FLOW THROUGH PIPES

Reynolds Experiment
 FLOW THROUGH CIRCULAR PIPES

τ Radius, r
Assumptions:

1. Steady flow, irrotational fluid flow p p+ ∆x

2. No effect of turbulence
3. No effect of compressibility, surface tension
4. No energy transfer across the boundary
5. Horizontal circular duct ∆x
Let,

Radius of the pipe = R

Radius of the small cylindrical element = r  cross-sectional area of the element = π × r2
Length of the small cylindrical element = ∆x
Shear stress at the surface of the element = τ

Pressure force at the left face of the element = p (π r2 ) (Direction →)

Pressure force at the right face of the element = p + ∆x (π r2 ) (Direction ←)
Shear force at the surface of the element = Shear stress × peripheral surface area

= τ × (2 π r ∆x)
Shear stress, τ = µ
= (-) µ × (2 π r ∆x) (Direction ←)
y = R – r → dy = - dr → τ = (-) µ
Net pressure force + Net body force + Net viscous force = Inertia force

Net pressure force = p (π r2 ) - p + ∆x (π r2 ) = (-) ∆x (π r2 ) (Direction ( ← ))

Net viscous force = τ × (2 π r ∆x) (Direction (← ))

Net body force = 0 (Horizontal duct)

Inertia force = 0 (1-D, Steady flow, constant area duct, =u + )

- ∆x (π r2 ) - [τ (2 π r ∆x)] = 0  (-) ( ) = τ = (-) µ  du = ( ) r . dr

u= ( ) + C (Constant), Boundary condition, r = R, u = 0 (No-slip condition)

u= ( ) + C (Constant), Boundary condition, r = R, u = 0 (No-slip condition)

0= ( ) + C → C = (-) ( )

u= ( ) + (-) ( ) = ( ) r2 R2

u= ( ) R2 r2

For maximum velocity, r = 0, centerline of the duct, then

umax = ( ) R2
u= ( ) R2 r2

Derivation for average velocity, Uave = (Volume flow rate / Cross-sectional Area)

Volume flow rate, Q = Area × Velocity

 dQ = (2 π r . dr) ( ) R2 r2

 ing, Q = (2 π) ( ) R2 r2 r. dr = (2 π) ( ) R2 r r3 dr

 Q = (2 π) ( ) = (2 π) ( ) R4 = R4 ( )

"#
R4 ! "$ (&%')
Uave = = ( ) umax = ( ) R2
(

)*+,
umax =
u= ( ) R2 r2

)*+, -
 Uave = ( )  (-)dp = dx

 umax = ( ) R2

)*+, - / /-
p1 – p2 = ×L= × (
=

p1 – p2 /- /- )*+, - 3 )*+, -
01
= 01
= 01 2
= hf = 01
= 01 2
(D = 2 R, R = D/2)

Hagen – Poiseuille’s equation for friction loss in circular pipe

 Hagen – Poiseuille’s equation for friction loss in circular pipe

p 1 – p2 /- /- )*+, - 3 )*+, -
hf = = = = = , where hf = head loss due to friction
01 01 01 2 01 01 2

p 1 – p2 3 )*+, - 3 )*+, - × 7 )*+, - 8 - )*+, 7

hf = 01
= 01 2
= 4 5*+, 6 = × 12
= 12
, where f = = friction factor
'
× 12 , ,

p 1 – p2 8 - )*+, 7
hf = 01
= 12
, where f = = friction factor
,

Darcy Weisbach Equation

 Hagen Poiseuille’s Equation

p1 – p2 )*+, - 3 )*+, -
hf = = = =
01 01 01 2

Darcy Weisbach Equation

p1 – p2 8 - )*+,
hf = =
01 12
 Head loss in pipe flows

To design the fluid distribution networks (industrial or household)

To design the pipe fittings (Valves, pipe fittings - elbows, tees, bends, etc.)

To determine the power requirement to drive the flow

 Head loss in pipe flows

Total Head Loss = Major Loss + Minor Losses

Friction Loss Entry loss

Pipe fittings loss
Exit loss
Sudden expansion loss
Sudden contraction loss
Moody Chart
 Pipe 2

Pipe 1 Pipe 4

Pipe 3
Refer the piping system shown in the figure; by considering the minor and
major losses, calculate the water mass-flow rate from the infinitely large
tank. Take: f = 0.01

12 m

18 m (Ø 150 mm)

14 m (Ø 100 mm)
An oil (SG = 0.82, µ = 0.12 Pa-s) is to be pumped through a circular pipe of internal diameter of 150
mm and length of 300 m at a rate of 20 liters per second. Estimate the power required to maintain
the flow rate if the pipe is laid in the horizontal direction, the pipe is inclined in the upward direction
by 15°, and the pipe is inclined in the downward direction by 15°

An oil having absolute viscosity of 0.22 Pa-s and specific gravity of 0.85 flows through a horizontal
pipe with the internal diameter of 50 mm experienced a pressure drop of 18 kPa per meter length of
the pipe. Calculate the flow rate, average velocity & centerline velocity of oil, total friction drag for
100 m length of the pipe & power required to maintain the flow and the velocity.

A pipe of 250 mm diameter, 1500 m long is laid at a slope of 1 in 200 for the first half length and at a
slope of 1 in 150 m for the rest of the length. The pressure at the upper and lower ends of the pipe is
100 kPa and 50 kPa, respectively. Find the discharge through the pipe. Take f = 0.008.

