DJF 51072 JIG AND FIXTURE

CHAP 1

Introduction to
Jig and Fixture
SEMESTER 5

Ts Intan Liyana binti Ramli

Politeknik Banting Selangor
 1 Introduction To Jig And Fixture

Explain types and functions of jigs and

2 fixtures

Chapter 1
3 Solve the analysis for economic design

4 Quiz 1
 Mindmap
What's your main
idea?
 1.1 Objective
of tool design

• Provide simple, easy-to-operate tools for maximum efficiency.

• Reduce manufacturing expenses by producing parts at the lowest
possible cost.
• Design tools that consistently produce parts of high quality.
• Increase the rate of production with existing machine tools.
• Design the tool to make it foolproof and to prevent improper use.
• Select materials that will give adequate tool life.
• Provide protection in the design of the tools for maximum safety of the
operator.
 Process of
planning design
(i) Part drawing
Set of drawing is important for :
Analysis of the sequence of operation
machines used
jig and fixtures involved
gages
quality control process

 Machined
Part drawings

Machining
drawings will
contain all proper
dimensions, notes,
tolerances, and
anything else
needed to properly
machine the part.
 Cast Part drawings
Casting Prints will communicate to a metal caster as to how a part needs to be cast using molten metal. Casting prints differ from
machine prints as there are certain industry-specific standards that need to apply. Castings for instance need to have draft angles;
meaning that all sides that are perpendicular to the mold face need to be angled inward to allow for the part to be released from the mold.
Also, most castings do not have sharp corners on their edges as molten metal does not flow well around corners. Casting prints also have
instructions for how injection pins are to be placed and used.

Tool drawings
(ii) production plan
what is production planning
Production planning is the planning and allocation of raw materials, workers, and workstations to fulfill manufacturing orders on time. In a
make to order environment, manufacturing orders or work orders themselves are created after receiving customer orders. A company that
follows make to stock style of manufacturing will create work orders on a timely basis depending on demands. Production plans are usually
set by the production managers who supervise the shop floor. A good production plan makes the best use of available resources to deliver
orders on time.

types of production planning

1. Job Production: This involves the manufacture of specialized components or systems to meet the specific needs of the
customers.
Examples of job production are the manufacture of jigs, fixtures, and press tools.

2. Batch Production: Some of the examples of batch production are the manufacture of aeroplanes, aero-engines, battle tanks, etc.,
that use the concept of intermittent manufacture of large range of products, produced in batches. Some brands of motorcars like
“Benz” and “BMW” may be classified under “batch production” as they are required to meet specific requirements.

3. Flow Production: In flow production, the standardised finished products are produced in plants, specifically laid out for this
purpose. Examples of flow production are the modern motorcar plants.

4. Mass Production: In this type of plants, the products are produced in mass quantities by specialised and repetitive methods,
without requiring specialised layouts as in the case of flow production. Examples are mass production of screws, pins, hand tools, like
chisels, spanners, hammers, etc.
 The production plan can include the following:
Type and size of machine tool specified for each operation
Type and size of cutters specified for each operation
Sequence of operations
Previous machining operations performed on the part

In addition to the part drawing and production plan, the tool

designer is informed of the amount of time and money that is
available to spend on the design.

Using this information and a little creativity and experience,

the tool designer begins to study the design alternatives.

iii) Alternative solutions

One of the first steps in problem-solving is determining the alternative solutions. The same process is
used in tool design to ensure that the best method is chosen. During this phase of the design, the tool
designer must analyze all important information in order to answer the following questions:

Should special tooling be used or existing equipment modified?

