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Ma8551 Algebra and Number Theory
Ma8551 Algebra and Number Theory
V SEMESTER
COMMON TO DEPARTMENT OF
COMPUTER SCIENCE ENGINEERING &
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
MA8551- ALGEBRA AND NUMBER THEORY
Regulation – 2017
Academic Year 2020- 2021
Prepared by
Dr.T.Isaiyarasi,Assistant Professor/Mathematics
Mr.N.Sundarakannan, Assistant Professor/ Mathematics
Ms.V.Nagarani , Assistant Professor/ Mathematics
Ms.A.Karpagam, Assistant Professor/ Mathematics
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SRM VALLIAMMAI ENGEINEERING COLLEGE
S.R.M.NAGAR, KATTANKULATHUR-603 203
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11 How many polynomials in ℤ7 has degree 5? BTL-4 Analyzing
What is the remainder when 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 7 − 6𝑥 5 + 4𝑥 4 − 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 −
12 BTL-3 Applying
7 ∈ ℚ[𝑥] is divided by 𝑥 − 2.
13 Define root of a polynomial. BTL -1 Remembering
14 State division algorithm for polynomials. BTL -1 Remembering
15 State Remainder theorem. BTL -1 Remembering
If 𝑓(𝑥) = 7𝑥 4 + 4𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 4 & 𝑔(𝑥) = 3𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 +
16 BTL-2 Understanding
1, 𝑓(𝑥), 𝑔(𝑥) ∈ 𝑍7 [𝑥], then find 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥) & deg(𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)).
17 Define characteristics of a field. BTL -1 Remembering
18 State Euclidean algorithm. BTL -1 Remembering
19 Show that 𝑥 2 + 1 is irreducible in ℤ3 [𝑥]. BTL-3 Applying
20 Determine all polynomials of degree 2 in ℤ2 [𝑥]. BTL-5 Evaluating
PART-B
Let ℝ[𝑥] be a polynomial ring, then Prove the following
(a) If ℝ is commutative then ℝ[𝑥] is commutative.
1. (b) If ℝ is a ring with unity then ℝ[𝑥] is a ring with unity. BTL-3 Applying
(c) ℝ[𝑥] is an integral domain if and only if ℝ is an integral
domain.
If 𝐹 is a field and 𝑓(𝑥) ∈ 𝐹[𝑥] has degree ≥ 1 , then prove that
2. a) Applying
𝑓(𝑥) has at most n roots in 𝐹. BTL-3
If (𝑥) = 3𝑥 5 − 8𝑥 4 + 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 7, 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 +
2. b) 9 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓(𝑥), 𝑔(𝑥) ∈ ℤ11 [𝑥] , find the remainder when 𝑓(𝑥) is BTL-2 Understanding
divided by 𝑔(𝑥).
If ℝ is a ring then prove that (ℝ[𝑥], +, . ) is a ring called a
3 Applying
polynomial ring over ℝ. BTL-3
5
If 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 5 − 2𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 3 & 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 − 5𝑥 3 + 7𝑥
5. b) BTL-2 Understanding
Find 𝑞(𝑥) , 𝑟(𝑥) 𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)𝑞(𝑥) + 𝑟(𝑥).
Give an example of polynomial 𝑓(𝑥) ∈ 𝐹(𝑥), where 𝑓(𝑥)
6. a) BTL-2 Understanding
Has degree 8 and degree 6, it is reducible but it has no real roots.
6. b) Discuss whether 𝑥 4 − 2 is reducible over ℚ , ℝ , ℂ. BTL-4 Analyzing
7. a) State and Prove Factor Theorem. BTL-3 Applying
Determine whether the given polynomial is irreducible or not?
7. b)
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1 over 𝑍3 , 𝑍5 , 𝑍7 BTL-5 Evaluating
Find 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥) , 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡
8.a) BTL-3 Applying
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 + 1 , 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 ℤ2 [𝑥]
Find all the roots of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 5 − 𝑥 in ℤ5 [𝑥] and then write 𝑓(𝑥) as
8.b)
a product of first degree polynomials.
