MINOR PROJECT

ON

 Solar Tracker System 

Submitted by:

ABHISHEK KUMAR

(196320005)

Under the supervision of:

Mr. Anuj sharma

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

Faculty of Engineering and Technology,
Gurukul Kangri (Deemed to be University) Haridwar,
Uttarakhand
May 2022
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 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Faculty of Engineering and technology, Gurukul Kangri (Deemed to be University)
Haridwar

Certificate
I hereby certify that the work, which is being presented in the minor project, entitled “Solar
Tracker System”, has been successfully completed under the guidance of Mr. Anuj Sharma &
Mr.Prateek Agarwal , in VII Semester for degree of Bachelor of Technology at
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Faculty of engineering and
Technology, Gurukul kangri Deemed to be University, Haridwar.

Signature of the Candidate With name Head of Department

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 Acknowledgement

I would like to acknowledge the contribution of all those people who have been blessed to be
associated with me. I would like to thank my Minor Project Coordinator Mr. Anuj Sharma
& Mr.Prateek Agarwal , Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Gurukul Kangri
(Deemed to be University) Haridwar for his supervision, knowledge, support and persistent
encouragement during my seminar work. He steered me through this journey with his
invaluable advice, positive criticism, stimulating discussions andconsistent encouragement. I
would also express my deep sense of gratitude to Dr. Vipul Sharma, Head, Department of
Electronics and Communication Engineering,
Faculty of Engineering me continuous help and guidance to complete this report.

Last but not least, I am very grateful to all faculty members and staff of the department for
their continuous support in completion of my minor project work.

Apart from the effort of me, the success of this report depends largely on the encouragement
and guidance of many others. I take this opportunity to express my gratitude to people who
have been instrumental in the successful completion of this file.
Name of student:
Abhishek Kumar
&
Navneet singh

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 Table of Contents

Certificate............................................................................................................................ii
Acknowledgement..............................................................................................................iii

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

WORKING

APPLICATIONS

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

FUTURE SCOPE

CONCLUSION

REFFERENCE

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 Abstract

Today the biggest problem faced by the electronics industry is the size of the battery as gadgets
gets thinner and smaller day by day. But at certain point the battery size and its weight create an
obstacle. To overcome this ‘Paper Battery’ present the ultimate solution. The paper battery is
literally a conducting paper with a lot of power packed inside it. The various problems faced by
the commonly used batteries and how the paper battery offers the solution to all these problems.
A detailed construction of paper battery is explained in this paper. A comparison of SWCNT
and MWCNT is also shown in this paper. This paper also contains the possible applications
which could change our lives. The safety issues of Li-ion batteries, the limitations of NiCad &
NiMH and the drawbacks of lead acid battery are discussed in this paper. The advantage of
paper battery over these batteries is also described.

ABBREVIATIONS USED:
1. Carbon Nano tubes (CNT),
2. Single walled carbon Nano tubes (SWCNT),
3. Multi walled carbon Nanotubes (MWCNT),
4. Lithium ion (Li-ion)

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 Introduction

There has been a growing demand for thinner and smaller electronic devices. To achieve those
demands “Paper Battery‟ offers the best solution. Paper battery is actually a cellulose based
„paper‟ with CNT deposited on either side of paper. A stack of such papers makes a paper
battery. Some batteries use Silver Nano Wires instead of CNT. It is extremely thin, flexible,
light weight and stores much power in less space. Recently developed paper battery combines
the Li-ion based chemicals to make a combination of Li-ion and paper battery.

NECESSITY
There are many reasons to research a battery that is safe, thin, & flexible. Let us study some of
the problems of the most commonly used batteries.
 Li-ion (Lithium-ion batteries)
Li-ion battery is the most commonly used battery for smart phones, laptops, digital cameras
and all sorts of home appliances. It is basically a rechargeable battery with lithium as a negative
electrode. It is known for its low self-discharge, high efficiency. But it is expensive, it has
safety issues. The electrolyte needs to be kept pressurized. It also requires an electronic
monitoring system to avoid over charging, overheating, over voltage etc. So, it needs
temperature sensor, voltage regulator etc. which increases cost. The electrolyte is highly
inflammable, reactive and hazardous.
In September 2016, Samsung recalled 2.5 million galaxies Note 7 because the battery design
caused both the electrodes to touch which caused short circuit and they busted into flames.

