MAKERERE UNIVERSITY

BACHELOR OF INDUSTRIAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY

COURSE UNIT:    HUMAN FACTORS PSYCHOLOGY

COURSE CODE:     IOP2203

TOPIC ONE: GROUP ONE BIOP

N NAME REG NO
O
1 AMONGIN MARTHA 20/U/10023/
PATIENCE PS
2 AINEMBABAZI PATIENCE 20/U/10019/
PS
3 ASIIMWE AGNES 20/U/10052/
PS
4 ABEJA AURELIA VANESSA 20/U/10020/
PS
5 NIMWESIGA ALEX 20/U/9975/PS
6 TWONGYEIRWE PRILLAR 20/U/10017/
PS
7 NALWANGU EDWARD 20/U/19736/
BRANDON PS
8 UMIMANA DOROTHY 20/U/9981/PS
9 KAMIZA JOAN NINA 20/U/10012/
PS
10 MUTESI PRISCILLA  20/U/9903/PS
11 NABIRYO ANGELLA  20/U/10044/
PS
12 MBAINE WINNIE  20/U/22811
13 NAIGAGA WINNIFRED 2O/U/0294
14 NAKYOBE MARTHA MUSOKE  20/U/0292
15 KATUSIIME NATASHA  20/U/9984/PS
16 NANKINGA JANAT 20/U/9185/
EVE
17 NAMIIRO KAREN TADJO  20/U/10033/
PS
18 NASAWA JENIPHER 20/U/17599
 19 AYIKOBUA LIVINGSTONE  20/U/9970/PS
20 ARIHO MARK  20/U/9172/
EVE 
21 NAKIBONEKA LILLIAN  19/U/11567/
EVE

1.  INDUSTRY 4.0

0. What is the meaning of industry 4.0?

a. What is its genesis

b. Where do we see aspects of industry 4.0 in our daily today life?

c. What is the impact (negative and positive)?

d. What should we expect for the future and how can we best prepare the workplace for
the impact of industry 4.0?

e. What are the other aspects entailed in industry 4.0?

f. The relationship between industry 4.0 and ergonomics

2. Explain the psychological principles underlying human technology interaction

ANSWERS.

 Industry 4.0 /fourth industrial revolution means the accelerating growth of efficiency of
production systems. e.g., online cyber -physical systems, the internet of things, cloud-based
solutions.

The fourth industrial revolution creates what we call “the smart factory” in modular smart
factory cyber physical systems control physical processes that create an apparent copy of the
physical world.

Objects, cyber-physical systems communicate over the internet and interact with each other
and with people in real time

Industry 4.0 originated in 2011 from a project in the high technology strategy of the German
government which promotes the computerization of manufacturing. The term industry 4.0 was
introduced in the same year at the Hannover Fair.

It is called 4.0 since it’s the fourth phase that replaced the previous in the revolutions as below.
 1. mobilized the mechanization of production using the power of water and steam

2. with help of electricity, introduced mass production followed by digital revolution

3. electronics and information technology began to automate. Automation offered an

alternative to the human work needed to operate, accelerate(robotics)

4. the smart factory autonomous systems IoT. machine learning

They can below illustrated as below;

At the heart of industry 4.0 is the internet of things (IoT), this refers to a network of physical
devices that are digitally interconnected, facilitating the communication and exchange of things

There are numerous areas in our day today where we see industry 4.0 as stated below.

1. Cybersecurity 

 It ensures reliable secure communications as well as sophisticated identity management,

machine and user access levels have improved

Augmented Reality: Augmented reality systems support a variety of services such as training,
selecting parts in a warehouse, and shipping repair instructions through mobile devices. These
systems are currently in their infancy, but in the future, companies will make much broader use
of augmented reality to provide workers with real-time information to improve decision-making
and work procedures. 
2. Cloud computing 

Companies are already using cloud computing for some enterprise and management
applications, but with advanced manufacturing, more companies will share production-related
information and information, requiring more sharing and real-time. At the same time, the
performance of cloud technologies will improve, reaching reaction times of just a few
milliseconds. As a result, machine data and features will be increasingly mobilized into the
cloud, allowing more data-based services to production systems. Even the systems that monitor
and control processes are becoming cloud based. 