Should multiple-spindle or single-spindle machines be used?
Should the tool be single-purpose or multipurpose?
Will the savings justify the cost of the tool?
What type of gauge, if any, should be used to check each operation?
 The responsibilities of tool
designer (ii) The requirement of a Tool Designer

Expert in using CAD or AutoCAD to analyze existing tooling

The job of Tool Engineer is to assist Product
Engineer in the design and refinement of the
product, in designing or purchasing machinery,
tools, fixtures, dies, and gages to be used in
producing the parts and in their assembly into a
final product
(i) Challenges to the tool
designer
Design : Interpretation of blueprint
1
(tolarance,materials,holding part, etc)
designs and improve on them.
Can develop blueprints for new tooling designs as per client or
project specifications using CAD or AutoCAD.
Sharing designs with colleagues and implementing any relevant
feedback in the new designs.
Developing prototypes and testing new designs.
Carrying out quality assurance tests on new designs.
The ability to work independently and to collaborate with others
Excellent analytical, problem-solving, and technical skills.
The ability to complete projects on time and to specification

2 Supervision

3 Building prototype of the tools, run test and

evaluate the results
4 Procurement

5 Inspection
1.2 Explain types and
functions of jigs and
fixtures
supports and locates the workpiece and
What is Jig and Fixture?
Anything used to hold a
workpiece in a desired
bring one each bush directly under the drill.
location
1 Locate parts for precision
2 Repeating process on a series
of parts
3 Holding parts for machining,
painting, assembly
a) Distinguish between Jig and Fixture
JIGS FIXTURE
1. It is a work holding device that holds,
1. It is a work holding device that holds,
supports and locates the workpiece for a
specific operation but does not guide the
guides the cutting tool for a specific
cutting tool
operation
2.Jigs are not clamped to the drill press
2. Fixtures should be securely clamped to
table unless large diameters to be drilled
the table of the machine upon which the
and there is a necessity to move the jig to
work is done.
3. Fixtures are specific tools used
3. The jigs are special tools particularly in particularly in milling machine, shapers and
drilling, reaming, tapping and boring slotting machine.
operation.
4. Gauge blocks may be provided for
4. Gauge blocks are not necessary.
effective handling.
b) The classes of Jig

Boring Jig Drill jigs are generally used for drilling, tapping, and
reaming, but also may be used for countersinking,
counterboring, chamfering, and spot facing.

The basic design of both classes of jigs is essentially the

Drill Jig same. The only major difference is that boring jigs are
normally fitted with a pilot bushing or bearing to support
the outer end of the boring bar during the machining
operation.

Boring jigs, on the other hand, are used

mostly for boring
holes to a precise, predetermined size.
 A jig has basically the following components:
c) General types of Jig

Drill bushes which guide the tool to the component

Fasteners that are quick-acting and robust
Jig body or frame including the jig feet
Indexing mechanisms

Other
Open Jig Close Jig
variation
Template,
Plate, Box, Indexing,
Table, Channel, Rotary,
Sandwich, Leaf Trunnion,
Angle Plate Pump and
Multistation
 Template Jig Plate Type Jig
This is the modified type of the template jig. Guide pins or bushes
This is the most simple in shape and easy to operate drilling jig. It can
are used to guide the Drill. A workpiece can be clamped through
be used to drill many holes in the plate using a simple template
plates and holes can easily drill. The plate jig is placed in such a
plate.This type of jig is only useful when same work pieces are to be
way that accurately spaced holes with their position can be
manufactured, other wise template can not be used to drill other work
created.
pieces.
 Table jig
It is used, when it necessary to
locate the piece part from its
face.
Plate jigs are sometimes made
with legs to raise the jig off the
table for large work.
sandwich jig angle plate jig
A form of plate jig with a backplate Used to machine parts at right
The w.p is clamped like a sandwich b/w the angles to their locators
base plate and the jig plate. Pulleys and Gears use this type of jig
This type of jig is ideal for thin or soft parts that which is used for machining angles
other than 90 degrees.
could bend or wrap in another style of jig.
Here, the use of bushings is determined by the
number of parts to be made and the diameter
of the hole.
 box jig
• Surround the part totally
• Shape resembles a box
• This holds the workpiece firmly so
that the drilling operation can be
performed
• Such jigs are generally used for
components having irregular shapes
or that cannot be held by common
methods.
• Number of holes can be drilled
economically with box jig
• One side is open for loading and
unloading the w.p and provided
bushing arrangements.
• The box jig can permits drilling of
holes in three sides of the work-piece
and saves times and increase
production.
 channel jig

This type of jig have a channel. Work piece is clamped in the channel housing and fitted through the knob by screw
fastening. Drilling operation can be performed through drill bushes.

