LESSON 2

Understanding Sources

HISTORICAL SOURCE

Historical sources are, at their most basic level, something that tells us about history. It may be a
document, a picture, a sound recording, a book, a cinema film, a television program or an object. Any
sort of artifact from the period in question that conveys information can qualify as a source

TYPES:

- Primary Sources Secondary Sources

- Primary Sources

Primary sources are materials produced by people or groups directly involved in the event or topic being
studied. Formally, there are eight examples of these primary sources:

1. Photographs that may reflect social conditions of historical

realities and everyday life.

2. Old sketches and drawings that may indicate the

conditions of life of societies in the past.

3. Old maps that may reveal how space and geography were used to emphasize trade routes,
structural build-up, etc.
4. Cartoons for political expression or propaganda
5. Material evidence of the prehistoric past like cave drawings, old syllabaries and ancient
writings.
6. Statistical tables, graphs and charts
7. Oral history or recordings by electronic means of accounts of eyewitnesses or participants; the
recordings are then transcribed and used for research.
8. Published and unpublished primary documents, eyewitness accounts and other written sources.

Secondary Sources

Gottschalk simply defines secondary sources as the testimony of anyone who is not an eyewitness - that
is of one who was not present at the event of which he tells.

These are books, articles and scholarly journals that had interpreted primary sources or had used them
to discuss certain subjects of history.
Chapter 4

CUSTOMS OF THE TAGALOGS

BY: JUAN DE PLASENCIA

DIFFERENT PRACTICES &CUSTOMS OF THE TAGALOGS ABOUT THE AUTHOR

 Fray de Plasencia (Joande Portocarrero real name)

 Born and raised in Extremadura, Spain in the 16th century
 Member of the Franciscan Order
 His interaction with Tagalog converts to Christianity influenced him in writing the book Relacion
de las Costumbres de los Tagalos (Customs of the Tagalogs, 1589)

ABOUT THE BOOK

 The original document of book is currently kept in the Archivo General de Indias (A.G.I.) in
Seville, Spain
 While the duplicate copy of it is kept in the Archivo Franciscano Ibero-Oriental (A.F.I.O.) in
Madrid, Spain
 The English translation appeared in Volume VII of the Blair and Robertson's The Philippine
Islands

DESCRIPTION OF THE AUTHOR ABOUT PHIL. SOCIETY DURING PRE-HISPANIC TIME

ABOUT THE POLITICAL SYSTEM

 They have chiefs called "dato". These chiefs ruled over a few people called "barangay".
 There were three castes: nobles, commoners, slaves

ABOUT THE ECONOMICS

 The chief had some fisheries, with established limits, and sections of the rivers for markets. At
these, no one could fish or trade in the market without paying for the privilege, unless he
belonged to the chief's barangay or village.

ABOUT THE SOCIAL AND CULTURE

 If two persons married, one was a commoners and the other was slave, the children were
divided
 "I have not been able to ascertain with any certainty when or at age the division of children was
made."
 Upon the death of the wife, who in year's time had borne no children, the parents returned one-
half the dowry to the husband.

SOCIAL STATUS OF THE EARLY FILIPINOS

SOCIAL CLASSES

CHIEFS (DATOS)

NOBLES (MAHARLICA)

COMMONERS (ALIPING NAMAMAHAY)

SLAVES (ALIPING SAGUIGUILIR)

CHIEF OR DATO

- Chief, captain of wars, whom governed, obeyed and reverenced.

There are Three Castes - nobles, commoners and slaves

1. Nobles or Maharlica
- Free-born, they did not pay tax or contribute to the Dato
2. Commoners or Aliping Namamahay
- They lived in their own houses and lords of their property and gold
3. Slaves or Aliping Saguiguilir
- They served their master in his house and his cultivated lands and can be sold.

A person become slaves by.

- Captivity in war
- Reason of debt
- Inheritance
- By purchase
- By committed a crime

Slaves can be emancipated through:

- By forgiveness
- By paying debt
- By condonation
- By bravery (where a slave can possibly become a Dato) or marriage

• In these three classes, those who are maharlicas on both the father's and mother's side continue to be
so forever, and if it happens that they become slaves, it is through marriage.

• If two persons married of whom one was a Maharlica and the a slave, the children were divided.

*Maharlicas could not, after marriage, move from one village to another, or from one barangay to
another without paying a certain fine on gold, as arranged among them.
 - INVESTIGATIONS MADE AND SENTENCES PASSED BY THE DATO MUST TAKE PLACE IN THE
PRESENCE OF THOSE OF HIS BARANGAY.
- THEY HAD LAWS BY WHICH THEY CONDEMNED A MAN OF LOW BIRTH WHO INSULTED THE
DAUGHTER OR WIFE OF A CHIEF OR WITCHES.
- FOR LOANS, THE DEBTOR IS CONDEMNED TO A LIFE OF TOIL BORROWERS BECOME SLAVES AND
AFTER THE DEATH OF THE FATHER, THE CHILDREN PAY FOR THE DEBT,
- FOR INHERITANCE, FOR THE LEGITIMATE CHILDREN OF A FATHER AND MOTHER INHERIT
EQUALLY.

