Information and communication Technology Engineering 1

5th Semester

Wireless Communications
Prepared by:
Jabbar Majeed Salayy
Lecture 1: Introduction to Mobile Systems
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Generic layout of a radio system

Transmitting Receiving
Antenna Antenna

Transmitter Transmission Medium Receiver

Input Information Output Information
(Air)

Major components:
o Source
o Transmitter
o TX and RX antenna
o Receiver

0100110111001

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Cables

Optical Fiber Coaxial Cable Copper wire

Wireless

Microwave Satellite Laser

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Wireless communication
Year Event
1870 Invention of telephone - Alexander G. Bell’s.
1880 Energy transmission through the air - Hertz.
1892 Basic design of radio - Tesla.
1897 Guglielmo Marconi demonstrated wireless communications.
1905 First transmission of the speech and music through the air.
1928 Police car radio dispatch in Detroit.
1933 Two-way (push-to-talk) mobile AM application using amplitude modulation (AM) at the
police department in Bayonne, New Jersey.
1935 Frequency modulation (FM) technology introduced.
1940 Mobile application using FM at the Connecticut State Police, Hartford.
1946 Mobile radio connection with Public Switched Telephone Network at St.Luis (just 3
channels supported).
1946 First public mobile telephone service introduced in 25 major USA cities.

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Wireless communication
Year Event
1947 Cellular concept originated at ‘Bell Laboratories’.
mid 1950’s First full duplex mobile transmission for the Philadelphia police.
1964 Improved Mobile Telephone Service (IMTS) introduced in the USA (total of 33 channels covering 50
mi. in diameter).
1974 USA Federal Communication Commission (FCC) allocated initial 40MHz of the spectrum in 800 MHZ
band for cellular systems.
1976 First commercial communication satellite system launched.

1981 FCC release of 40 MHz bandwidth 800 MHz band for commercial operation of cellular systems.
Early 1980’s Analog cellular systems introduced in USA (AMPS), Europe (NMT, TACS, C-Netz,
Radiocom2000…) and Japan (NAMTS, JTAC, NTT).

1986 Additional 10 MHz of spectrum for the cellular systems in the USA released to the existing carriers.
Late 1980’s and Digital cellular systems introduced in USA (TDMA, CDMA, iDEN-SMR, GSM PSC 1900), Europe
1990’s (GSM, DCS 1800), Japan (PDC).
1993 USA Federal Communication Commission (FCC) allocated 120MHz of the spectrum in 1900 MHZ
band for cellular PSC systems – auction (in 1994 to 1996) money reached 20 billion $.
1997 Iridium (66 LEO satellites) system launched – project failed 2000!
1997 Wideband CDMA (WCDMA) considered as one of the 3G technologies for UMTS (Universal Mobile
Telecomm. Systems).

1998 i_MODE (Japanese version of GPRS) operational

2001 GPRS system operational in Europe & UMTS launched in Japan.
2002 UMTS WCDMA operational.

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Communication methods
Simplex A B

The transmission of data in only one direction ( TV, Radio station)

Half duplex A B

The transmission of data in just one direction at a time (Walkies-Talkies)

Full duplex A B

The transmission of data in two directions simultaneously. (Telephone)

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Multiplexing Principles
• Transmitting two or more signals simultaneously can be
accomplished by running multiple cables or setting up one
transmitter-receiver pair for each channel, but this is an
expensive approach.
• A single cable or radio link can handle multiple signals
simultaneously using a technique known as multiplexing.
• Multiplexing permits hundreds or even thousands of
signals to be combined and transmitted over a single
medium.
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Multiplexing Principles
• Multiplexing is the process of simultaneously transmitting
two or more individual signals over a single
communication channel.
• It increases the number of communication channels so
that more information can be transmitted.
• An application may require multiple signals.
• Cost savings can be gained by using a single channel to
send multiple information signals.
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Multiplexing Principles
• The two most common types of multiplexing are
1. Frequency-division multiplexing (FDM)
• Generally used for analog information.
• Individual signals to be transmitted are assigned a different
frequency within a common bandwidth.
2. Time-division multiplexing (TDM)
• Generally used for digital information.
• Multiple signals are transmitted in different time slots on a
single channel.
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Multiplexing Principles
• Another form of multiple access is known as code-
division multiple access (CDMA).
• Widely used in cell phone systems to allow many subscribers to
use a common bandwidth simultaneously.
• Uses special codes assigned to each user that can be identified.
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Multiplexing at the transmitter.