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In January, 2013 Boeing 787 Dreamliner of Japan airlines caught fire at Boston airport. The
batteries were responsible. Luckily, no one got hurt, but had it caught fire while flying the
results would have been worst. Today most of the smartphone users have no idea of how
dangerous the Li-ion batteries are. Recent studies have recommended using Li-ion along with
CNT to get a better, much safer battery.
 NiCad & NiMH (Nickel cadmium Nickel Metal Hydrate)
These are the most commonly used batteries for Hybrid cars, Satellites, novelties and for
Backup power. The problem of these batteries include that they contain highly toxic metals like
Cd (cadmium) they exhibit negative temperature coefficient, this causes charging problems.
NiMH produces hydrogen gas which can rupture the cell. The temperature affects the capacity
and performance. They have high self-discharge rate. They have been replaced by Li-ion in
recent years. But still due to low cost than Li-ion they are used in toys, remote controls &other
portable electronics.
 Lead acid batteries
These are oldest rechargeable batteries and widely used for large scale applications like power
backup, automobiles, submarines, and also in some hybrid vehicles. The problem associated are
Sulfation and Stratification of electrolyte, Corrosion of plates, toxic nature of lead etc.

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 MOTIVATION

After studying the problems associated with the most commonly used batteries, we can
conclude that paper batteries along some modifications like Li-ion + CNT paper or some other
possible combinations can replace the commonly used batteries. And making them much safer,
flexible and light weight. If that happens, we will be able to power a hybrid vehicle with a
newspaper sized paper battery or we can have foldable laptops that can fit in our pocket. The
possibilities are endless.

Paper Battery either CNT based or Li-ion based provides a better solution for energy storage.
The electronic gadgets can get even thinner, smaller and flexible. The Li-ion based paper
battery can recharged efficiently and is much safer than conventional Li-ion batteries. The CNT
based paper battery is bio degradable, eco-friendly and can be cycled many times. They have a
wide range of operating temperature. The overall efficiency of the paper battery is high.

PAPER BATTERY

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 Construction

Paper battery combines cellulose-based paper with CNT the paper can act both high energy
paper battery and super capacitor depending on the design. Cellulose is complex organic
substance found in paper and pulp. CNT‟s are main ingredients of paper battery.

CNTs were discovered by Japanese scientist name Iijima in 1991. They are now considered
as top-class subject in academic researches and industrial areas CNT‟s are allotropes is
carbon made of graphite and have been constructed in cylindrical tubes with Nano meter
scale in diameter and several millimeters in length.

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) consist exclusively of carbon atoms arranged in a series of

condensed benzene rings rolled up into a tubular structure. This novel artificial nanomaterial
belongs to the family of fullerenes, the third allotropic form of carbon along with graphite
and diamond which are both natural sp2 (planar) and sp3 (cubic) forms, respectively.

Based on the number of layers, structures of, CNTs are classified into two types: single-
walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and multi walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)

SINGLE WALLED CNT(SWCNTs)

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 Single Walled Multi Walled

Single layer of graphene Multiple layers of graphene

Catalyst is required for Can be produce without catalyst

synthesis

Bulk synthesis is difficult Bulk synthesis is easy

More Defection during Less defection but difficult toimprove

functionalization

Purity is poor Purity is high

Easy characterization and Difficult characterization andevaluation

evaluation

less accumulation in body More accumulation body

Easy to twist Difficult to Twist

MULTI WALLED CNT(MWCNTs)

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Three main techniques generally used for SWCNTs and MWCNTs
productions are:
Arc-Discharge method (using arc vaporization of two carbon rods), Laser Ablation method
(using graphite), and Chemical Vapour Deposition (using hydrocarbon sources: CO,
methane, ethylene, acetylene). After preparation, CNTs are submitted to purification by acid
refluxing, surfactant aided sonication, or air oxidation procedure in order to eliminate
impurities such as amorphous carbon, fullerenes, and transition metals introduced as catalysts
during the synthesis. Pristine CNTs are now synthesized and marketed by many chemical
firms worldwide.

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 Construction of a Paper Battery

A paper battery construction involves the following components:

• Cathode: Carbon Nanotube (CNT)

• Anode: Lithium Metal (Li+)
• Electrolyte: All electrolytes (including bio-Electrolytes like sweat, blood etc.)
• Separator: Paper (Cellulose)

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Construction of a paper battery mainly includes these steps:

Step 1: Black carbon ink is applied on a cellulose-based paper.