•Dowries are given by men to the women's parents before marriage. If the parents are both alive, they
both enjoy the use of it.

•The case of divorce, if the wife left the husband for the purpose of marrying another, all her dowry will
go to the husband, but if he did not marry another the dowry was returned.

Houses

- Made of wood, bamboo and Nipe palm

Mode on Dressing

Male

- Headgear (called Putong symbolizes the number of persons the wearer had killed)
- (Upper) Jacket with short sleeves called Kanggan
- (Lower) Bahag

Female

- (Upper) Baro or Camisa

- (Lower) Saya

ORNAMENTS

- A DECORATIVE OBJECT OR DETAIL THAT ADDS QUALITY OR DISTINCTION TO A PERSON, PLACE

OR THING. TRIBAL GATHERING IS CALLED IN TAGALOG A BARANGAY

BARANGAY

- THE UNIT OF GOVERMENT RULED BY A DATO AND CONSIST OF 30 TO 100 FAMILIES TOGETHER
WITH THEIR RELATIVES AND SLAVES
INHERITANCE

- THE 1ST SON OF THE HEAD OF BARANGAY INHERITS HIS FATHER POSITION IF THE IST SON DIES,
THE 2ND SON SUCCEEDS THEIR FATHER IN THE ABSENCE OF MALE HER, IT IS THE ELDEST
DAUGHTER THAT BECOMES THE CHIEF OR DATO

RELIGIOUS AND SPIRITUAL BELIEF OF THE EARLY FILIPINO WORSHIP OF THE TAGALOGS

WORSHIP OF THE TAGALOGS

- Worship many gods and goddesses

- Batala or Bathala as their supreme god
- Ancient Filipino believed in "Animism" (all objects has spirits where Inhabited by such or to be
governed by certain gods
- Filipino temples knowna the "simbahan" were attached to the chief's large houses
- During the festival of "Pandot or worship" the whole barangay or family united and joined in the
worship which they called Nagaanitos.
- Evil Omen and Good Omen
- Filipinos believed in the Immortality of the soul and in life after death
- They also believe in magical powers of amulet and charms.

REASONS FOR OFFERING SACRIFICES

- Proclaim a feast and offer to the devil what they had to eat
- Anointing idols with fragrant perfumes
- Catolonan
- Place a good piece of cloth with chain or large gold ring
- Sacrifices of goats, fowls, and swine
- Ceremony by cooking a jar of rice
- Personal matters
- Recovery of sick person
- Prosperous voyage of those embarking on the sea
- Good harvest in the sowed lands
- Propitious results in wars
- Successful delivery of birth
- Happy outcome in married life

RELEVANCE OF THE DOCUMENT TO THE PRESENT TIME

 Plasencia's Customs of the Tagalogs is a very popular primary source as it vividly describes the
way of life of the Filipinos before Spanish and Christian influences. It also covers numerous
topics that are relevant in many disciplines. Plasencia's account also preserves and popularizes
the unwritten customs, traditions and religious and superstitious
  It contains insights that can helpand inspire priests and missionaries to become effective
evangelizers
 Through historical writings also disprove the claim of some Spaniards that when they arrived in
the Philippines, Filipinos were still uncivilized and lacking of culture.
 It is written in a document that Filipino's were already politically and economically organized
including the functioning government, tax system, set of laws, criminal justice system,
indigenous calendar, and long standing customs, and traditions.
 Based on the Plasencia's custom of the tagalog they already had a concept of having a supreme
being or what they called " Bathala", practice burial customs, and believed in life after death.
 Placensia also mentioned that the people he met where wearing garments and gold ornaments,
and their houses were decorated with idols.

LESSON 4

CONTENT AND CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS

GE18 PPT #3 Magellan's Expedition.... docs.google.com

GE18 PPT #3 Magellan's Ex...

Content analysis is a systemic evaluation of the primary source be it a text, painting, caricature, and
or/speech that in the process students could develop and present an argument based on their own
understanding of the evidences form their readings. The students will identify pertinent information
from the texts/documents and explain its importance to their understanding of history in the Philippine
setting.

Contextual analysis considers specifically the time, place, and situation when the primary source was
written. The analysis as well includes the author's background, authority on the subject and intent
perceptible, and its relevance and meaning to people and society today.