Find the remainder when 𝑔(𝑥) = 6𝑥 4 + 4𝑥 3 +5𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 1 is
9. a)
divided by 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 2 over polynomials in ℤ7 [𝑥]. BTL-2 Understanding
6
Find four distinct linear polynomials 𝑔(𝑥) , ℎ(𝑥) , 𝑠(𝑥), 𝑡(𝑥) ∈
14. b)
𝑍12 [𝑥] so that 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑥)ℎ(𝑥)= 𝑠(𝑥)𝑡(𝑥). BTL-2 Understanding
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PART -B
If 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 ∈ 𝑍 then (i) 𝑎⁄𝑎 , 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑎 ≠ 0 ∈ 𝑍
(ii) 𝑎⁄𝑏 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⁄𝑐 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑎⁄𝑐 , ∀ 𝑎, 𝑏 ≠ 0, 𝑐 ≠ 0 ∈ 𝑍
1. BTL-1 Remembering
(iii) 𝑎⁄𝑏 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑎⁄𝑏 𝑐, ∀𝑎 ≠ 0, 𝑏 ∈ 𝑍
(𝑖𝑣) 𝑎⁄𝑏 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎⁄𝑐 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑎/(𝑥𝑏 + 𝑦𝑐) , ∀ 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝑍, 𝑎 ≠ 0 ∈ 𝑍
2. a) State and Prove Euclidean algorithm BTL-1 Remembering
2. b) Find the number of positive integers ≤ 3000 divisible by 3, 5 or 7 BTL-2 Understanding
Prove that the GCD of two positive integers a and b is a linear
3. a) BTL-3 Applying
combination of a and b
Find the number of positive integers in the range 1976 through
3. b) BTL-2 Understanding
3776 that are divisible by 13 and not divisible by 17
Prove that (i) If 𝑝 is a prime and 𝑝/𝑎𝑏 then 𝑝/𝑎 or 𝑝/𝑏 (ii) If p is a
4. a) prime and 𝑝/𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎3 ⋯ 𝑎𝑛 , where 𝑎1, 𝑎2, 𝑎3, ⋯ , 𝑎𝑛 are positive BTL-3 Applying
integers then 𝑝/𝑎𝑖 for some i, 1 ≤ 𝑖 ≤ 𝑛
Find the number of integers from 1 to 250 that are divisible by any
4. b) BTL-2 Understanding
of the integers 2,3,5,7
5. a) Prove that (𝑎, 𝑎 − 𝑏) = 1 if and only if (𝑎, 𝑏) = 1 BTL-3 Applying
5. b) Find [777]−1 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑍1009 . BTL-3 Applying
6. State and prove Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic. BTL-1 Remembering
7. a) Prove that every integer 𝑛 ≥ 2 has a prime factor. BTL-3 Applying
Use Euclidean algorithm to find the GCD of (1819, 3587). Also
7. b) BTL-4 Analyzing
express the GCD as a linear combination of the given numbers
8. a) State and Prove Euclid theorem. BTL-3 Applying
8. b) Evaluate (625,1000) by using canonical decomposition BTL-5 Evaluating
9. a) Prove that there are infinitely many primes of the form 4𝑛 + 3 BTL-3 Applying
Use Euclidean algorithm to find the GCD of (12345,54321). Also
9. b) BTL-4 Analyzing
express the GCD as a linear combination of the given numbers
10. a) Prove that every composite number n has prime factor ≤ [√𝑛] BTL-3 Applying
Use Euclidean algorithm to find the GCD of (2076,1776). Also
10. b) BTL-4 Analyzing
express the GCD as a linear combination of the given numbers
11. a) Prove that for every positive integer 𝑛 there are 𝑛 consecutive BTL-3 Applying
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integers that are composite numbers
Use Euclidean algorithm to find the GCD of (4076, 1024). Also
11. b) BTL-4 Analyzing
express the GCD as a linear combination of the given numbers
12. a) Construct the canonical decomposition of 23! BTL-6 Creating
Use Euclidean algorithm to find the GCD of (3076, 1976). Also
12. b) BTL-4 Analyzing
express the GCD as a linear combination of the given numbers
Prove that two positive integers 𝑎 and 𝑏 are relatively prime iff
13. a) BTL-3 Applying
[𝑎, 𝑏] = 𝑎𝑏
Use Euclidean algorithm to evaluate the GCD of (2024, 1024). Also
13. b) BTL-5 Evaluating
express the GCD as a linear combination of the given numbers
𝑎.𝑏
14. a) If a and b are positive integers then prove that [𝑎, 𝑏] = (𝑎,𝑏) BTL-3 Applying
For any positive integer , Prove that 8𝑛 + 3and 5𝑛 + 2 are
14. b) BTL-3 Applying
relatively prime
UNIT –IV DIOPHANTINE EQUATIONS AND CONGRUENCES 12
Linear Diophantine equations – Congruence‘s – Linear Congruence‘s - Applications: Divisibility tests -
Modular exponentiation-Chinese remainder theorem – 2 x 2 linear systems
PART – A
1 Define linear Diophantine Equation in two variables. BTL-1 Remembering
Prove that 𝑎 ≡ 𝑏(𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑚) if and only if
2 BTL-3 Applying
𝑎 = 𝑏 + 𝑘𝑚 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝑘.