Step 2: Black Carbon ink is being spread on a paper spread on the paper.
Step 3: A thin lithium film is laminated over the exposed cellulose surface.
Step 4: The cellulose paper is heated at 80oC for 5 minutes.
Step 5: Next, the film is peeled off from the substrate.
Step 6: The film acts as electrodes of the paper battery. One film is connectedto the
electrolyte LTO (Li4Ti5012) and another film is pasted to the electrolyteLCO (LiCo02).
Step 7: Next, connect a LED on both the ends of the battery and check itsfunctionality.

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 WORKING OF PAPER BATTERY

A conventional battery or Rechargeable battery contains a number of separate components

that produce electrons through a chemical reaction between the metal and the electrolyte of
the battery. The Paper battery works when the paper is dipped in the ion-based liquid
solution; next a chemical reaction occurs between the electrodes and liquid. The electrons
move from the cathode to anode to generate electricity. The paper electrode stores energy
while recharging within 10 seconds because the ions flow through thethin electrode quickly.
Figure 4 shows the working of a paper battery. The bestmethod to increase the output of the
battery is to stack different paper batteries one over the other.

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 Paper Battery v/s Conventional Battery

Presently, electrochemical battery is mostly used for everyday electronics, but having some
problems such as limited life time, leakage and environmental concerns. On the other hand, a
fuel cells battery is costly and faces portability issues. Similarly, a solar cell battery is not
versatile and adaptable in emergency power back-up situations.

Unlike the traditional types of batteries, a paper battery is far away from all basic problems, and
is considered to be the eco-friendlier option. It is an ultra-thin, flexible energy storage device
and has advantages over other conventional batteries by being light in weight, rechargeable,
biodegradable, leakproof, non-toxic, light weight, cost-efficient and reusable & recyclable.

What’s Powering Paper Batteries Today?

Energy crisis is a major problem. And energy experts think that the paper battery can be an
altogether path-breaking solution to this big problem. Its biodegrading, light weight, non-toxic
and flexible properties have potential adaptability to power the next-generation of electronics,
medical devices and hybrid vehicles, allowing for radical new designs and medical
technologies. Here are few paper battery innovations, in which people from different corners of
the globe have achieved great success in the creation of paper batteries in the best possible way
out:

Paper Battery powered by Saliva

In 2017, researchers from Binghamton University of the US, developed a new high-
performance, paper-based battery powered by human saliva, that can be used in extreme
conditions where normal batteries do not function. The battery generated reliable power from
one drop of saliva, supplying on-board power that could be used by the next generation of
disposable, paper-based Point of Care (POC) diagnostic platforms, researchers said. The battery
has competitive advantages over other conventional power solutions because the biological
fluid for on-demand battery activation is readily available even in the most resource-constrained
settings.

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Bacteria Fuelled Paper Battery
Made up of printed thin layers of metals and other materials onto a paper surface, the bacteria
fuelled paper battery was developed last year, by US based scientists, by using freeze dried
exoelectrogens. The battery has unique advantage as a material for biosensors. The battery may
power disposable and flexible devices in the remote areas of the world where there is a lack of
electricity.

Biodegradable Paper Battery

In August 2018, US based scientists, invented a new type of Biodegradable paper battery. The
battery uses a hybrid of paper and engineered polymers, which provides it the biodegrading
properties. The battery is a big contributor to electronic waste pollution.

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 Advantages over existing Batteries:

1. Biodegradable & Non-Toxic: Since its major ingredients are of organic origin, it is a
biodegradable and nontoxic product.
2. Biocompatible: They are not easily rejected by our body's immune system if implanted
into human body.
3. Easily Reusable & Recyclable: Being Cellulose based product it is easily recyclable and
reusable, even with hshsjsskejthe existing paper Recycling techniques.
4. Durable: It has a shelf life of three years (at room temperature). Under extreme
conditions it can operate within -75° to +150°C.
5. Rechargeable: It can be recharged up to 300 times using almost all electrolytes, including
bio-salts such as sweat, urine and blood.
6. No Leakage & Overheating: Owing to low resistance, it does not get overheated even
under extreme conditions. Since there are no leaky fluids, so even under spontaneous or
accidental damage, there is no leakage problem.
7. Very Light Weight & Flexible.
8. Easily Moldable into Desired Shapes & Sizes.
9. Customizable Output Voltage:
• By varying CNT concentration.
• By stacking & slicing.

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COMPARISION BETWEEN PAPER BATTERY AND BATTERY

property Between paper battery &battery

Features Paper battery battery

Flexibility yes no

Biodegradable and non- yes no

toxic
Biocompatible yes no

Leakage and no yes

overheating

Rechargeable yes yes & no both

Recyclable & Reusable yes yes & no both

Electrical Conductivity high low

durability high low

Tensile strength high low

Efficiency high Low

cost low high

Shape and size smaller larger

weight lower heavier

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 Applications

With the developing technologies and reducing cost of CNTs, the paper batteries will find
applications in the following fields:

1. in Electronics:

• In calculators, wrist watch and other low Drain devices.