3. Autonomous Robots 

Manufacturing has been using robots to handle complex services, but robots are evolving to
greater utility. They are becoming more autonomous, flexible and cooperative. Eventually, they
will interact with each other and work hand in hand with humans safely and learn from these.
Robots tend to cost less and have a greater range of features than those used in today's
manufacturing. For example, Kuka, a European robot manufacturer, offers autonomous robots
that interact with each other. These robots are interconnected so they can work together and
automatically adjust their actions according to the next product on the production line. Sensors
and control units allow close collaboration with humans. Similarly, another supplier of ABB
robots, is launching a two-armed robot called Yumi that is specifically designed to mount
products alongside humans. Two padded arms and computer vision allow for safe interactions.

4.Big data 

Big Data is a term that is on the rise and is used for very large or complex datasets where
traditional data processing applications are insufficient. Challenges include analyzing, capturing,
selecting data, grouping, searching, sharing, storing, transferring, viewing, and information
about privacy. In the industrial area it can optimize production quality, save energy and
improve the service of equipment. In the context of Industry 4.0, one has to integrate data from
different equipment; many different production sources and systems, as well as to enterprises
and customer management systems, will become standard to support real-time decision
making. 

5. IoT 

Internet of Things or "Internet of Things" (IoT) is a new paradigm that is rapidly gaining ground
in the industry at large. According to Giusto (2010), "the basic idea of this concept is the
generalized presence around us of a variety of things or objects like Radio-Frequency
Identification (RFID), sensors, actuators, cell phones, etc. Which, through unique addressing
schemes, are able to interact with each other and cooperate with their neighbors to reach
common goals. 
gms, methodologies and processes have to

6. Cloud Computing 

Cloud Computing is supposed to transfer business process facilities to a place that is virtually
accessed over the Internet, regardless of physical distance or "clouds." With the maturation of
cloud computing we  are having increasingly cloud-based systems, so industrial systems are
making machine and production data available in the clouds,  enabling a new form of decision-
making associated with greater horizontal and vertical integration in the cloud.  Pyramid of
industrial automation. 

7. Horizontal and Vertical Integration 

But with Industry 4.0, businesses, departments, functions and capabilities have  become much
more cohesive, for example, shared CRM systems (Customer Relationship Management) that
allow  value chains to truly be deployed. And the traditional pyramid of industrial automation
will become flat 

 8. Smart factories or smart manufacturing

Smart factories or Smart manufacturing is a type of manufacturing that aims to improve

concept creation, production, and product interactions by moving away from traditional
methods toward automated and digitized systems. It aims to take advantage of advanced
information and manufacturing technologies in order to operate and produce fully flexible
production at the hig

 9. Augmented reality and simulation

Simulation, the data obtained and processed from big data and cloud systems can be used as a
feed to a virtual model to evaluate all possible scenarios related to the product design,
development, and production. Simulation is used broadly in business models to leverage the
available real-time data and simulate the actual working world in a virtual ecosystem. Process
testing and optimization through simulation permit people to decrease business changeover,
risk, setup time, and enhance quality control for future processes and services, even before the
implementation of adjustments in the actual physical world 

10.    Smart virtual product development system (SVPD)

The Smart Virtual Product Development (SVPD) system is a product development decision
support technology that saves, uses, and shares the experiential knowledge of previous
decisional events in the form of SOEs. It was created to address the requirement for digital
knowledge captured in smart manufacturing product design, production planning, and
inspection planning. As a result, product quality and development time will be improved, as
required by Industry 4.0 concepts .

Impacts(Positive and Negative )

Positives:

● Flexibility and efficiency:

This is due to distributed and networked intelligence that enables faster and critical
decision making. It is facilitated by faster data exchange between different systems,
data visualization and prediction.

