PROKARYOTES

Introduction
Prokaryotes are found everywhere life exists.Also
known as bacteria,prokaryotes are tiny single-celled
organisms.There are three characteristic
shapes:-Cooci,Bacilli and Spirilla.The main feature of
prokaryote is that,it lack a membrane enclosed
organelles.Prokaryotes typically have protective layers
surrounding their plasma membrane.Most have a
distinctive cell wall.Many prokaryotes can move about
actively with the help of flagellum.
An overview of Prokaryotic Cell
● The prokaryotic cells are represented by
bacteria,blue-green algae,mycoplasma and
PPLO(Pleuro Pneumonia Like Organisms
● They are smaller and multiply rapidly
● vary greatly in size.
● Cells have cell wall surrounding cell membrane
● Cell is filled with fluid matrix-cytoplasm.
● Prokaryotes lack membrane bound organelles.
● Ribosomes are present.
● Infoldings of cell membrane called mesosomes are
present.
● Well defined nucleus absent.
● Genetic material is naked,not enveloped by nuclear
membrane.
● The genetic material is of two types.(i)The genomic
DNA and (ii) Plasmids.
● Plasmid is a small extrachromosomal,circular DNA
present in bacterial cell.They resist to antibiotics.
Structure of Prokaryotic Cell
Most of the prokaryotic cells have a chemically complex
envelope.The cell envelope consists of 3
layers-glyocalyx,cell wall and plasma membrane.Each
layer of envelope act as a single protective unit.
Glycocalyx is the outermost layer.It could be a loose
sheath called the slime layer in some,others may be
thick and tough called the capsule.
Cell wall is the middle layer which determines the shape
of the cell and provide a strong structural support to
prevent collasping.
The plasma membrane is semi permeable in nature.
structurally,this membrane and eukaryotes are
similar.
The extension of plasma membrane into the cell form
a special membranous structure called the
mesosome.These extensions are in the form of
vesicles,tubules and lamellae.
Functions are:cell wall formation,Replication of DNA
during cell division, Help in respirationand secretion
and so on.
Flagella-These are fine filamentous extensions from the
cell wall found in motile bacteria.Bacterial flagellum
composed of 3 parts-
1.Filament:It is the longest portion and extends from cell
wall surface.
2.Hook:It is curved and tubular structure
3.Basal body:It is embedded in the plasma membrane.
Pili- These are elongated tubular surface structures in
bacteria made up of special protein.
Fimbriae-These are small bristle like fibres sprouting out
of cell.It helps to attach to rocks and host tissues.
Ribosomes-These are membrane less cell
organelles.Ribosomes are the only cell organelles found
in bot prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.They are made up
of RNA and proteins.Prokaryotic ribosomes are 70s type.
Function-protein synthesis.
Polysome or polyribosome is formed by a single m RNA
attaches with a group of ribosomes.
Inclusion bodies -These are storage granules which store
reserve materials.They do not bounded by any
membrane system and lie free in the cytoplasm.
Gram staining
It is a technique used to stain bacteria. This technique
was developed by Christian Gram in 1884.Based on
gram staining,bacteria are of two types:
1.Gram Positive bacteria -Those bacteria that take up
the ‘gram’ stain by its envelope are gram positive
2.Gram negative bacteria -Those bacteria that donot
take up ‘gram’ stain by its envelope are gram negative.
G Gram positive vs Gram negative bacterial cells
 Difference between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells
Prokaryotic cell
1.Lacks organised nucleus
2.Nuclear membrane
absent.
3.Circular DNA
4.Nucleolus absent
5.Microtubules absent
6Ribosomes 70s type
Eukaryotic cell
1.Nucleus is well organised
2.Nuclear membrane present
3.Linear DNA
4.Nucleolus present
5.Microtubules forming
cytoskeleton
6.Ribosomes 80 type
 Conclusion
Thus,this presentation is about the topic
‘prokaryotes’.Organisms within the domains
Bacteria and Archaea have prokaryotic
cells, while other forms of life are
eukaryotic. However, organisms with
prokaryotic cells are abundant and make up
much of Earth’s biomass.Therefore,this give
more knowledge about the topic.
Thank you