3 Find the least residue of 23 modulo 5 , -3 modulo 5. BTL-2 Understanding
4 Define complete sets of residues modulo m. BTL-1 Remembering
5 Find the Congruence classes modulo 5. BTL-2 Understanding
6 Find the remainder when 1! + 2! + ⋯ + 100! is divided by 15. BTL-2 Understanding
7 Find the remainder when 1! + 2! + ⋯ + 1000! is divided by 10. BTL-2 Understanding
8 Find the remainder when 1! + 2! + ⋯ + 1000! is divided by 12. BTL-2 Understanding
If 𝑎 ≡ 𝑏(𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑚), then prove that 𝑎𝑛 ≡ 𝑏 𝑛 (𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑚) for any
9 BTL-4 Analyzing
positive integer 𝑛.
10 If 𝑎𝑐 ≡ 𝑏𝑐(𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑚) and (𝑐 , 𝑚) = 1 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑎 ≡ 𝑏(𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑚). BTL-3 Applying
𝑚
11 If 𝑎𝑐 ≡ 𝑏𝑐(𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑚) and (𝑐 , 𝑚) = 𝑑 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑎 ≡ 𝑏 (𝑚𝑜𝑑 ). BTL-3 Applying
𝑑
9
12 Determine if the congruence 8𝑥 ≡ 10(𝑚𝑜𝑑 6) is solvable. BTL-4 Analyzing
13 Determine if the congruence 2𝑥 ≡ 3(𝑚𝑜𝑑 4) is solvable. BTL-4 Analyzing
14 Determine if the congruence 4𝑥 ≡ 7(𝑚𝑜𝑑 5) is solvable. BTL-4 Analyzing
Using Chinese Remainder theorem, determine whether the linear
15
system is solvable 𝑥 ≡ 7(𝑚𝑜𝑑 9) , 𝑥 ≡ 11(𝑚𝑜𝑑 12). BTL-2 Understanding
Find the least positive integer that leaves the remainder 3 when
4. b) BTL-2 Understanding
divided by 7,4 when divided by 9 and 8 when divided by 11
5. a) Prove that the relation ′ ≡ ′ (congruence) is an equivalence relation BTL-3 Applying
5. b) Solve 𝑥 ≡ 1(𝑚𝑜𝑑 3) , 𝑥 ≡ 2(𝑚𝑜𝑑 4), 𝑥 ≡ 3(𝑚𝑜𝑑 5) BTL-3 Applying
Prove that 𝑎 ≡ 𝑏(𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑚) iff 𝑎 and 𝑏 leave the same remainder
6. a) Applying
when divided by 𝑚. BTL-3
10
𝑎 ≡ 𝑟(𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑚)𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 0 ≤ 𝑟 < 𝑚
7. b) Solve 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 ≡ 4(𝑚𝑜𝑑 13), 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 ≡ 5(𝑚𝑜𝑑 13) BTL-3 Applying
Show that every integer is congruent to exactly one of the least
8. a)
residues 0,1,2, ⋯ , (𝑚 − 1)𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑜 𝑚 BTL-4 Analyzing
A fruit basket contains apples and oranges. Each apple cost 65 Rs.
8. b) Each orange cost 45Rs. For a total of 810 Rs. Find the minimum BTL-2 Understanding
possible numbers of apple in the basket.