● Reduced costs: Cloud Systems lower costs, simplify infrastructure, expand work areas,
safeguards data, and allow for instant access to information. Because traditional
computers may not be capable of managing large amounts of data, using a cloud system
to do the necessary analysis, would be much easier and more efficient.

● Accuracy and Efficiency. Industry 4.0 technologies provide better decision-making by

providing real-time, consistent, and accurate data. As a result, next-generation
performance management systems will improve end-to-end visibility across the value
chain. The data includes everything from key top-level performance metrics like
customer service and order fulfillment to detailed process data like a truck position in
the logistics network. The automation of physical tasks, planning, control, and
information exchange processes improves supply chain  efficiency. Automated
technologies are used by a large number of businesses, particularly in their logistics
operations 

● Improved productivity: Since machines are multi-purpose and do not get tired or bored,
they are able to produce products in large quantities at a faster rate.

● Saves time: In organizations, due to new technologies such as online banking, employers
are to pay employees by transferring the money to their bank accounts electronically
which is faster and more efficient rather having to pay them directly.

● Liberation of workers from heavy tasks:Due to the large-scale automation in industries,

the heavy tasks are now left to the machines built and customized for that work.
● Room for creativity and technological advancements: Due to the rapid changes in the
economic landscape and dynamic market demands, there has been increased demand
for the development of more complicated and intelligent products. 

● The rising importance of human-machine interfaces will encourage interaction between

production elements as well as the necessary communication between smart machines,
smart products, and employees, which will be aided by CPS’ vision of IoT and IoS. As a
result, ergonomic concerns should be considered in the context of Industry 4.0, and
future systems should emphasize the relevance of workers. Job profiles, as well as work
management, organization, and planning will be affected by the integration of Industry
4.0 in industrial systems and the rising deployment of new technologies . In this
scenario, the major task is to avoid technological unemployment by reframing present
jobs and taking steps to adapt the workforce to the new jobs that will be generated.

● Potentially better quality products and less downtime through close monitoring of
manufacturing systems.

● Due to the introduction of 3D printing, there is less waste for items that can be 3D
printed versus manufactured from larger blocks of material, whether plastic or metal.

● Machine learning are able to analyze billions of transactions and variables to make
businesses smarter. They can help businesses anticipate trends in consumer demands,
personalize promotions for individual customers and optimize pricing.

● In addition, machine learning has also improved the medical world as it assists doctors
in identifying different types of cancer cells and spotting intracranial abnormalities in
real time.

● Advances in artificial intelligence, internet of things, clean energy, and other

technologies has improved safety for drivers and pedestrians and led to greater use
public transportation and car sharing services through apps like Uber and Safe boda.
This shift has resulted into reduced congestion and pollution, faster and cheaper
commutes, and improved health.

● In agriculture, AI powered machine vision systems can measure crop populations and
detect weeds or plant pests, and use robotic sprayers to precisely apply herbicides.
Bioengineered plants are leading to greater crop yields and new medicines, such as
antimalarial drugs produced from genetically modified tobacco plants.

● New markets. Klaus Schwab mentioned that “a fusion of technologies that is blurring
the lines between physical, digital, and biological spheres” will create new markets and
 growth opportunities. It will blend improvements from several fields, that were often
previously separated, to create a new product or new service. Therefore, not only are
there more knowledge workers, but knowledge workers in new fields.

● Embedded computing and networking connects sensors and devices. The internet of
things connects more and more systems, devices, sensors, assets and people through
networks ranging from wireless, low power area networks to wired high capacity
networks. An example in smart home, is being able to control the lights with one’s
phone.

● Industry 4.O supports decentralization in factories. This enables the different systems
within the smart factory to make decisions autonomously, in alignment with the
ultimate overall organizational goal.

● Industry 4.O enables the purchase process and fulfillment process digitized and
automated. For orders to suppliers, based on real time information and data, inventory
systems are able to automatically trigger the orders with the right quantity at the right
time. For the fulfillment to customers, inventory systems are able to foresee when and
how much each customer needs which type of product through the data analytics and
business intelligence.