The work-piece is mounted against the top

and one side of the jig
It is clamped from the third side
It’s a type of box jig
Provides better stability and support for
work- piece
This type is limited to work-pieces of simple
symmetrical shapes
It mainly consist of the jig body, jig bush and
Channel jigs are the simplest form of box jig (Figure screws and w.p is clamped inside the channel
2–11). The work is held between two sides and with the help of screw.
machined from the third side. In some cases, where jig
feet are used, the work can be machined on three sides.
 leaf jig

They are similar to box jigs, but main differences

are size and part location.
Distinguished by their hinged cover, or leaf
Leaf carrying the bushing can be swung open to
load and unload quickly
Suitable for complicated workpieces with irregular
contours
Equipped with a handle for easy movement
It consist of drill bush, hinge pin, set screw leaf
Chips may accumulate inside and cause trouble
 indexing jig
Many components require holes at stated angular positions.
Used to drill a series of holes in a circle on the face of a
work-piece under a single bushing
Brings the hole portion under the drill each time it is indexed
To do this a reference plate and a plunger is used
For this purpose, a multi-head machine is used at regular
intervals. The operation can also be performed on single
spindle machine
trunnion jig
This can be used when large or awkwardly shaped workpieces
are to be drilled from different directions.
This is a further modification of the box jig which is carried on
trunnions and rotated from station to station and positioned,
using an indexing device.
pump jig
They are similar version of sandwich jig.
Produced commercially as basic units and are adapted
to specific jobs by tool makers
The lever activated plate makes this tool very fast to
load and unload
Rigid, low weight, ample chip clearance and ease of
operation
Handle connected to a cam or rack to clamp workpiece
It is also known as universal jig used for any given part
by adding the necessary locators and bushes.
multistation jig
Commonly used on multi-spindle machines 
Facilitates more than one workpieces at a time
For example one part being drilled, another can
be reamed and third counter-bored
The final station is used for unloading the finished
part and loading fresh part
It is the complex and specialized type of the jig
that cannot be further classified and skilled
worker is required to operate,
 (c) Types of fixtures
class activity

Used to hold the workpiece during

machining form a group (3 students)
Fixture is always fixed to the m/c table Search and discuss about the topic given
Classified by the type of machine on prepare slides (1-2)
which they are used present during class

topic
plate fixture
angle plate fixture
vise jaw fixture
indexing fixture
multistation fixture
milling fixture
 Plate fixture

Plate fixtures are the simplest form

of fixture
The basic fixture is made from a flat
plate that has a variety of clamps
and locators to hold and locate the
part.
The simplicity of this fixture makes
it useful for most machining
operations.
Its adaptability makes it popular.
Angle Plate fixture
The angle-plate fixture is a variation
of the plate fixture
With this tool, the part is normally
machined at a right angle to its
locator. While most angle-plate
fixtures are made at 90 degrees,
there are times when other angles are
needed.
In these cases, a modified angle-
plate fixture can be used
vise jaw fixture
Sometimes standard m/c vises are adapted with special
jaws
Special jaws are designed for workpieces with irregular
contours
Used with various types of m/c tools vise
Vise-jaw fixtures are used for machining small parts
With this type of tool, the standard vise jaws are
replaced with jaws that are formed to fit the part.
Vise-jaw fixtures are the least expensive type of fixture
to make.
Their use is limited only to the sizes of the vises available.
indexing fixture

Indexing fixtures are mainly used in

operations where slots have to be milled in
equal spacing or interval.
Indexing mechanism is spring actuated. It
has a knob, which engages onto the
grooves (which are equally spaced)
machined to an indexing plate.
The component to be machined is
fastened to the index plate, so as to move in
unison with the index plate.
 multistation fixture

Multistation fixtures are used primarily for highspeed,

high-volume production runs, where the machining cycle must be continuous.
Duplex fixtures are the simplest form of multistation fixture, using only two stations
This form allows the loading and unloading operations to be performed while the machining
operation is in progress. For example, once the machining operation is complete at station 1, the
tool is revolved and the cycle is repeated at station 2.
At the same time, the part is unloaded at station 1 and a fresh part is loaded.
 milling fixture
Used to hold the w/piece in correct relation to the cutter
Attached to m/c table with T-slots

