Interpreting and

Preparing Visuals
(for Surveys, Observations, and Experiment)
Types of Instruments
Surveys contained Observation allows Experiment is a
planned questions the description of procedure
which are used to behavior in a undertaken
measure attitudes, naturalistic or specifically and
perceptions, and laboratory setting. systematically to
opinions. make a discovery
and to test
It contains hypothesis.
responses directly
related to each
specific research
question.

Can either be in the

form of interview or
questionnaire.
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Survey
Three are types of question that you can use when conducting a
survey:

RECALL  type of question asks for specific information such as

years of service, age, and address.

RECOGNITON  type of questions that asks for a response to a

specific question where options are given such as in the case of
multiple choice, dichotomous (yes/no), and rating scale format.

OPEN-ENDED  type of question that elicits brief explanations or

impressions from the respondent

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Observation
There are different types of observation:

1. PARTICIPANT and NON-PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION

 participant: allows the researcher to interact actively with the subjects.
 non- participant: allows the researcher to observer the subjects without
interacting with them.

2. STRUCTURED and UNSTRUCTURED OBSERVATION

 structured observation: occurs when the researcher has a list of
behaviors that he/she wants to observe.
 unstructured observation: occurs when the researcher allows
behaviors to emerge.

3. COVERT AND OVERT OBSERVATION

 covert observation: occurs when the subjects are not aware that they
are being observed.
 overt observation: occurs when the subjects are aware that they are
being observed

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Experiment
Steps of natural setting in a laboratory:

1. Make observations.
2. Develop the hypothesis.
3. Design the experiment.
4. Conduct the experiment. Replicate the experiment to ensure
the reliability of the results.
5. Analyze the results.
6. Decide on whether to accept or reject the hypothesis based on
the results.

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Visuals should be placed
on the same page as the
text reference. Complex
visuals should be placed
on page opposite the text
reference.

Visuals should be
accompanied by clear
references within your text.
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 Make your visuals as
simple and self-
explanatory as possible by
adding data labels.

Provide legends when

necessary.

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Classifications of
Visuals
Graphs Tables Chart
a graphical  useful in shows rank, levels,
representation displaying numbers procedures, and
of data using in columns. classifications.
bars for bar  contains two
graphs, lines columns with
for line heading on the sides
graphs, circles (stub) and at the top
for pie graphs, of the columns to
and pictures indicate what the
for pictograph. table represents
(boxhead). 8
GRAPHS
Bar Graphs compare amounts and quantities.
× limit the number of bars
× arrange the bar based on sequence (by year) or
ascending/descending order (to show direct comparison

Line Graphs show trends and changes in data.

× use different colors for line graphs using multiple
lines
Circle Graph (pie graph) shows the relationship of the parts to
the whole in percentages and proportions.
× use no more than seven divisions
× move clockwise; start with the largest wedge going to the
smallest; place “Others/Misc” last no matter how large they
cover 9
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TABLES
Formal Tables, which contain complex data,
should contain titles, table number, and detailed
headings; assign a title and a number to each
formal table.

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CHARTS
Pay attention to the arrows or lines that indicate the
flow, relationship, steps, and sequence.

Flowchart
× illustrates a process or direction of steps
× limit number of shapes to avoid confusion
× sequence the date from left to right or top to bottom

Organization Chart
× presents rankings, classification, and levels of ideas
× connect the boxes with solid lines to show direct reporrting
relationships and dotted lines to show indirect or staff
relationship.
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×ROUNDED: represents
an event which occurs
automatically; use to
denote the start and the
end of the whole process.

×RECTANGLE: refer to an
event which is part of the
process; usually used for
steps or actions taken.

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