scene area free from poisonous gas, about to
First Aid
 It is the immediate care administered to an injured
person usually performed by an individual who do
have limited skills in medicine.
 It is usually performed to dealt with satisfactorily
the injury or illness of the victim such that in the
scale of small cuts, minor bruises, blisters, & even
Cardiac arrest victims until the next stage of acre
such as an ambulance or doctor arrives.
THE 3 P’S OF FIRST AID
The three guiding principles of first aid is the
governing functions undertaken by a first aider.
1. Prevent further injury.
2. Preserve life.
3. Promote recovery.
CARDIO PULMONARY RESUSCITATION (CPR)
CPR- is a method used in saving life by rescuing
casualties who collapsed from cardiac arrest. If
performed correctly and on time CPR may restore the
victims heart function and will definitely increase
his/her chances of survival thus, full knowledge in the
correct application of CPR to the victim in any
eventualities that may occur can be used to help victims
of a cardiac arrest.
SEQUENCE IN APPLYING CPR
How and when to apply the CPR is a question that
always bother every person who do not have
knowledge in CPR. How to apply the CPR? Is the
sequence that will be explained in this context step by
step by the teacher. When to apply CPR? CPR is applied
to a person who suffered cardiac arrest where by the
victim do not have the BREATHING and has no
CIRCULATION.
STEP 1: SURVEY THE SCENE
Before anything else, as first aider you must always
consider the following questions as follows;
 Is the scene safe? You have to check everything
and anything that is not safe, like the scaping
team, down electrical post and lines, traffic
conditions, about to fall debris, and the extreme
weather condition like the flood, also, is the
collapse structures, is there a natural gas,
propane or other substances that could
explode? If any of these abovementioned
concerns are present in the scene, you must
move the victim as quickly and as carefully as
possible. Try to remember that the “dead or
injured heroes are of no help to anyone”.
 How many People are involved? Carefully
examine number of victims involved. If
somebody is screaming for help. You might not
notice an unconscious victim lying just beside
you. Also, it is easy to overlook a small child or
an infant. In cases, where in two or more
persons are involved, you have to prioritize
care, meaning you have to decide whom to help
first.
STEP 3: ACTIVATE MEDICAL ASSISTANCE
 Is there somebody who can help? By stander can
be of much help, you can ask them to assist and
help you. By standers can tell you what happened
or can make a call for help while you are doing first
aid to the victim. Likewise, by standers who are
family member or a neighbor who is at the scene,
he/she can provide information of the medical
condition and of the victims ill. Also, by standers can
help to arm fort the victims relative and other who
are frightened of the incident.
STEP 4: DO THE PRIMARY SURVEY CHECK THE ABC
(AIRWAY, BREATHING, CIRCULATION)
Open the airway using the "head-tilt, chin lift
technique. Before applying rescue breathing
(ventilation) to the victim. It is of vital important to
open and check the "airway" of the victim. The entrance
point of oxygen and the exit point. The airway serves as
the exit of carbon dioxide. Blocking the airway may
result respiratory or cardiac arrest (if not treated
immediately).
The technique used to open eh airway is the so called
"Head-tilt chin lift" technique the victim must be at the
supine position (lying on his/her back). With one hand
on the forehead and the other hand on the chin, the
victims head is tilted back and the chin is lifted, thus,
making sure that the victims jaw line is 90 to the
ground.
STEP 4: CHECK FOR RESPONSIVENESS
If someone is unconscious tap him/her on the
shoulder just enough to awake an unconscious victim,
but not too hard that might inflict additional injury to
the victim. Be sure that you are heard by the victim
shouting him/her at his/her attention. If the victim is
infant, check her responsiveness of the infant by flicking
the bottom of the infant’s foot. This will enable the first
aider to determine if the infant is responding or not.
STEP 5: CONTINUE THE PRIMARY SURVEY
Open the mouth and check for any foreign objects in
the nose and mouth. To open the mouth, pull the chin
down gently, basically, it is quite hard to open the
mouth of an unconscious victim, hence, you have to
apply an extra amount of strength to pull down the chin
in order to open the mouth of the victim. Once it is
open, carefully examine for any foreign objects inside
the mouth of the victim, if any used your index finger in
hook formation to remove the object. Do not forget to
wear surgical gloves before starting CPR.
STEP 6: CONTINUE THE PRIMARY SURVEY CHECK FOR
BREATHING AND CIRCULATION
Human respiration works by inspiring fresh air,
absorbing part (but not all) of the oxygen in it, which is
then distributed to cells of blood, and exchanging
carbon dioxide, lungs have a capacity of a dozen of
liters. When a victim stops breathing, spontaneous
respiration can restart, if stimulated by sufflations.
however, a victim in respiratory arrest is likely to fall
into “cardio respiratory arrest”.
CHECKING THE BREATHING
Using the LLF (look, listen, and feel), place your cheek
and ear approximately 2 to 3 centimeters away from
the victim’s mouth and nose looking at the same time at
the chest of the victim. Doing such method in checking
for the breathing, you will detect the following signs if
the victim is breathing: Through your cheek, you can
feel the air-flow coming from the victim’s mouth and
nose. Through your ear, you can hear the airflow. You
can see the rise and fall of the chest.
CHECKING THE CIRCULATION
To check the victim’s pulse in the neck put your
middle and index fingers approximately 2-3 centimeters
away from the Adams’ apple and press lightly the
carotid artery for up to 10 seconds. If the pulse is not
felt or the victim does not show any signs of movement
or breathing- START THE CPR.