PARTS OF MILLING FIXTURE:

(1) Base (2) Clamps (3) Rest Blocks (4) Locating Points (5) Gaging Surfaces

1.3 Solve the analysis for
economic design
The principle of economic design part 1
The demands of modern industry for
maximum productivity at minimal cost are a
challenge to the tool designer.
In addition to developing designs for
efficient and accurate jigs and fixtures, the
tool designer is responsible for finding ways
to keep the cost of special tools as low as
possible.
The design economy begins with the tool
designer’s ideas and is carried through to
the completion of the tool.
Design details should be carefully studied
to find ways to reduce costs and still
maintain part quality.
Simplicity
Design details should be made as basic and uncomplicated as possible, and every
detail should be considered for possible savings in time and materials.
Over-elaborate jigs and fixtures serve only to increase costs without adding
significantly to accuracy or quality.
Basic and simple designs minimize costs, labor, and confusion.
All tool designs should be made as simple as the part design permits.
Preformed Materials
Preformed materials can greatly reduce tooling costs by eliminating many
machining operations.
Whenever practical, preformed materials, such as drill rods, structural section,
pre-machined bracket materials, tooling plate, and precision-ground flat stock,
should be specified in the design.
Standard Components
Commercially available standard jig and fixture components can greatly improve
tooling quality.
They can also achieve sizable savings in labor and materials.
Standard components, such as clamps, locators, supports, drill bushings, pins,
screws, bolts, nuts, and springs, should be planned into the design to reduce labor
and material expenses.
The principle of economic design part 2

Secondary Operations
Secondary operations, such as grinding, heat-treating, and some machining, should be limited to areas that are necessary
for efficient tool operation.
Grinding should be performed only on areas that contact either the part or the machine.
Hardening operations should also be limited to areas that are subjected to wear, such as supports, locators, and moving
parts. Secondary machining of surfaces that do not directly affect the accuracy of the tool should be eliminated.

Tolerance and Allowance

Generally, the tolerance of a jig or fixture should be between 20 and 50 percent of the part tolerance.
Overly accurate tooling is economically wasteful and no more valuable than tooling within the required tolerance.
When the tolerance applied to a tool design is unnecessarily close, the only effect on the part is higher cost.

Simplified Drawings
Tool drawings are a sizable part of the total tooling cost. Any savings gained in the drawing reduce the
tool cost. The following list is a general guide to simplifying tool drawings:
When practical, words should replace drawn details.
Eliminate unnecessary or redundant views, projections, or details.
When possible, replace drawn details with symbols.
Use templates and guides to reduce drawing time.
Standard parts should be drawn only for clarity, not for detail. Refer to these by part numbers or names.
Be careful not to oversimplify a drawing. As a rule, any shortcut that simplifies the drawing and still delivers the message is
acceptable.
Economic Analysis of a Tool Design

The tool designer must furnish management with an idea of

how much tooling will cost and how much the production
method saves over a specific run.
For a valid estimate, the tool designer must accurately
estimate the cost and productivity of the design in terms of
materials, labor, and the number of parts per hour the tool will
produce.
 Tool Cost and Productivity

To determine the cost of a tool design is to add the total costs of material and labor
needed to fabricate the tool.
Label each part of the tool, and list the materials in a separate parts list. Then, using a
cost worksheet, list each part and calculate the material and labor for each operation
The time allowed for each machining operation includes time for setup and breakdown
as well as actual machining.
The final expense added is the cost of designing the tool.
Calculating the number of parts per hour the tool will produce. The simplest method is
to divide 1 hour by the single-part time, or the time it takes to load, machine, and
unload each part. Expressed as a formula, this calculation becomes:
Example: How many parts per hour will a jig produce if
the machining time is .0167 hour and it takes .0027 hour
to load the part and another .0027 hour to unload it:

Where Ph = Parts per hour

S = Single-part time
 Calculating Labor Expense

Labor is the single most expensive factor in manufacturing. If labor expenses can be reduced, so can overall production costs.
Jigs and fixtures reduce machining time in most applications and reduce or eliminate the need for skilled labor.
Since special tooling transfers the required skill and accuracy from the operator to the tool, unskilled labor can produce accurate parts at a
reduced wage rate.
The formula to calculate the cost of labor is:
 Calculating the Cost Per Part

