D30IC H00391794

SECTION – A

Q1)

Using BIM data generated during design and construction throughout the project lifespan allows for
faster, safer, and less wasteful construction, as well as more cost-effective, long-term operation,
maintenance, and eventual decommissioning.

The varied mix of construction materials and components inherent in buildings, among other things,
has an impact on the environment. As a result, sustainability is first found in the construction
product, then in the building or infrastructure as a whole.

BIM enables for the inclusion of complete, detailed component information in the asset model. This
information can then be utilized to schedule maintenance activities for assets with varied design
lifetimes, allowing major repair and replacement programmes to be coordinated, reducing cost and
interruption. It can also be used to keep track of risks and establish action levels.

Owners, operators, and maintainers will find it challenging to employ as-built data in ungainly
formats. As changes or upgrades are made, owners find it challenging to keep this information up-
to-date. As a result, maintenance, repair, and replacement necessitate recurrent surveys as well as
costly research, evaluation, new design, and specification, all of which have an impact on technical
performance, service quality, resource utilisation, and profitability.

All BIM project partners' Input contributes to sustainability in a variety of ways:

 Changes in design that are made while the project concept is still flexible can be
accommodated without incurring additional costs or delays.
 When one party makes a modification, all other disciplines are alerted, and they can adjust
their input or discover a different solution.
 Design, cost planning, manufacturing, and construction coordination helps to ensure proper
material and equipment ordering, reducing waste and rework.

The construction industry is dominated by small and medium-sized businesses and cannot afford to
make significant investments in cutting-edge infrastructure that is required to take advantage of
today's digital revolution innovations. As a result, the construction industry is among the least
digitized industry.

The greatest advantage we see from full BIM adoption is the positive impact it has on sustainability
throughout the construction process. Every step of the process where BIM saves time, increases
efficiency, improves design, or reduces errors reduces the building's long-term environmental
impact. In this way, BIM fully complements the whole philosophy of sustainable construction.

Established sustainability certification systems like as BREEAM, LEED, Passivhaus, DGNB, and others
began to convert from a form of best practise to a market need as a result of the global boom in
environmental activities.

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Q2)

Introduction :

The construction sector is data-intensive because diverse data is regularly generated as a project
advances. Data from various stages of a project is typically housed in silos, such as a team server or
desktop, an individual desktop, laptops, smart phones, and so on.

Data integration is thus necessary for overall project coordination because the inability to get a
holistic perspective of data frequently leads to incorrect judgments, which can cause the project to
be delayed as well as have an impact on its performance and profitability.

Cloud Computing in Construction Industry:

Cloud computing is a paradigm shift in the management and utilisation of hardware and software
resources. Although cloud computing has a lot of potential in the construction business, it isn't
widely used. Cloud computing uses a pay-as-you-go pricing approach to deliver economical and
scalable computer resources.

There are various cloud providers that perform different functions . Some of the examples are

1) Amazon which acts as server and storage provider

2) Google provides development , environment and storage
3) Microsoft office 365 provides Office suite
4) E-builder is a construction management software

Employees on the job site and those working from the office can communicate in real time . Real-
time data also aids in identifying challenges and making data-driven decisions that are critical to the
project's success.

Buildings need a significant amount of energy during both construction and operation and the stages
of operation. Cloud computing has been used for a variety of purposes to manage energy
efficiently at various stages of development. Using a cloud computing platform, you may manage
construction data in the cloud life cycle of construction

Cloud connectivity is critical for business continuity, as we saw during the COVID-19 epidemic.

Furthermore, if you opt to save a backup of your data in the cloud, you can access it quickly and
easily if you need to. If you're concerned about the security of cloud-based systems, data, and
infrastructure, cloud security, also known as cloud computing security, is a combination of rules,
controls, procedures, and technologies.

Cloud services is classified into three:

 Infrastructure as service
 Platform as Service
 Software as service

Software as service is the common and simplest way of getting benefited with cloud computing by
minimal investment.

Although there are advantages using cloud services there are few disadvantages too like Security ,
Server Down time , Transfer of Data , Lack of internet access and cost.

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Q3)

INTRODUCTION :

Personnel are the most important part of a construction site. The amount of automation in the
construction business is still modest, and there is still a substantial need for workers. This states that
staff management is one of the most important aspects of site management. Managers are often
concerned about employee productivity.

There are few technological systems that can be used to monitor the staffs safety and security.