● Rapid production of hand tools and other useful machines has eased peoples’ day to day
lives and improved peoples’ standards of living. For example, tools and machines used in
homes and workplaces such dishwashers, washing machines, printers and photocopying
machines.

● Mass production has also lowered the costs of much needed tools, clothes and other
household items for the common people, which allows them to save money for other
things and build personal wealth.

● Flexible working arrangements. Some companies are employing remote workers

(employees off site). Due to new technologies such as Zoom and changing demands,
employers are becoming more supportive of existing employees wanting to work
remotely or flexibly. This can allow them to recruit a global workforce, increase
employee loyalty and commitment, scale at a quicker pace and reach new levels of
productivity.

● New technologies have made recruitment in organizations much easier and faster.
Intelligent screening software, like Ideal, can help recruiters to process large volumes of
 CVs to find the ideal candidate. It examines current employees’ skill sets and attributes
to find the perfect candidate to join the team.

● Due to continuous technological development, online social media, such as Twitter,

LinkedIn, and Facebook among others, are becoming more and more effective.
Everyone is able to express and highlight their views about any contemporary incident
or event easily before the world through these social media platforms.

● Communication is becoming easier. Through WhatsApp, IMO, and Messenger among

others. People can comfortably connect with and contact their relatives, friends or
anyone across the world. Video calling or chat is helping in compressing distances and
making people happier.

● Lands are not essential for building markets. Online shopping sites and quick delivery
services are making commodities accessible at home as well as increasing economical
benefits.

Negatives:

● Cyber security and privacy can be compromised. IT devices are susceptible to threats
which could be disastrous. An example is companies being hacked.

● Skilling and educating workers on how to use/ operate machines is costly and time
consuming.

● Machines themselves have limitations. They are expensive to buy, maintain and repair.
With or without uninterrupted use, machines will get broken and worn out. Their
maintenance or repairs are costly, difficult to set up and operate without previous
training. The pollution caused by machines increases, generating waste, augmenting
power or oil use.

● The impact of industry 4.0 on products and services. This new industrial paradigm has a
significant impact on products and services. Rapid changes in the economic landscape
and dynamic market demands have resulted in an increased demand for the
development of more complicated and intelligent products. Products will have become
increasingly modular and configurable, allowing for mass customization to match
individual consumer needs. 

● Over-reliance on technology is decreasing the will of human beings using their own
intellect and physical power.
● Social media is increasing distances between a person and his family members as well as
the physical society. Virtual world is becoming more preferable than the physical world
and this is creating a social divide.
● Social media is not always helpful because it is a medium for spreading news,among
which some or many may be false; the false news create annoyances.
● Privacy of an individual is not at all totally private in this era of Fourth Industrial
Revolution due to the grace of technological advancements in tracking system. Every
activity of a human being can be traced through digital devices, like CCTV Cameras,
smart phones etc. Social media platforms, such as, Facebook, Twitter etc. as well as
online shopping sites, such as, Flipkart, Amazon etc. collect every information from
name and Date of Birth to Credit Card or bank details of an individual before creating a
profile or account.
● Cyber bullying and hate speech are other negative impacts of social media which are
gradually increasing in the era of Fourth Industrial Revolution. Cyber attacks are also not
unlikely due to the gradual progress in internet facility. It should not be forgotten that
hacking is not always ethical; hacking may also harm our overall security.
● Overuse of data and connections is overloading the network services.
● People are least interested in going to the market, to jog under the open sky or to visit
someone's home, among others because technological evolution enables them to shop
at online shopping sites, to jog on treadmills and to contact with people through social
media respectively, among others. Children are more interested in mobile games than
outdoor games due to the grace of smart technologies. This is affecting human health
badly, physically as well as mental, because the movement of the human body and
intake of fresh air is decreasing. Excessive uses of smartphones and digital games are
causing hindrance in physical and mental growth of children.
● The scopes of employment are at stake because of the advancements in automotive and
robotic technology. Human skills are becoming invaluable in front of artificial
intelligence. Machines are more favored than human beings.
● Concentration of wealth among small group of people is constantly increasing. This is
creating inequality among people economically as well as socially. Thus social
fragmentation, political polarization and lack of trust in institutions are inevitable.
● Competitive environment of Fourth Industrial Revolution, sometimes, causes emotional
frustration as well as affect mental balance. This may lead to suicidal tendency, anxiety,
insomnia and other neurological diseases.
● Bioengineering, artificial intelligence, programming tools, robotics etc. may also be used
for destructive purposes.
 ● Controversial innovations, due to biotechnology, like gene drives or implants to increase
the efficiency of a human being, as well as designer babies, among others can not be
ignored.
● Climate change is another negative impact of Fourth Industrial Revolution. Massive
industrialization, rapid development in technologies, increased urbanization, excessive
deforestation, limitless resource depletion, desertification, rapid population growth,
water scarcity, food insecurity etc. are hampering the natural environmental balance of
earth.
● Rapid migration of people for better opportunity and clustering at one place, leaving
another isolated creates pressure at one part of the earth while the development of
other part lags behind. This causes environmental imbalance as well as unequal global
development, which causes social inequality globally. Growth in inequality may invite
conflicts, social tensions and violent extremism.