• In wireless communication devices like Speakers, mouse, keyboard, Bluetooth
Headsets etc.
• In Enhanced Printed Circuit Board (PCB) Wherein both the sides of the PCB can be
Used: one for the circuit and the other side (Containing the components) would contain A
layer of customized Paper Battery. This Would eliminate heavy step-down Transformers
•anInd tlhape tnoepedbaotftesreiepsa,ramteopboilwe

eprhSounpeps,lyhuanndithfeolrdmDoisgtiteallecctarmoneircacs:ircTuhiets.weight of
dhsj eiej ebebshs bsbs sbs bshhs sj sj shs hsbehebebebebbeebb
eebebbebeebebebheheheheheheheheehejjenenejenene
n eries, without compromising
with the Power requirement. Moreover, the electrical Hazards related to recharging will
be greatly Reduced.

2. in Medical Sciences:
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• In Pacemakers for the heart
• In Artificial tissues (using Carbon Nanotubes)

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 • In Cosmetics, Drug-delivery systems
• In Biosensors, such as Glucose meters, Sugar meters, etc.

3. in Automobiles and Aircrafts:

• In Hybrid Car batteries
• In Long Air Flights reducing Refueling
• For Light weight guided missiles
• For powering electronic devices in Satellite Program

4. Internet of Things
Paper Batteries charged by bacteria could power the Internet of Things. Researchers at the
Hdhddhekosossjsjenenemeksjshsbsnskssbsndksoskemekskdhsbejkesjsjshdbsnsnshshhsjsh
d h d h d js bd b d n s b e b s s b
si ng l e -u se ba t te r y th a t r e lies on bacteria both to generate an electric current and
also to devour
the battery at the end of its useful life. It is capable of powering billions of sensors and devices
by a cheap and sustainable manner.

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 Advantages and disadvantages

Paper battery Advantages

Following are the advantages of Paper Battery:
• The properties of cellulose and carbon nanotubes as outlined above are the great benefits in
paper battery design and development.
• It is bio-compatible and hence they can easily be adopted by our immune system.
• They can be re-used and re-cycled by using techniques of existing paper recycling.
• The paper batteries are rechargeable using all electrolytes.
• It is durable and operates in wide temperature range.
• There is no leakage problem as no leaky fluids are used in its design.
• It does not overheat even under extreme conditions due to low resistance characteristics.
• Flexible and light in weight.
• Paper battery with desired shapes and sizes can be manufactured.
• Output voltage is customizable due to the fact that CNT (carbon nanotubes) concentration can
be varied and stacking/slicing can be changed.

Paper battery Disadvantages

Following are the disadvantages of Paper Battery:

• This type of batteries can be torn easily as they have low shear strength.
• The methods (e.g., arc discharge, CVD, ablation, electrolysis) used in carbon nanotubes
manufacturing are expensive and less efficient.
• They are harmful to human being when inhaled.

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 FUTURE WORK

There are many technologies which are coming in future which may use it. One important
technology is about Transformers. Transformer is a Turkish company named Let vision make
it possible they have converted a BMW Z4 model into a working prototype of transformers.
They might be interested in using the paper battery because they need a convenient, light-
weight source of energy which provide sufficient energy and even consume less space they
might use the paper battery. There is recently in news about the case of giantmobile company
SAMSUNG they have created there most powerful smartphone NOTE 7 using li-ion battery
but it starts exploding it may be due to the battery issue. But it won’t happen if they used the
paper.

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 CONCLUSION

After analysis of paper battery, we can conclude that the major component ofpaper battery is
CNT. The CNT manufacturing techniques are inefficient whichobviously increases the cost,
making the paper battery expensive. If the cost is kept economical the batteries will
revolutionize the electronics industry.
The shear strength of paper battery can be increased by adding glass fiber, resins, plastics etc.

Further research is needed in Nano toxicology to make CNT‟s non-hazardousfor our health.
The use of lithium as an electrode in paper battery can solve most of the safety issues of Li-
ion batteries. With paper batteries we can predict a whole a new world of possibilities and
endless applications which will one day change our daily lives.

Figure 6. Paper Battery

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 REFERENCES

www. Wikipedia. Com

.www. greaksforgreaks. Com

www.seminar topics.com

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