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1- Frequency-division multiplexing
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Note

FDM is an analog multiplexing technique

that combines analog signals.
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FDM process
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FDM demultiplexing example

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FDMA frequency
spectrum
power
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Example 1

Assume that a voice channel occupies a bandwidth of 4

kHz. We need to combine three voice channels into a link
with a bandwidth of 12 kHz, from 20 to 32 kHz. Show the
configuration, using the frequency domain. Assume there
are no guard bands.
Solution 1
We shift (modulate) each of the three voice channels to a
different bandwidth, as shown in Figure 1. We use the 20-
to 24-kHz bandwidth for the first channel, the 24- to 28-
kHz bandwidth for the second channel, and the 28- to 32-
kHz bandwidth for the third one. Then we combine them as
shown in Figure 1.
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Figure 1 Example1
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Example 2

Five channels, each with a 100-kHz bandwidth, are to be

multiplexed together. What is the minimum bandwidth of
the link if there is a need for a guard band of 10 kHz
between the channels to prevent interference?

Solution
For five channels, we need at least four guard bands. This
means that the required bandwidth is at least
5 × 100 + 4 × 10 = 540 kHz,
as shown in Figure 2.
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Figure 2 Example2
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Analog hierarchy
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Example 3

The Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) uses two

bands. The first band of 824 to 849 MHz is used for
sending, and 869 to 894 MHz is used for receiving. Each
user has a bandwidth of 30 kHz in each direction. How
many people can use their cellular phones
simultaneously?
Solution
Each band is 25 MHz. If we divide 25 MHz by 30 kHz, we
get 833.33. In reality, the band is divided into 832
channels. Of these, 42 channels are used for control, which
means only 790 channels are available for cellular phone
users.
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Example 4

The information in four analog signals is to be

multiplexed and transmitted over a telephone channel
that has a 400 to 3100 Hz band-pass. Each of the analog
baseband signals is band-limited to 500 Hz. Design a
communication system (block diagram) that will allow
the transmission of these four sources over the telephone
channel using frequency division multiplexing with SSB
(Single Sideband) subcarriers. Show the block diagram of
the complete system, including the transmission channel,
and reception portions. Include the bandwidths of the
signals at the various points in the system.?
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solution 4
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solution 4
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Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)

The frequency band is divided into channels of

certain bandwidth such that each conversation is
carried on a different frequency.
Features
The required hardware components are relatively
simple.

Each channel needs its own transceiving unit.

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The large number of channels need to be amplified and

transmitted together .

Weakness Needs a duplexing unit with filters for the transmitter and
receiver units to enable full-duplex operation, which makes
it hard to build small.

Compact mobile stations, since the required narrowband

filters can hardly be realized with integrated circuits.
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2.Time Division Multiplexing

• Definition – TDM is the time interleaving of samples from
several sources so that the info from these sources can be
transmitted serially over a single communication channel.
• In brief, TDM is a digital multiplexing technique for combining
several low-rate channels into one high-rate one.
• Can be used for analog & digital information signal.

Frame

Figure gives a conceptual view of TDM. Note that the same link is used as in FDM;
here the link is sectioned by time rather than frequency
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TDMA frequency
spectrum
power
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Note

TDM is a digital multiplexing technique

for combining several low-rate
channels into one high-rate one.
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Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)

Transmitters share a common channel.

Share a single carrier frequency with several users.

Futures
Only one transmitter is allowed to transmit at a time.

Data transmission is not continuous, but occurs in

bursts.