LESSON 3 First Voyage Around the World

Antonio Pigafetta

✔He was an Italian scholar and explorer from the Republic of Venice (Italy)

✔likely in his 20s when he arrived in the Philippines as part of Magellan's crew on March 17, 1521. The
geographer and scribe of the group, he recorded not only names of places and the vocabulary of the
natives, but their food, attire, customs, and traditions, too.

- He is one of the 18 men who returned to Spain in 1522, under the command of Juan Sebastián
Elcano, out of the approximately 240 men who set out three years earlier. These men
completed the first circumnavigation of the world.
 - Pigafetta's surviving journal is the source for much of what is known about Magellan and
Elcano's voyage (The First Voyage Around the World)

FERDINAND MAGELLAN

Born: 1480. Oporto, Portugal.

✔Died: April 27, 1521. Cebu, Philippines.

✔Portuguese explorer. While in the service of Spain,

✔The Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan led the first European voyage of discovery to
circumnavigate (travel around) the globe. His voyage provided clear proof that the Earth is round.

Magellan proposed to find a route to go to the EAST using the WEST.

WHAT IS IT IN THE EAST?

SPICE ISLANDS

Moluccas, Indonesia

- The islands were known as the Spice Islands because of the nutmeg, mace and cloves that were
exclusively found there, the presence of which sparked colonial interest from Europe in the
sixteenth century.

EXPLORATION STARTED

September 20, 1519

5 ships

- Trinidad (commanded by Magellan)

- San Antonio
- Victoria
- Conception
- Santiago 270 crew members

Traversed the Atlantic Ocean Reached Brazil and went downward

While finding the passageway to go to the East. there was a mutiny because of doubts and lack of trust
to Magellan being a Portuguese commanding them (Spaniards) The San Antonio left the expedition after
its crew mutinied at Port San Julian in 1519.
 - After wandering about a year in South America, they found the Straight of Magellan The
Santiago was wrecked as the fleet passed through the straight. They reached the vast Pacific
Ocean (Mar Pacifico - tranquil or calm ocean), took them 99 days to cross.
- March 6, 1521-Magellan and his troupes landed on Guam They thought that the natives from
Guam took some of their belongings, hence, they retaliated and burned the houses of the
natives.
- March 16, 1521 - Magellan landed on Cebu
- He met Rajah Humabon, agreed to be converted to Catholicism and serve under the flag of
Spain in favor of alliance to defeat Rajah Lapu-Lapu of Mactan
- Magellan asked Lapu-Lapu to be part of colonization and conquest that Spain is doing, but Lapu-
Lapu denied his request
- Magellan threatened Lapu-Lapu that they will attack the village The following day with Magellan
with 49 men attacked the village
- They burned the village, which angered the natives
- Magellan was hit by an arrow in his foot
- Magellan instructed to make a frontal assault, most ran away, only 15 were left to fight with
seasoned native warriors (pintados)
- "The mortars in the boats could not aid us as they were too far"
- "They shot so many arrows at us and hurled so many bamboo spears (some of them tipped with
iron) at the captain-general, besides pointed stakes hardened with fire, stones, and mud, that
we could scarcely defend ourselves." "Recognizing the captain, so many turned upon him that
they knocked his helmet off his head twice, but he always stood firmly like a good knight,
together with some others. Thus did we fight for more than one hour, refusing to retire farther."
- "One of them wounded him on the left leg with a large cutlass, which resembles a scimitar, only
being larger. That caused the captain to fall face downward, whenimmediately they rushed
upon him with iron and bamboo spears and with their cutlasses, until they killed our mirror, our
light, our comfort, and our true guide." The CONCEPCION was burned in the Battle of Mactan
Magellan was killed, hence the troupe decided to flee.

WHAT HAPPENED TO THE REMAINING SOLDIERS?

- They were invited by Rajah Humabon for a feast which was a trap where 27 men were killed.
- November 8, 1521 - the remaining troupes reached Moluccas and traded for spices.
- The Trinidad, under the command of Gonzalo de Espinosa. was captured by the Portuguese in
the Moluccas as it attempted to make its way back to Spain via the Pacific Route.
- Only Victoria, under Juan Sebastian Elcano, completed the journey with 18 surviving crew after
they successfully reached the port of Sanlucar de Barrameda in Spain on September 6.1522,
almost 3 years since they began their world-changing expedition.
RELEVANCE:

✔Relevance to Geography

✔Relevance to Cartography

✔Debunked the flat earth theory

✔Introduction of Catholicism

✔Discovery and rediscovery

✔Importance of journal writing and historical recording

✔Who killed Magellan?

✔Importance of travelling

ENRIQUE of Malaysia

✔Served as the interpreter between the Filipinos and the Spaniards

✔Dominant language at that time was Malayo-Polynesian

Possibly he is the first person to circumnavigate the globe

✔Because he was able to survive and went back to his hometown in Malaysia.