Verify that whether the number of prime of the form 4𝑛 + 3 be
9. a) BTL-4 Analyzing
expressed as the sum of two squares
9. b) Compute the remainder when 3247 is divided by 25 BTL-4 Analyzing
Prove that , let 𝑎 ≡ 𝑏(𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑚)𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 ≡ 𝑑(𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑚) then (𝑖)𝑎 + 𝑐 ≡
10. a) BTL-4 Analyzing
𝑏 + 𝑑(𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑚)(𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑐 ≡ 𝑏𝑑(𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑚)
10. b) Compute the remainder when 531 is divided by 12 BTL-4 Analyzing
Verify that whether the number of integer of the form 8𝑛 + 7 be
11. a) BTL-4 Analyzing
expressed as the sum of three squares
11. b) Compute the remainder when 231001 is divided by 17 BTL-4 Analyzing
If 𝑛 is any integer then show that (𝑖)𝑛2 + 𝑛 ≡ 0(𝑚𝑜𝑑2)
12. BTL-2 Understanding
(𝑖𝑖)𝑛4 + 2𝑛3 + 𝑛2 ≡ 0(𝑚𝑜𝑑4)(𝑖𝑖𝑖)2𝑛3 + 3𝑛2 + 𝑛 ≡ 0(𝑚𝑜𝑑6)
13. State and prove Chinese remainder theorem BTL-1 Remembering
The linear congruence 𝑎𝑥 ≡ 𝑏(𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑚) is solvable if and only if
14. a)
𝑑/𝑏, where 𝑑 = (𝑎, 𝑚). If 𝑑/𝑏, then it has d incongruent solutions BTL-2 Understanding
14. b) Find the incongruent solutions of 28𝑥 ≡ 119(𝑚𝑜𝑑 91) BTL-2 Understanding
UNIT-V . CLASSICAL THEOREMS AND MULTIPLICATIVE FUNCTIONS 12
Wilson‘s theorem – Fermat‘s little theorem – Euler‘s theorem – Euler‘s Phi functions – Tau and Sigma
functions
PART -A
1 State Wilsons Theorem BTL-1 Remembering
2 State Fermat’s Theorem BTL-1 Remembering
3 State Euler’s Theorem BTL-1 Remembering
4 Define Euler Phi Function BTL-1 Remembering
5 Define Tau Function BTL-1 Remembering
6 Define Sigma Function BTL-1 Remembering
11
7 Show that 11 is self invertible. BTL-4 Analyzing
(𝑛𝑝)!
8 Evaluate if n=46, p=5 Evaluating
𝑛! 𝑝𝑛 BTL-5
9 How many primes are there of the form m! + 1 when m≤ 100? BTL-2 Understanding
10 Find the self invertible least residue modulo each prime 7 and 19 BTL-2 Understanding
11 Solve 𝑥 2 ≡ 1 𝑚𝑜𝑑(6) BTL-2 Understanding
12 Find the least residues of 1,2, … , 𝑝 − 1 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑜 7 BTL-3 Applying
Let p be a prime number and a any integer such that 𝑝 × 𝑎 then
13
prove that 𝑎𝑝−2 is an inverse of a modulo p BTL-3 Applying
5.a) Let 𝑝 be a prime and 𝑎 any integer such that 𝑝 ∤ 𝑎 then prove that
BTL-4 Analyzing
the solution of the linear congruence 𝑎𝑥 ≡ 𝑏 (𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑝) is given by
12
𝑥 ≡ 𝑎𝑝−2 𝑏 (𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑝)
Let 𝑝 be a prime and 𝑒 any positive integer then prove that ∅(𝑝𝑒) =
5. b)
𝑝𝑒 − 𝑝𝑒−1 hence find ∅ (6125) BTL-4 Analyzing
6.b) Evaluate 𝜏 (𝑛)𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜎 (𝑛) for each 𝑛 = 43, 1560,44982 𝑎𝑛𝑑 496 BTL-5 Evaluating
Let p be a prime and a any positive integer then show that 𝑎𝑝 =
7. a) BTL-3 Applying
𝑎 (𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑃)
Create the remainder when 2451040 is divided by 18 and the
7. b)
remainder when 71020 is divided by 15 BTL-6 Creating
10. a) State and prove fundamental theorem for multiplicative function BTL-1 Remembering
Let n be a positive integer with canonical decomposition 𝑛 =
𝑝1 𝑒1 𝑝2 𝑒2 , … , 𝑝𝑘 𝑒𝑘 then show that
12. a) Find the remainder when 3532 + 5124 is divisible by 1785 BTL-2 Understanding
Show that the Tau and Sigma functions are multiplicative function.
12. b)
Also compute 𝜏(36) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜎 (36) BTL-4 Analyzing
13
Let 𝑛 = 𝑝1 𝑒1 𝑝2 𝑒2 , … , 𝑝𝑘 𝑒𝑘 be the canonical decomposition of a
positive integer n. Then Prove that
13. a) 1 1 1 BTL-3 Applying
∅(𝑛) = 𝑛 (1 − ) (1 − ) , … , (1 − ), Hence find
𝑝1 𝑝2 𝑝𝑘
∅(666) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∅(1976)
13. b) Prove that 220 + 330 + 440 + 550 + 660 is divisible by 7. BTL-4 Analyzing
If f is a multiplicative function. Then show that
14. a) BTL-4 Analyzing
𝐹(𝑛) = ∑𝑑 𝐹(𝑑) is also multiplicative.
Let 𝑝 be a prime and 𝑎 is any integer such that 𝑝 ∤ 𝑎 then prove
14. b) that the least residues of the integers
BTL-3 Applying
𝑎, 2𝑎, 3𝑎, … , (𝑝 − 1)𝑎 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑜 𝑝 are permutation of integers
1,2,3, … , 𝑝 − 1.
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