Expectations for the future on how to best prepare the work place for impact of industries 4.0.

● Focus on people, process and culture (not just technology)

● Empower shop floor workers and Harness their ideas 
● Define Priorities
● Expect a learning curve 
● Move from big data to Small (useful data) Train more workers and empower them
● Attitude change.be bale to adopt to new technological changes
● Loss of jobs
● Advancement in technology
● Increased productivity due to improved technology
How to best  prepare workplace for impact of  industry 4.0
● Communicate to all employees on the importance of change
● Train employees on the advancing technology so that they are able to embrace and
adopt change
● Continuous on job training for easy getting used to the new kind of technology
● Providing the kind of technology which is within an employees capability to use for
example a blind man needs computer with voice software so that he can easily be
guided during use with less difficulty
Other aspects entailed in industry 4.0

The Industry 4.0 revolution takes into account important aspects from the technological,
industrial and social point of view. The so-called Cyber Physical Systems (CPS) are becoming
increasingly important in this context, that is, the networking of embedded systems that
interact with both other similar devices and with others over the Internet. CPS is an evolution of
embedded systems because it requires the devices beyond the capacity of processing,
communication capacity and an interaction with systems and a corresponding in the virtual
world, making the device can be visualized as a virtual tool. Along with increased automation in
the industry, the development of intelligent monitoring and autonomous decision-making
processes are particularly important in order to be able to optimize processes and add value in
the entire supply chain almost in real time. We will highlight this other aspects with the diagram
below:

 Cyber-physical system (CPS)

● Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) is the combination of computational and physical

processes, which are essential components of Industry 4.0 implementations. They
 integrate imaging and control capabilities into the relevant systems. The ability of these
systems to respond to any input generated is a key feature. They provide rapid control
and verification of process feedback in order to generate predicted outputs. Bergera et
al. (2016) defined cyber-physical sensor systems as part of cyberspace, special types of
embedded systems, based on powerful software systems, enable integration in digital
networks, and generate whole new system

● The CPS has several sensors and actuators and is meant to operate with a network. CPSs
have features including quicker information access, preventative maintenance, pre-
defined decision-making, and optimization processes. Also, CPS can boost consumers'
awareness and consciousness. Cyber-Physical Systems have consisted of two key
components: i) A virtual environment built through computer simulation of items and
actions in the actual world, and ii) a network o’[f objects and systems interacting with
each other over the internet

Cloud systems

●  Are an excellent source of Big Data (which might be organized or unstructured)

management solutions. Because traditional computers may not be capable of managing
large amounts of data, using a cloud system to do the necessary analysis, would be
much easier and more efficient. As a result, data analysis and cloud systems should be
inescapable components of Industry 4.0. The integration of cloud-connected robots into
everyday life, as well as their impact, is considerable [4].

