTEM
TAIWAN POLICE FORCE
 is the unified police force of taiwan
 under the supervision of NATIONAL POLICE
AGENCY which is directly under the
MINISTRY OF INTERIOR
 under effective civilian control
FUNCTIONS
1) to maintain public order,
2) to protect social security,
3) to prevent all dangers, and
4) to promote the welfare of all people.
TYPES OF POLICE FORCE IN TAIWAN
1. Administration Police = are generally referred to
those who are required to wear uniforms to carry
out duties of household visits, patrolling, raid,
guarding, duty officer, and reserves.
2. Traffic Police = the primary duties of the Traffic
Police are to keep traffic order, to ensure traffic
safety, to prevent traffic accidents, and to smooth
traffic flow.
3. Special Police = are those who are responsible
for protecting the Central Government, establishing
contingent plans and assisting local and
specialized police units in maintaining public order.
4. Criminal Investigation Police = the primary duties
of the criminal investigation police are to prevent
and detect crimes.
5. Specialized Police = main duties are to protect
state-run enterprises and public facilities like
railways, highways, airports, harbors, MRT and
Bank of Taiwan.
MYANMAR POLICING SYSTEM
Myanmar Police Force
 formally known as The People's Police Force
 established in 1964 as independent
department under Ministry of Home Affairs. It
was reorganized on 1 October 1995.
 There are 14 State and Divisional Police
Forces and three additional State/Division
Police Forces
 Each State and Divisional Police Force consist
of four components
 Office of the Commander of the State and
Divisional Police Force
 Office of the Commander of the District Police
Force
 Office of the Commander of the Township
Police Force
 Police Stations
INDONESIA POLICING SYSTEM
Indonesian National Police (Kepolisian Negara
Republika Indonesia)
 is the official police force of Indonesia
organized 1946 also known as Polri
 Markasbesar/Mabes = name of the
headquarters of Indonesian National Police
located in KebayoranBaru, South, Jakarta,
Indonesia
POLRI TERRITORIAL FORCES
1. Kepolisian Daerah or Polda = provincial police
2. Kepolisian Wilayah or Polwil = regional police
3. Kepolisian Resort or Polres = city police
4. Kepolisian Sector or Polsek = sub-district police
MALAYSIA POLICING SYSTEM
ROYAL MALAYSIAN POLICE (RMP)
 Malay: Polis Diraja Malaysia, PDRM) = police
force of Malaysia.
 headquarters is located at Bukit Aman, Kuala
Lumpur
 The constitution, control, employment,
recruitment, fund, discipline, duties and powers
of the police force is specified and governed by
the Police Act 1967
 Motto = TEGAS, ADIL DAN BERHEMAH =
Firm, Fair And Prudent
MALAYSIA POLICING SYSTEM
 Rakan Cop – (malay: Friends of Police) is the
Malaysian community police corps which was
launched by Royal Malaysian Police in Kuala
Lumpur on August 5, 2005 to help combat
crime in the city and any situations around
Malaysia. “Together We Fight Crime”.
SINGAPORE POLICING SYSTEM
 Francis James Bernard = formed the skeleton
force as the heritage of Singapore Police Force
in 1819.
 Singapore Police Force (SPF) is the main
agency task with the maintaining law and order
in the city-state.
 It is formerly known as Republic of Singapore
Police. Organized with split staff (15) and line
functions (13) roughly modeled after the
military. Headquarters at New Poenix Park in
Novena. 
 The highest rank is Commissioner of Police
and the lowest is Police Constable.  Section
7 of Police Force Act of 1857 = constitution of
the SPF
SINGAPORE POLICING SYSTEM
 Recruitment/training
 High school graduates who were interested in
law enforcement as a career can be recruited
and those who are selected for officers had to
be approved by the Public Service
Commission. 
 Career development course were encouraged
for officer and senior officers are required to
travel oversees for training such as in Police
Staff College in Britain, FBI Nat’l Academy in
US and Police Academy in Japan.
 Nine (9) months training. Newly appointed
officer will be placed on a one year probation
period.
THAILAND POLICING SYSTEM
 Royal Thai Police
 formerly known as THAILAND NATIONAL
POLICE DEPARTMENT (TNPD)
 In 1998, TNPD was transferred from the
Ministry of Interior of Thailand to be directly
under the Office of the Prime Minister using the
name Royal Thai Police.
 The position of its supreme head was changed
from that of the DirectorGeneral of the TNPD
to the Commissioner-General of the Royal Thai
Police
 Royal Thai Police Headquarters = based in
Bangkok
 Police-General = highest rank of the Royal
Thai Police
 Policeman / Constable = lowest rank
THAILAND
 Royal Thai Police – is a military-style,
serviceoriented police organization with
personnel of 240,000 people, a ratio of 1 police
official for every 260 citizen.
 HQ: PATHUM WAN, BANGKOK 10330,
THAILAND
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE
 organized pursuant to RA 6975, as amended
by RA 8551
 a law enforcement agency under the
operational control of the Department of the
Interior and Local Government and
administrative supervision of the National
Police Commission
 it is an organization that is national in scope
and civilian in character, as provided by Article
XVI, Section 6 of the 1987 Philippine
Constitution: 
 “The state shall establish and maintain one
police force which shall be national in scope
and civilian in character…”
 headed by the Chief, PNP, with the rank of
Director General,appointed by the President
and who shall serve a term of office of four (4)
years
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