 Real-Time Location System (RTLS)

 Computer Vision System (CVS)

Real-Time Location System (RTLS):

Employees, materials, and equipment at a construction site can be identified and tracked in real
time using a real-time location system (RTLS).

The RTLS module in this architecture locates and tracks employees, goods, and equipment with
suitable accuracy. Despite the fact that CV is capable of tracking objects, its actual performance falls
short of industrial standards.

As a result, an RTLS is combined with the CV method to determine the distance between a worker
and an excavator, track the worker's movement, and predict the worker's trajectory.

The RSS method is used to determine the local coordinates of an object monitored by outdoor RTLS
(e.g., GPS), indoor RTLS (e.g., RFID-based system), or mixed RTLS (e.g., UWB system). UWB
technology is highly accurate (with a range of 0.1 to 0.3 metres) and has a short response time,
making it ideal for both indoor and outdoor use.

The RTLS generates both a time-stamped location dataset and a calculated object trajectory.

Its benefits are :

 When workers haven't moved in a long time, motion sensors send out notifications.
 When a worker trips and falls or falls from a height, fall detection systems send out signals.

Shortcomings :

 The quality of the data signal has deteriorated

 The suitable tag must be chosen based on the application
 RF interference may be a problem when designing a deployment.

Computer Vision System (CVS):

CV can decipher photos or videos taken on complicated and dynamic construction sites. For a variety
of purposes, including recording construction activities and security, most construction sites now use
affordable 2D video cameras and surveillance systems as standard equipment.

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As hardware prices decline, 3D data sensing technologies like 3D laser scanning and RGB-D cameras
are becoming more affordable, and these devices can deliver higher precision than 2D data-based
procedures.

CV achieves object tracking by consistently categorising and tracking identifiable entities in a series
of still images collected from a video feed.

On-site crews can use computer vision to gather data on the entire construction process on a variety
of levels. The construction workers can be assigned a fixed number and tracked throughout the
procedure using the tracking algorithm.

Its benefits are :

 No sensor attachments to the item are required.

 Reducing the risk of injury

Shortcomings:

 Action recognition is still an issue in construction, particularly for construction equipment.

Construction equipment movement is intricate, and it varies widely depending on the kind.
 Construction sites feature a cluttered background and a complex setting, making detection
harder.

SECTION –B

Q5)

SCAN TO BIM

A laser scanner is used to obtain an accurate 3D image of the real-world conditions on a project
during the Scan to BIM process. After that, the scan data is transferred into a 3D modelling tool to
build accurate as-built models or to inform the design with real-world conditions.

The demand for BIM implementation in the AEC industry, as well as the generation of BIM
schematics for existing buildings, is increasing. When a project involves a pre-existing structure or
site , reality capture of as-built conditions can provide the model with critical information before a
designer even starts working.

It is the process of using laser scan data to digitally capture a real place or site, which is subsequently
utilised to create, develop, and maintain a BIM model.

The data from a laser scan is usually always in the form of a point cloud. A point cloud is a collection
of data points in a three-dimensional coordinate system, positioned on the traditional X, Y, and Z
axes, that might represent an object's external surface or the inside environment.

During the design stage Scan-to-BIM resolves the incomplete and unreliable information of an
existing building.

During the construction stage it collects data to update and verify the models.

Benefits of SCAN TO BIM

 When planning renovations or extensions, there are less mistakes.

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 When working on new construction projects in difficult sites near existing structures, a scan-
to-BIM approach can be extremely beneficial.
 Information can be shared faster

SCAN VS BIM

The main aim of Scan vs BIM is to register all the reality captured data ( 2D, 3D.,) in the coordinate
system of BIM project model.

Since an increasing number of projects are designed with Building Information Modelling (BIM), their
control using reality capture technology (e.g. laser scanning and photogrammetry) could be
dramatically automated by leveraging the detailed and accurate information contained in those as-
designed BIM models.

Scan-vs-BIM framework, tackle the power of all of the technologies to provide robust, repeatable,
accurate, and automated solutions to common construction dimensional control problems.

3D laser scanned point clouds are first aligned in the coordinate system of the 3D model in this
technique. Site benchmarks or automated or semi-automatic registration procedures can be used to
do this.

Benefits of SCAN vs BIM

 Performs exceptionally well in terms of structural work tracking.

 Allows for the direct identification of objects.

However , this method can be applied only for objects with minimal geometric difference.