STEP 7: REACTIVATE MEDICAL ASSISTANT/NCE
Do follow up request for medical assistance and
ambulance (transfer facility). Remind the by standers to
follow -up the call for medical assistance, the more
bystanders who will follow-up for medical assistance
the better and the more medical assistance and transfer
facilities to come for help the better rather than none at
all because nobody cares to follow- up for help.
STEP 8 A: APPLICATION OF CPR
1st move: alignment of first aider to the center of the
sternum.
COMPRESSION PRINCIPLES. Basically, the objectives
of doing chest compression are to effectively squeeze
the heart inside the victim’s chest causing the blood to
flow, it allows the normal gaseous exchange between
the lungs, blood stream and tissues to occur.
The theory why compressions is commonly the
preferred method in first aid is due for a fact that when
normal breathing and circulation stop, there is still good
amount of residual oxygen left in the blood stream (as it
has no way to exchange out of the body).
TECHNIQUE IN COMPRESSION:
STEP 8 B: APPLICATION OF CPR (LOCATION OF THE
STERNUM AND POSITIONING OF HANDS)
First, position your body correctly by kneeling beside
the victim’s upper chest, aligning the center of your
body to the nipple of the victim or in the middle part of
the sternum (breastbone). The position of your body is
vital when giving chest compressions. Compressing the
victim’s chest straight down will help you reach the
necessary 2” depth for adult, and child and 1 ½ “depth
for infant. Thus, using the correct body position will be
less tiring for you. The objective is to compress in the
“center of the chest” regardless of the victim, meaning
the compressions are performed on the sternum Always observe to keep your arms straight, bending of
(breastbone) of the victim Aline to the nipple of male elbows while doing the compressions is “not correct”
and children. you should always keep your elbows locked and arms
straight on top or perpendicular to your hands. Make a
Second, to locate the sternum notch, use your index
habit of counting loud, doing 30 compressions and 2
finger trace the lower edge of the and together place
rescue breathing to the victim for 5 cycles is very tiring,
your index finger with the middle finger and place the
hence in order not lose your count you must exert effort
heel of your other hand at the side of the index finger.
in counting out loud, the technique will further enhance
Release the two fingers and place such hand on the top
your morale and boost your energy in finishing your
of the other interlocking the fingers from both hands to
task without losing your counts.
secure the position: keep your arms and elbows as
straight as possible enabling your shoulders directly Compressions are likely to break ribs, doing
over your hands. compressions on older people are more likely than not
break ribs or the sternum itself, if this happens just
STEP 8 C:APPLICATION OF CPR (“COMPRESSION AND
continue the compressions, the cracking sound that you
RESCUE BREATHING”)
hear is just a cartilage of the ribs and not the bones
Give 30 chest compressions, push hard. Push fast at a themselves. Hearing such a sound is a sign that you are
rate of at least 100 compressions per minute. The 100 performing good and strong compressions.
compression per minute refers to the “speed” of the
STEP 9 RECHECK THE BREATHING AND CIRCULATION
compressions not the “number” of compressions given
in a minute, as you give compression count loud “one… WHEN TO STOP CPR
two...three...thirty”. Give compressions by pushing the
First order is mandated to continue giving CPR to the
sternum down by at least 2” (inches). The downward
victim until: When there is an obvious sign of like
and upward movement should be, smooth not jerky.
breathing. Spontaneously When the victim vomits. Once
Push straight down with weight of your body, not with
the victim vomits it clearly shows an active mechanism,
your arm muscles. The technique of using the weight of
wherein the victim moves and actively vomits roll them
your body is to create a force needed to compress the
to their side, clear the airway, once they are done
chest, hence if your arms and shoulders tire quickly, you
vomiting re assess ABC. When qualified help arrives-
are not using the correct body position. After giving 30
this could be ambulance service or a doctor or a
compressions pinch the nose and give (2) rescue
responder with a defibrillator. However, DO NOT STOP
breathing, (ventilation) to the victim. Each rescue
until told so. Most likely they need time to set up their
breathing should last to about 1 second to make the
equipment, hence, just continue applying CPR until
chest rise.
instructed to stop. When you are exhausted to
MAKING COMPRESSIONS EFFECTIVE continue- CPR is physically demanding and continuous
application of it to the victim can be exhausting. When
Allow the ribs to come back after each compression.
the scene becomes unsafe- expect eh unexpected,
This technique allows the heart chamber to refill. Too
hazards can change.
close the spacing compressions will lead to ineffective
compressions. Your objective is to comply the rate of
100 compressions per minute, this includes the time to
STEP 10 RECOVERY POSITION
ventilate the victim. In the actual practice, you must get
over 2 cycles of 30 compressions with rescue breathing 1. From your present position kneeling at the side of
per minute. However, it is advised to every first aider to the victim, reach the arm of the victim farthest from
make the 5 cycles into 2 minutes. Almost all compresses you and lift the said arm aligning to the body side
the chest to fast, observation based on experience the head of the victim with the patient's palm facing
reveals that the most all even the well trained first upward.
aiders compresses the heart to fast. The compression 2. Put the victim's arm closest to you and place such
rate that you should aim is only a little over one per arm to the side of the victim.
second.
3. Grasp the pants of the victim at the top at the knee
and bend it to almost 90
4. Cup the base of the skull by the palm of your hand
nearest to the victims' head and carefully slide your
fore arm under the victims' shoulders nearest to
you.
5. Put your hand under the arm and hip nearest to you
if the victim is wearing long pants.
6. Roll the victim away from you in a smoot motion by
lifting your hand and forearm, making sure at the
same time that the victim's head remains in contact
with the extended arm and be sure to support the
head a and neck with your hand.