Water flows at a rate of 20 lps in a pipe line that laid with its centerline 30° to the horizontal and it is
suddenly enlarges from 100 mm to 200 mm diameter. Points A and B are at 1 m before the
enlargement and 1 m after the enlargement, respectively. If the pressure gauge fixed at the point B
shows 50 kPa, what would be reading of the gauge mounted at the point A for the following cases.
Case i: Water flows in the upward direction from point A to point B, and case ii: water flows in the
downward direction from point B to point A. Take: Loss coefficient of contraction = 0.5.
Two cylindrical tanks, A and B are connected by a constant area circular pipe (f = 0.008) of
internal diameter of 100 mm as shown in the figure. Derive a mathematical expression in
terms of time and head difference (at t = 0, h = 12 m ) and plot a graph time vs. head
difference and head difference vs. water transfer rate. Using the mathematical expression,
estimate the time required for the reduction of head difference to 6 m, 3 m and 1.5 m and for
attaining the same water level in the tanks. Do not neglect the minor losses.

18 m

6m

A
(Internal dia. = 22 m)
Circular pipe, ∅ 100 mm, 100 m long B
(Internal dia. = 16 m)
Refer the piping system shown in the figure, tank B receives water from a large reservoir (A)
by means of a constant area circular pipe (f = 0.008) of internal diameter of 100 mm. Derive a
mathematical expression in terms of time and head difference (at t = 0, h = 12 m) and plot a
graph time vs. head difference and head difference vs. water transfer rate. Using the
mathematical expression, estimate the time required for the reduction of head difference to 6
m, 3 m and 1.5 m and the time for the attainment of the level of water in the tank (B) as water
level of the reservoir. Do not neglect the minor losses.

18 m

6m

Circular pipe, ∅ 100 mm, 100 m long B

(Internal dia. = 16 m)
The following data refers to the piping system shown in the figure. It is necessary to deliver
0.8 m3/s to the point ‘F’ at a pressure of 3.5 bar, calculate the pressure the point ‘A’.
A
Length Elevation
Piping Dia (mm)
(m) (m) B
A-B 600 60 A 24 C
B-C 450 240 B 22
B-G-D 400 120 C 18
G D
B-D 450 90 D 20
C-E 425 80 E 16
E
D-E 500 150 F 14
E-F 600 40
F
Refer the piping system shown in the figure, tank B receives water from a (infinitely) large
reservoir (A) by means of a constant area circular pipe (f = 0.008) of internal diameter of 100
mm. Derive a mathematical expression in terms of time and head difference (at t = 0, h = 12
m) and plot a graph time vs. head difference and head difference vs. water flow rate. Using
the mathematical expression, estimate the time required for the reduction of head difference
to 6 m, 3 m and 1.5 m and the time for the attainment of the level of water in the tank (B) as
water level of the reservoir. Do not neglect the minor losses.

18 m

6m

Circular pipe, ∅ 100 mm, 100 m long B

(Internal dia. = 16 m)
Two large reservoirs; A & B are connected by using a horizontal pipe (f = 0.008) of diameter of 300
mm and 500 m long. Determine the difference in the elevations between the water surfaces in the
two tanks to obtain a transfer rate of water through the pipe of 300 lps. Assume sharp-edged
entrance and exit for the pipe. Also, draw the Hydraulic Gradient Line (HGL) and (Total) Energy
Gradient Line (EGL).

Hydraulic Gradient Line (HGL) is defined as the line which will give the sum of pressure head and potential head
with respect to some datum line.

(Total) Energy Gradient Line (EGL) is defined as the line which represents the sum of pressure head, kinematic
head and potential head with respect to some datum line.

Circular pipe, ∅ 300 mm, 500 m long B

 Compound Pipe flow
• When two or more pipes with different diameters are connected together head to tail (in series) or
connected to two common nodes (in parallel), the piping is called compound pipe flow

• pipes of different lengths and different
diameters connected end to end (in series)
to form a pipeline
• If a main pipe divides into two or more
branches and again join together
downstream to form a single pipe, then
the branched pipes are said to be
connected in parallel (compound pipes).

Q1, L1, D1, f1

Q2, L2, D2, f2

Q3, L3, D3, f3

• Total Head Loss (hf) = hf1 + hf2 + hf3

• Total Head Loss (hf)A-B = hf1 = hf2 = hf3

• Q = Q1 = Q2 = Q3
• Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q3
 Power Transmission Through Pipes
• Power is transmitted through pipes by the water (or other liquids) flowing through them.

• The power transmitted depends upon:

(a) the weight of the liquid flowing through the pipe,
(b) the total head available at the end of the pipe.

Elevation (H)

Reservoir H

A Circular pipe B
 Elevation (H)

Reservoir H

A Circular pipe B

• What is the power available at A and B of the pipe?

Power available at A = Energy equivalent of head (H)
Power available at B = Energy equivalent of head (H) – Energy equivalent of head loss in the
piping system (sum of major and minor losses)

• What is the condition for maximum transmission of power?

 Elevation (H)

Reservoir H

A Circular pipe B

• What is the condition for maximum transmission of power?

Power available at B, (P) = Power equivalent of head (H) – Power equivalent of head loss in the piping system
(sum of major and minor losses)

= [γ Q H] – [γ Q (hf + hminor)] = [γ Q (H - hf + hminor)]

= [γ Q (H – hf)] (Neglecting the minor losses)

8-9 8-9
P = [γ (Area × Velocity) (H – 12
)] = ( Area V H) − ( Area V )
12