A comparison of tool costs or labor expenses cannot give

the tool designer enough information to determine the true
economic potential of a design. For accuracy, he must
calculate how much the design is worth in terms of total
production and cost per part. The formula for finding this
value is:
 Calculating Total Savings

To determine the most economical production method, In the case of production alternatives, where only one method
the tool designer must compare production alternatives. requires special tooling, the formula used is:
This calculation can be done in two forms, depending on
the situation regarding the tooling used.
The first formula, which assumes that both alternatives
being considered to require special tooling to produce
the part, is:
 Calculating the Break-Even Point

The break-even point is the minimum number of parts a tool must produce to pay for itself. Any number is less than this minimum
results in a loss of money; any number more results in a profit. It is logical to assume that the lower the break-even point, the higher the
profit potential.The formula used to find the break-even points:
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

The tool designer must consider and evaluate several options before making a tooling recommendation to management.
When preparing this comparison, the tool designer must weigh all the economic factors in relation to expenses and
productivity.

Example:

Five hundred guide plates must be milled to receive a locating block. The tool designer has determined three possible alternatives:

1. Have a toolmaker, who earns $12.00 per hour, mill the plates at a rate of 25 per hour.

2. Use limited tooling that costs $35.00 in the production department. The machine operator in this department, who earns $7.00 per
hour, can make a part every 1.2 minutes.

3. Use a more expensive tool that costs $110.00 but is capable of producing a part every 24 seconds. This would be done in the
production department, where a machine operator earns $7.00 per hour.

Which alternative should the tool designer select as the most efficient and economical?
This comparison worksheet is first constructed
by listing the alternatives across the top and
the economic and productivity factors along
the side. Then the known values as shown are
filled in. The remaining values are calculated
from the economic and productivity formulas
and are used to complete the work sheet.
The first values that should be calculated are
the parts per hour that the tools in alternatives
2 and 3 will produce. The formula to do this is:
The tool designer now uses this information to calculate the cost of
each alternative on a per-part basis. Many decisions will be based on
these figures. The formula used to determine the cost per part is:


The third alternative produces the parts at a higher

production rate and a lower labor cost than do the other
alternatives. The savings are again offset, this time by the tool
cost. If the production run were greater, this method would be
the least expensive. For the lot size specified, the third
alternative is too costly.

The second alternative has the lowest cost per part of the
three alternatives and will return the most for each dollar
invested. For these reasons, it is the alternative the tool
designer should select.

For the tool designer to make the best possible choice, each
alternative must be evaluated in terms of plus and minus factors. How much is actually saved?
In evaluating the information in the comparison worksheet, the
How many parts must this tool produce to pay for itself?
tool designer draws the following conclusions

The first alternative saves the cost of tooling, but because of

the slow production rate and high labor cost, the savings are These questions can be answered by calculating the total savings and
lost. This method may be useful for a small run of fewer than 50 the break-even point.
parts or for experimental production purposes. When cost is the

only factor, the first alternative is not suitable.

the break-even point.
MDM Company June 1, 2021

The mind is just like a muscle —

the more you exercise it,
the stronger it gets and the more
it can expand.

Idowu Koyenikan
 Mindmap
do your own
MDM Company June 1, 2021

Thank you!
Have a great
day ahead.
 link referrences

https://erpnext.com/blog/manufacturing/production-plan
https://www.betterteam.com/tooling-engineer-job-description
https://www.mecholic.com/2016/02/objectives-of-tool-design-and-duties-of-design-engineer.html
https://www.anilitistudyblogspot.com/2021/05/jig-and-fixture-tool-use-and.html
https://www.anilitistudyblogspot.com/2021/05/jig-and-fixture-tool-use-and.html
https://justinfozone.blogspot.com/2020/04/basic-elements-of-jigs-and-fixtures.html
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t7eSxdVKzvo
http://engineeringhut.blogspot.com/2010/11/types-of-fixtures.html
https://www.rapiddirect.com/blog/cnc-fixture/
https://erpnext.com/blog/manufacturing/production-plan