Machine to machine (M2M) communication

● Machine to machine (M2M), refers to the technology that allows direct communication
between devices using any channel, wired or wireless. Machine-to-machine
communication can include industrial instrumentation and personal communications
[23]. M2M is also considered to be an essential component of Industry 4.0. Machine to
machine (M2M) is a technology that allows devices to communicate directly with one
another over any channel, wired or wireless. Machine-to-Machine Communication can
include industrial instrumentation and personal networks. M2M is also considered to be
an essential component of Industry 4.0. The apps are geared toward adding value to the
enterprises by introducing alternative revenue streams and reducing operational costs

Internet of things and internet of services.

● The Internet of Things (IoT) is an emerging concept that combines various technologies
and techniques, based on the interaction between physical things and the Internet. The
advancement of technology in recent decades has enabled the Internet to be expanded
into a new level known as “smart objects,” which is the foundation of an IoT vision, for
 this, the novel pattern consists in awarding ordinary things with intelligence, permitting
them not only to accumulate information and cooperate with their surroundings, but
also to be interrelated with other items, communicating information, and conducted a
preliminary via the Internet. The growing interest in this field, which is widely regarded
as one of the primary drivers of Industry 4.0, has produced the development of a
number of visions and definitions for (IoT) [1].

The relationship between industry 4.0 and Ergonomics

● Virtual reality tools can be used to manipulate and define very realistic behaviors
through the use of motion tracking systems that are used to detect a series of data in a
fast and intuitive manner.
● Through implementation of virtual ergonomics the mannequin driven by the real
operator(human) is placed in the workstation and it takes real human posture during
execution of tasks.
● Exoskeletons are made to be inclose contact with the human body. They reduce fatigue
and prevent injuries during lifting,carrying,pushing and pulling. These exoskeletons
provide support ,rigidity,protection or strength. They can be passive providing support
or protection or they can be active providing additional strength.They cover the lower
limbs,upper limbs or both.
● Introduction of wearable devices in cyber physical systems that serve as an interface
between humans and CPS for instance smart eye wear devices or head mounted
displays (HMDs) are capable of providing digital information through human visual
modality, hand held devices e.g. tablets also help humans to instruct machines to
perform tasks.
● Internet of things devices have been made to accommodate human abilities and
limitations. They are more natural, multi model interactive such as spoken, initiative and
gestural. These retain simple interfaces that make them easy to use.

Psychological principles underlying human technology interactions.

They are numerous as stated below;

Early Focus on user and tasks

Establish how many users are needed to perform the tasks and determine who the appropriate
users should be; someone who has never used the interface and will not use the interface in
the future, is most likely not a valid user.

In addition, define tasks the users will be performing and how often the tasks need to be
performed.
Empirical measurement: Test the interface early on with real users who come in contact with
the interface on an everyday basis. Keep in mind that results may vary with the performance
level of the user and may not be an accurate depiction of the human-computer interaction.
Establish quantitative usability specifics such as: the number of users performing the tasks, the
time to complete the tasks and the number of errors made during the tasks

Iterative design: After determining the users, tasks and empirical measurements to include,
perform the following design steps:

● Design the user interface

● Test

● Analyze results 

● Repeat

Repeat the iterative design process until a sensible, user friendly interface is created

Activity theory: used in HCI to define and study the context in which human interactions with
computers take place. Activity theory provides framework to reason about actions in these
contexts, analytical tools with the format of checklists of items that researchers should consider
and informs design of interactions from an activity-centric perspective

References  

ATZORI, Luigi, Antonio Iera, and Giacomo Morabito. "The internet of things: A survey."
Computer networks 54.15 (2010): 2787-2805. 

BRETTEL, Malte, et al. "How virtualization, decentralization and network building change the
manufacturing landscape: An Industry 4.0 Perspective." International Journal of Science,
Engineering and Technology 8 (1), 37 44  (2014). 

CHUI, Michael, Markus Löffler, and Roger Roberts. "The internet of things." McKinsey Quarterly
2.2010 (2010):  1-9. 

INDUSTRY 4.0: The Future of Productivity and Growth in Manufacturing Industries. Boston. BCG
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