No duplexers is required since users employ

different time slots for transmission and reception.
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Figure4, Synchronous time-division multiplexing

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Interleaving
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TDM of Digital Signal (Identical bit rate)

• Multiplexing can be done on a bit-by-bit basis (bit or digit
interleaving) or on a word-by-word basis ( byte or word interleaving)
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TDM of Digital Signal (Different bit rate)

• When the bit rates of

incoming channels are not
identical, the high-bit-rate
channel is allocated
proportionately more slots –
(Figure c and d)

• Figure show 4-channel

multiplexing consisting of 3
channels (B, C and D) of
identical bit rate R and 1
channel (A) with a bit rate
of 3R
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Handling Different Data Rates

• It is possible for a synchronous TDM device to handle sources of

different data rates. For example, the slowest input device could
be assigned one slot per cycle, while faster devices are assigned
multiple slots per cycle.
• The most difficult problem in the design of a synchronous TDM
system is the synchronization of various data sources.
• 3 types of handling different data rates:
• Multilevel multiplexing
• Multiple-slot multiplexing
• Pulse stuffing
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Handling Different Data Rates

• Multilevel multiplexing
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Handling Different Data Rates

• Multiple Slot Multiplexing

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Handling Different Data Rates

• Pulse Stuffing
• With pulse stuffing, the outgoing data rate of the mux, is
higher than the sum of the maximum instantaneous incoming
rates.
• The extra capacity is used by stuffing extra dummy bits or
pulses into each incoming signal until its rate is raised to that
of a locally generally clock signal.
• The stuffed pulses (bits) are inserted at fixed locations in the
mux frame format so that they may be identified and
removed at the demux
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Digital Carrier Signal (North America)

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Table 2 E line rates (Europe)

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Framing bits
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TDM/PAM modulator

(Time interval of same users)

(Time interval of different users)

(min clock rate)

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TDM/PAM demodulator
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Example
Ten low-pass signal each band limited to 4KHz are to be
multiplex in Time by sampling frequency 10KHz .
Calculate:-
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Example (cont.)
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TDM /PCM System

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Example
Twenty four voice signals are to be multiplexed and
transmitted over twisted pair. What is the bandwidth
requires for FDM? Assuming a bandwidth efficiency (ratio
of data rate to transmission bandwidth) of 1 bps/Hz, what
is the bandwidth required for TDM using PCM with 8 bit
per sample?
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T-1 line for multiplexing telephone lines

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Example
Design a TDM that will accommodate 11 sources with this
specification:
• Source 1: Analog, 2 kHz bandwidth
• Source 2: Analog, 4 kHz bandwidth
• Source 3: Analog, 2 kHz bandwidth
• Source 4-11: Digital, 7200 bps synchronous
Suppose the analog sources are converted to digital using
4-bit PCM words.
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Solution
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Note

In TDM/PCM
BWTDM=1/(2*Tb)
Tb is bit width
Tb=Tx/n
(n)Is number of bits
For one user Tb=Ts/n
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3.CDMA (code division multiple access)

CDMA is another pure digital technique. It is also known as spread
spectrum because it takes the digitized version of an analog signal
and spreads it out over a wider bandwidth at a lower power level.
This method is called direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) as
well. The digitized and compressed voice signal in serial data form
is spread by processing it in an XOR circuit along with a chipping
signal at a much higher frequency. In the cdma IS-95 standard, a
1.2288-Mbit/s chipping signal spreads the digitized compressed
voice at 13 kbits/s.
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3.CDMA (code division multiple access)

Spread spectrum is the technique of CDMA. The compressed and
digitized voice signal is processed in an XOR logic circuit along with
a higher-frequency coded chipping signal. The result is that the
digital voice is spread over a much wider bandwidth that can be
shared with other users using different codes.

The chipping signal is derived from a pseudorandom code generator

that assigns a unique code to each user of the channel. This code
spreads the voice signal over a bandwidth of 1.25 MHz. The
resulting signal is at a low power level and appears more like noise.
Many such signals can occupy the same channel simultaneously. For
example, using 64 unique chipping codes allows up to 64 users to
occupy the same 1.25-MHz channel at the same time. At the
receiver, a correlating circuit finds and identifies a specific caller’s
code and recovers it.

The third generation (3G) cell-phone technology called wideband

CDMA (WCDMA) uses a similar method with compressed voice and
3.84-Mbit/s chipping codes in a 5-MHz channel to allow multiple
users to share the same band.
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CDMA
frequency
spectrum
power
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Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

• Each subscriber uses the whole

system bandwidth (similar to TDMA)
for the complete duration of the
Futures connection (similar to FDMA).

• To separate the signals, the

subscribers are assigned orthogonal
Futures codes.
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Simplified scheme of CDMA (uplink).

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4. TDMA channels on multiple carrier frequencies

(Combination of TDMA and FDMA)
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5.TDMA with the use of a frequency hopping

technique